PIPELINE INSPECTION

Clive Anderson Stolt Offshore

Agenda: Why Inspect Regulations The IMR Cycle What is a pipeline Inspection Methods Data Acquisition Data Processing Reporting The Future Conclusions Questions

The agenda for todays presentation.

Why Inspect ?

This is the famous pipeline inspection expert Sherlock Holmes checking a marble pillar for signs of corrosion! Notice his dress, this is what passed for PPE in Victorian times!

Why Inspect?
Car = Major asset, 10Ks You want to keep it in condition Retains value & operates well Maintenance = servicing Inspection = MOT MOT Fit for purpose MOT Road Tax & Insurance

If not maintained its:

Unreliable Not fit for purpose Fails the MOT Worth nothing Costs you money SORN & 1000 fine Delays you: walk or bus.

Society (Government) recognises that cars must be fit for purpose & drivers have duty of care to the public Hence there are Acts & Statutory Instruments to ensure this happens. For cars this means: MOT, Insurance & Road Tax.

Why Inspect?: Major Asset worth 10 - 100Ms Owners have a vested interest to... Maintain pipeline in efficient condition. Duty of care: environment & marine users It will retain its value, less depreciation Sold on to next field owner / operator Just like you & your car

Huge downside if not in good condition: Contents may stop flowing or leak out! Environmental clean up Business Interruption X 1Ms DTI / HSE Fines X 10Ms lost production - daily X ???Ms Law suits, Litigation

Pipeline operator has a vested interest in keeping the line in good condition. If the dont the contents may stop flowing or even leek out! Just as the government has lawful MOT regulations for cars. So they have lawful regulations - statutory instruments - for pipelines. The MOT is actually the Fitness for Purpose Assessment, the FPA

Regulations
To ensure pipelines are maintained: Pipelines Safety Regulations, 1996. =Statutory Instrument 1996/825 Obligatory to keep lines in good condition. Must Inspect, Maintain & R epair. Fit for

Purpose Assessment = MOT

The pipeline is then insurable Just like your car

The Ten Commandments, an early example of regulations. The rules governing inspection are the Pipeline Safety Regulations. Compulsory to keep pipelines in good condition. You must service them, like your car. That is you Inspect, Maintain & Repair them. The MOT for pipelines is the Fitness for Purpose Assessment.

Pipelines Safety Regulations Up to 1996: Various regulations E.g. SI 1513 Complex Ambiguous Prescriptive Open to interpretation Post 1996:

Pipeline Safety Regulations

= SI 1996 / 825 Aligned with HSWA Simple Goal setting: Clause 13 The operator shall insure that a pipeline is maintained in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair. PSR facilitated: Risk Based Inspection Cost savings & efficiency Innovative systems

Up to 1996 there were various regulations including SI 1513. They were very prescriptive, open to interpretation and not working well. Regulations were revised and consolidated resulting in PSR - SI 1996/825 Written so that it was aligned with the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974. This brought with it a shift from prescriptive to goal setting legislation. The crux of the PSR legislation is Clause 13 - a one-liner, 21 words. The legislation sets goals: I.e. prove the pipeline is in good condition. Owners have responsibility to put systems in place to achieve that. The new regulations enabled a move to Risk Based Inspection. Freed inspection contractors to provide solutions, systems, technology, and to innovate.

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The IMR Cycle

RBI IMR (Repair) IMR (Routine)

RBI: Risk Based Inspection An inspection regime such that you are confident the asset will be in the same condition at the next inspection interval. Permits flexibility & efficiency, cost effective solutions. Allocate inspection effort where it is most effective & required. Explore alternative survey methods / strategies Permits new technology & innovation Customised IMR for each asset. Based on risk assessment, trend analysis & experience

This is one definition of a Risk Based Inspection - quite succinct, good. The move to RBI, facilitated by the Pipeline Safety Regulations 1996, was liberating. It allowed the Operators, Integrity Managers and the survey / inspection contractors to develop suitable, cost effective & efficient, techniques and systems. Importantly:- a Customised Inspection & Maintenance Routine means you dont have to inspect every component of the asset infrastructure every time.

IMR: Inspection & Maintenance Routine. Customised for each asset

Sets out for each asset: Risks & probability Pipeline anomaly criteria Types of inspection (Controls) + Recommended: Interval - each inspection type Interval - each asset component = planned inspection schedule. They can be revised: Through trend analysis. Life cycle: new - mature - old (dead or even re-incarnated!) Change of use

Cover asset infrastructure:

Wellheads Platforms Risers SSIVs Pipelines Umbilicals Cables Landfalls Links & nodes Surface & subsea

IMR = document, customised for each particular asset. Describes all the infrastructure of an asset Notice - logical sets of structures - logical to use different inspection techniques. To create the IMR each component of the asset is risk assessed. Maximum conditions are set above which they are anomalous. The IMR is designed, based on: -RBI philosophy -Engineering - predicted deterioration of components -Experience & Common sense.

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Inspection Maintenance & Repair

Operators: Accountable PSR Clause 13 Manage Budget s & ITT

Ma int en an ce

ir pa Re

PSR RBI FPA

Inspection

Integrity Management Consultants: Analysis & Assessment Recommendations Fit for Purpose?

Survey & Inspection Contractors: Gather data Report Solution providers

Visual representation of how regulations & parties involved in IMR interact. Survey & Inspection Contractors survey & report pipeline conditions. Reporting according to condition & anomaly limits: anomalies. IMCs assess the results & advise on pipeline condition. They issue the Fitness for Purpose Assessment Operators are accountable for pipeline integrity per Clause 13 of PSR 1996. Operators manage the cycle in the light of the recommendations. They set budgets for Inspection and invite bids to conduct Maintenance & Repair work as it is needed. Finally, we need someone to police the whole system and that is The Health & Safety Executive inspectors = Traffic Warden. Seen here slapping an improvement notice on an Oil Execs car. Their experts will visit & audit IMCs & operators and audit FPAs. If they find things are not in order, they will issue an Improvement Notice. And they keep everyone on their ..Toes. This is a closed loop - epitomises much of what happens in IMR. It is commonly called the IMR cycle 11

THE IMR CYCLE

Maintenance & Repair Year 1 Anomalies Maintenance & Repair

Start IMR Schedule Review Schedule

Assess

Assess

Report

GI Year 1

Workscope

Report

GI Year 2

Workscope

Anomalies

Inspection

Anomalies & Monitor Items Data

Inspection

Data

Year on Year: GI Survey

2 Year Inspection Cycle - GI Consult the IMR Develop workscope, conduct inspection, acquire data. Assess data onboard the vessel. Determine anomalies (damage & conditions which threaten integrity) Report from the vessel (7 - 14 days) IMCs then assess the data & make recommendations = Closed cycle Information from year 1 is carried into Year 2 IMR Schedule plus year 1 findings determine Year 2 workscope. Reviewed & adjusted by IMCs / Operators. Survey & Inspect - gather data. Determine anomalies & monitor items Monitor items = anomalies that are no longer anomalous but need monitored Report from the vessel (7 - 14 days) IMCs then assess the data & make recommendations = Closed cycle 12

THE IMR CYCLE

Maintenance & Repair Year 1 GI Anomalies Maintenance & Repair

Start IMR Schedule Review Schedule

Assess

Assess

Report

GI Year 1

Workscope

Report

GVI Year 1

Workscope

Anomalies

Inspection

Anomalies & Monitor Items Data

Inspection

Data

1 Year Cycle: GI then GVI Survey

1 Year Inspection Cycle - 2 Surveys, GI & GVI. Consult the IMR for GVI inspection requirements IMR Schedule plus year 1 GI findings determine year 1 GVI workscope. Written by inspection contractor. Reviewed & adjusted by IMCs / Operators. Survey & Inspect - gather data. Assess data onboard the vessel. Determine anomalies & monitor items Report from the vessel (7 - 14 days) IMCs then assess the data & make recommendations = Closed cycle Build up database of pipeline conditions that are assessed. Subsequent inspections: planned based on IMR schedule & historic data

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There are various cycles & feedback loops in the IMR cycle: Yearly By Inspection type Between inspection types. When you are out inspecting, there is the daily cycle. Which looks like this.

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On Groundhog Day the people of Seaway Petrel consult Punxsutawney. If he sees a shadow that means another 2 weeks of survey.

= Groundhog day. Inspection can be a little bit repetitive.. But, inspection being inspection, there is always something that comes along that is interesting.

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UXO

This certainly broke the daily cycle! This is a UXO anomaly, an unexploded object. A 3000 pound air dropped mine. Dropped sometime in the 1960s. When we find one of these we: DO NOT touch it..! Photograph it. Call the Royal Navy bomb squad. Make it stable - if it isnt - we sand bagged this one. Stay on site until Navy or a guard boat comes out. If were lucky we see the explosion. There are some more UXO slides later. Other interesting thingss: Usually find 1 or 2 of towed sidescan & pinger fish each year. A coffin - assumed a burial at sea. Plenty of marine life: lobsters, big monkfish etc.

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What is a Pipeline?
In its simplest form a pipeline comprises: Risers Spoolpiece Sealines Landfall

There are analogies to human anatomy: Pumping oil = heart SSIV = valves Pipeline = arteries Umbilicals = nerves electro - hydraulic umbilcals fibre optic cables (optical nerve)

The oilfield is not dissimilar to the human body Its lifeblood is the flow of oil and / or gas through pipelines. Burst or clogged arteries are unhealthy as are burst or clogged pipelines. An SSIV is a subsea isolation valve, an automatic stop valve. They were made compulsory after Piper Alpha, 6/7/88. 167 people lost their lives then. There is no better reason than that to inspect, maintain & repair. Safety is paramount.

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Riser: Connects platform to sealine via a spoolpiece

Sealine (purple): The export pipeline connects riser / spoolpiece to processing facilities ashore

Landfall: The part of the export pipeline in the inshore zone

Here is a diagram of a very simple pipeline system. It shows the 3 main sections of a pipeline. In reality oil & gas infrastructure is much more complex. Pipeline is a misnomer, we inspect linear & point features of infrastructure. There are many different types of point and linear features.

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RISERS

Risers can degrade rapidly due to

Instability Current Wave Action Corrosion - electrical & chemical Wave Action / Movement Impact

Inspection options:
Above sea level - RATS Splash Zone - RATS / divers Subsea - DP Vessel & ROVs Subsea - Platform based ROVs

The pipeline is at its most vulnerable in the splash zone. Subjected to alternative wet & dry cycles at different intervals. Tidal cycle (12 hour - diurnal) and wave cycle (seconds). Above the splash zone it is impacted by salty air. And also subjected to sunlight & temperature cycles & wind action. Which are the enemies of paint and the allies of corrosion. Riser is very susceptible to impact by supply vessel. We also see the Rope Access Technicians at work. They inspect, clean, repair, maintain and lift heavy objects Usually to be found swinging from platforms or vertical cliff faces. It must be great when your job is your hobby! RAT inspection & intervention teams are an innovation: Safer than scaffolding - offshore scaffold operations are very dangerous. Quicker, more efficient They can get into places scaffolding cant Cost effective solution.

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SEALINES
North Sea: 20,000+km pipeline = Linear features - Pipelines: gas & oil & water - Umbilicals - electric, hydraulic, chemical elements. - Cables - electrical & fibre optic - Multifunction pipeline bundles Survey Platforms: Vessel, usually DP Plus ROVs Eyeball & Workclass Main Types of Inspection : GI = Acoustic sensors GVI = Visual sensors

At risk from: Anchors & Trawl gear Instability Current & Wave Action Corrosion - electrical & chemical Upheaval Buckling (expansion) Munitions

There are thousands of kms of pipeline in the north sea. Carry varying products, including water - injected for enhanced recovery. Some are still operating, efficiently & safely, beyond original lifecycle. Some 30+ years old, still operating due to over-engineering & good IMR. These are the main risks to which they are exposed. Unlike a car, you cant wheel pipelines into a garage for inspection / MOT. You have to go out & look at them somehow. You need survey & sensor platforms: vessels & remotely operated vehicles. Usually the vessel will have DP capability, I.e. Dynamic Positioning. This permits follow-sub mode: I.e. station-keeping on the moving ROV. It also facilitates a means of positioning the ROV. Sensors are mounted on the ROV which substitute for your eyes and ears. Knowing vessel & ROV position & attitude lets you position the sensors. Sensor data is then added to give you positioned pipeline condition data.

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LANDFALLS
= TOB to @ 3km offshore. Through the inter-tidal zone. Buried, rock-dumped or in conduit. Protected

At Risk From Anchors & Trawl gear Munitions Very Strong Currents Wave Action - to seabed Erosion / Deposition Beach activities Corrosion - chemical & electrical

Survey Platform: Shanks Pony Inshore survey vessel Sensors: RTK back pack Radio-detection tools Innovation:- Divining rods RTK, SVS, SBP, SSS Divers, Mini ROV CP (Trailing wire / snake)

This is a professional landfall survey team, working very hard. PPE = work boots & sun-block! A pleasant way to spend a month in summer. Landfall is often defined as from top of beach to @ 3km offshore. The 3km offshore is not a hard and fast rule. In the southern north sea its the sort of safe distance that you can comfortably bring a large vessel into the beach. Given that you are going to do an inshore survey with a suitable inshore vessel then why risk the large offshore vessel to unnecessary risk, hence 3km. In some places a large vessel can get within 10s of metres of the shoreline.

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Inshore, the effects of tidal forces are amplified by shallow water effects. Strong currents, erosion & deposition, long shore drift, high energy zone. Shallow water means waves impact on seabed: churning it up. It is not unusual to see 2 metres of seabed erosion between yearly surveys. Various cycles: diurnal tides, seasonal - winter storms, yearly. Currents: example here of Bacton, this shows 1.2ms = 2.3 knots. They can be a lot stronger than that, e.g Shetland - 7 knots in places. Surveyed once a year. What would you find if you: Monitored daily? Or before & after a storm. What impact will coastal defence policies have on east coast landfalls?

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A few examples of pipeline landfalls. LHS: landfall somewhere sunny, a perfect survey / inspection location. Top & Middle RHS: Landfall Shetland. We use divers at these locations due to local seabed topography & kelp. Acoustic methods cant get through the kelp. Bottom RHS: Landfall somewhere with no Working at Height policy. You would not get away with this in the north sea = safety is paramount!

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Survey / Inspection Methods

This was probably taken in the 19th century sometime, somewhere. Maybe on the railroads in the wild west of America. The clothes may look daft to us but it is obvious that they are wearing work clothes fit for their activity, I.e. PPE, good for them. The instrument on the left is an astroblade. Today that would be an intergalactic, in line, roller skates or a rocket powered skateboard. The tripod, table & telescope on the right is what was called a Plane Table. Based on tacheometry, it is a fast method for conducting detailed survey. The present day equivalent would be the Total Station or RTK backpack. In the next few slides well look at the main inspection modes: GI & GVI. GI = General Imaging = side scan sonar, acoustic inspection GVI = General Visual Imaging = cameras = visual inspection Plus the types of sensors utilised for each type of survey

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Inspection Methods
Inspection RATS Survey Platform Platform based Type / Method Visual - cameras NDT techniques Component Riser Riser Diver Platform or DP vessel based Visual - cameras NDT techniques Pipeline Point structures Landfalls Hull mounted Accoustic CP snake Oil platform or DP survey vessel 3 X Eyeball ROVs Visual cameras NDT techniques FMD Legs Structural members Risers Pipelines Structures Riser Pipeline Structures Notes / Restrictions Down to splash zone Weather Depth, Current Weather, Sea state HSE Inshore only Pipelines Weather, tides Seastate @ 1m Fishing gear Weather Sea state @ 2m Current, Visibility Seafloor structures only Cannot stop Current restrictions Seastate @ 2m Current restrictions Visibility Seastate @ 4.5 5 m

Landfall GI

Inshore survey vessel

Structural GVI

Pipeline GI

Survey vessel ROTV

Towed SSS Accoustic DP follow sub Visual cameras CP

Pipeline GVI

DP survey vessel WROV

This table summarises the common types of survey we have conducted historically. GI = General Imaging inspection = side scan sonar GVI = General Visual imaging = cameras NDT = Non Destructive Testing FMD = Flooded Member Detection CP = Cathodic Protection: A zinc anode is attached to the structure. It corrodes = oxidation, loss of electrodes = sacrificial anode. Structure protected by small electric current. CP inspection tool is basically a current meter. Proximity & contact tools determine milli-volts Determines the status of the CP system: is it working Certain methods require a vessel with Dynamic Positioning capability: To keep station next to structures or relatively over a moving vehicle To position the subsea survey platform (ROV / Diver) & sensors

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Inspection Methods
INSPECTION TYPE GI Survey Vessel: DP DGPS Seapath Gyrocompass MRU Sensor Platforms: GVI Combined

SENSOR PLATFORMS Platform: Sensors: Responder Fluxgate compass Gyrocompass MRU SSS OAS Bathy Altimeter Cameras ROTV Accoustic only Poor tracking OBS ROV Visual WROV Visual & Accoustic

plus XP
WROV OBS ROV

plus XP
WROV OBS ROV

r r

r r r r

r ROTV

r r/ r/ r r r r r r Overside r

r/ 1 maybe 2

3+

Historically - single mode GI or GVI inspection cruises: GI - Spring - general inspection X sidescan GVI - Summer - detailed inspection X camera Fast ROV GI: Facilitated by WROV & DP vessel combination Increased SSS target accuracy < +/- 5m Can stop & conduct GVI on detected damage Can intervene if necessary Multi-tasked cruises with GI & GVI capability

Lighting Scanning Profilers Swathe Bathy / Profiling CP Contact CP Continuous CTD Manipulators

r r

ROV mounted 2-multi function

N/A 1-limited

GI: towed SSS survey, fish or ROTV, low tech, DP not necessary. Fast method of amassing general information about pipeline condition. Looking for spans, exposures, movement, large anomalies / damage. No detail on localised anomalies: cracks, bare metal Conducted at start of year - results used to plan GVI workscope. GVI: ROV sensor platform positioned by HiPAP / transponder system. Visual camera inspection plus accoustic sensors. Looking for detailed damage to pipelines & structures. Conducted in summer using information from the GI. The advent of fast ROVs, Solo I & Solo II, along with custom built ROV survey vessels led to the fast ROV GI survey: speeds up to 8 km/hour. Importantly, the ROV / DP vessel combination lets you slow down & stop. I.e. you can conduct both inspection types on the same cruise. As long as you carry the correct sensors. Surveys have started to merge into combination GI / GVI inspections. Though still generally planned as GI & GVI. 26

SURVEY PLATFORMS Seaway Petrel - Hi-Tech Humber Surveyor

RRS Ernest Shackleton

Old Survey Vessel

Survey Platform = what you deploy your Sensor Platform from = vessel

Seaway Petrel: State of the art ROVSV, built 2003. Dual Independent HiPAP 500 DP Fast RO: GI at @ 8kmh. Solo II survey WROV Internal ROV hangar Custom built Hydrolift launch facility Also carries Eyeball ROV Operations in sea state of 4.5m+

MV Humber Surveyor: Originally Firth of Forth Passenger Ferry Catamaran - operated by ABP Humber Estuary Survey vessel Utilised for inshore survey - landfalls Hull mounted sensors

RRS Ernest Shackleton: Antarctic Research Vessel Ice breaker 2005 GI / GVI cruise platform

Old Survey Vessel: Converted fishing vessel. ROTV survey vessel Superceded by FAST ROV solution

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SENSOR PLATFORMS Solo II WROV New Tech. Solo II WROV New Tech.

SeaEye Lynx

ROTV - Old Tech.

Sensor platforms = vehicle you deploy your sensors on.. Solo 2 WROV: Stolt Offshore Custom built GI & GVI fast WROV Weighs @ 6 tonnes GI speed to @ 8kmh Inspection & Intervention capability. Solo 2 Workclass Survey ROV: Good view of camera booms EM3000 mounts Stills cameras. Obstacle avoidance sonar Camera booms, cameras & lights No manipulators - not installed.

Lynx: Observation ROV 1 forward looking camera Probably another camera on it. Manipulator - limited intervention

ROTV: Steerable frame with SSS transducers Superceded by Fast WROV solution Using Seaway Petrel & Solo II.

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Combination GI / GVI Inspection Spread Solo II Sensors: Responder - position via HiPAP Gyrocompass - heading MRU - pitch & roll Bathy Unit - depth below sea level Altimeter - height over seabed Pipetracker - track pipe & DOB Profilers / Swathe - cross profiles CP - Field gradient & potential GI SSS Systems - accoustic GVI Camera Systems - visual

This is now the combination of survey & sensor platforms we conduct inspection with, whether for GI or GVI. Someone, somewhere, at sometime during the survey is going to ask us to undertake GI when we are conducting GVI or vice versa. So we equip the vessel & ROV to accommodate both modes.

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Petrel Online Survey

Petrel Online ROV

This is the online ROV & Survey room on the Seaway Petrel The ROVERS always get the plushest chairs. A busy place when inspecting LHS: Online ROV: L to R: Co-pilot, pilot, inspection engineer seats. ROV systems PCs & monitors Power management System status, power, thrust etc. Video: 2 X 3 VCR banks - hot swap Pipe-tracker control Obstacle Avoidance Sonar (OAS) ROV camera monitors RHS: Online survey station: DGPS: GPS receivers, Multifix 4 Decoders / demodulators NaviPac: positioning NaviScan: sensor data logging Helmsmans PC PCs & surface control units for: Profiler, E.g. TriTech Swathe. E.g. EM3000 Bathy / Altimeter Coda Analogue & digital video control Video encoders - digital video ROV camera monitors: port, centre, starboard 30

Data Acquisition

The future of acquisition & processing?

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Acquisition
Process Log sensor data Log position & attitude data Event & QC data (SSS / Video) Capture anomaly images Smooth position & bathy Smooth & event X-profiles Smooth long profiles Smooth & event pipetracker Apply tides Merge events & position QC events Export PRISM Files QC PRISM Files Assign anomalies Assign monitor items Export Report Data Collate Reports IDC of Reports System = Network NAS / RAID Unix = NaviPac / NaviScan - Unix Servers = SSS Coda = Video Seamap / Visualsoft = Image grabs - Offline = Seamap Offline = Seamap Offline = Seamap Offline = Seamap Offline = Seamap / PolPred - Offline = Seamap Offline = Seamap Offline = Seamap Offline = PRISM Offline = PRISM Offline = PRISM Offline = PRISM - Offline = Word Offline = C.Doc, onshore = Acquisition

Processing & Interpretation

Reporting

First part of a process:

Acquisition Processing Interpretation Assessment Reporting

Acquisition is the first part of a sequence of parallel and sequential processes that form the A-P-I-A-R . This table is a simplified version of the sequence.

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Acquisition - Sensors
Basics (very): Transducers = underwater speakers & microphones. + = = Sound pulses emitted, reflected & multiple return pulses timed. 2 way travel time & speed of sound in water known. Distances to reflectors calculated:- sets of data points. Referenced to sensor electrical centre Sensors referenced on survey platforms via offsets Vessel (DGPS) & ROV (HiPAP) position known Platform attitude: heading & orientation data Geospatial data set referenced by time (GPS 1 PPS signal) Fixed in XYZ framework: geodetic reference system

Echo-sounder Side Scan Sonar Sub-Bottom Profiler Scanning Sonars Scanning Profilers Multibeam-swathe bathy Multibeam-profilers
Towed SSS Hull mounted Echo-sounder Swathe bathy Towed SBP

These are the basics of acoustic inspection detection / positioning in none too technical terms. The import points are that: sensors collect discreet patterns of points / data These can be positioned, absolutely, through positioning of sensors & survey platforms. As long as they are synchronised.

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Acquisition - Position Determination

Platform /System / Sensor Survey Vessel DGPS Systems 1. GPS Antenna Position + Vessel Gyrocompass + MRU5 + Vessel offsets = Measures: XYZ position Determines: = 1. GPS antenna position = 2. HiPAP CRP position Origin for HiPAP XYZ measurement = 3. ROV position (Responder) The common link to position ROV sensors = 4. ROV Sensor positions (SSS Port / Starboard) The common link to position SSS targets = 5. SSS target positions

= Vessel bearing = Vessel pitch & roll = XYZ separation GPS Ae. HiPAP CRP = Vessel bearing = Vessel pitch & roll = XYZ separation HiPAP CRP responder

2. HiPAP CRP position + Vessel Gyrocompass + MRU5 + HiPAP 500 range, vertical & horizontal angles ROV 3. ROV responder position + ROV Gyrocompass + ROV MRU5 + ROV Offsets to survey sensors (SSS) 4. ROV Sensor positions + ROV Gyrocompass + SSS Altimeter + SSS slant target ranges

= ROV bearing = ROV pitch & roll = XYZ separation ROV - ROV sensors = = = Bearing to SSS target SSS seabed height SSS target slant range

This is a more quantitative & qualitative version of the previous slide. The point is that everything must be linked: Physically By time synchronisation By measurement If this is in place the system becomes automated and massive data sets can be recorded. If you dont achieve this, or miss something the data can be useless.

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Acquisition: Position & Sensor Data

CODA Waterfall Displays
Trigger Starboard Port Trigger Starboard Port

ROV SSS

ROV Sensors CTD

Vessel Sensors

Vessel Position

VGA

SIU4 I/FBox SSS Data

Digital SSS Data

Ultra 120 Thermal Printer

Annotation

Depth, Altitude Heading Pitch & Roll

Heading Pitch & Roll HiPAP XYZ

Position Easting / Northing Offsets

Online CODA

Fix, position, KP, time, gyro, depth, altitude, pitch & roll

Online NaviPac / Naviscan

Log CODA Data

Log Data NaviPac / NaviScan

Original Logged Data: SSS (Coda), Position & Sensor (ROV / Vessel) Network / Server: Working files: Coda Tag (Event) Files, Seamap, PRISM Files, Import / Export

This is a schematic diagram showing the acquisition of data & information during GI SSS inspection. There are 2 elements of the system: Positioning & attitude data Sensor data All acquired raw data is logged on networked mass data storage (NAS / RAID) and backed up to tape.

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Data Processing

This is what you can end up with if you dont get data processing right!

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Processing
Original Logged Data: SSS (Coda), Position & Sensor (ROV / Vessel) Network / Server: Working files: Coda Tag (Event) Files, Seamap, PRISM Files, Import / Export Seamap Processing Smooth Nav. Apply Tides Import Tag Files Import Coda Event File

CODA Event Tag Files

Seamap Processing

Seamap Processing

Offline Eventing

Offline Event QC

Merge CODA Nav & bathy

Export Event File

QC Event File SEAMAP (Senior Surveyor) Assign MI No's. Assign Anomalies

CODA (Geophysicists) SSS Image Capture

SEAMAP (PolPred) (Senior Data Processor) Export PRISM File

PRISM File C/W Anom & MI's Geophysicists Condition Summaries Reports Co-ordinator QC PRISM Files Senior Surveyor Aquisition Summaries Collate Asset Reports PRISM Files

MI List

Anom Span Span List Anoms List

APA Determine MI's Span Analysis

PRISM Files, Images & Reports Reports Co-ordinator Onshore Asset Reports QC'd PRISM Clean DataSet PRISM Files QC'd Assessments

Assessed Anomalies & MI's

APA Onshore

Customer Comment

Asset Reports

IDC

PRISM Network

Once the data is logged it has to be processed. This involves: Eventing: SSS data & video data. Done digitally Data is replayed and the records are marked with electronic event tags. Smoothing of ROV position data Smoothing & eventing of X-profile data (GVI) Apply tides & smooth depth data (bathy / altimeter) Merge data sets by time stamp / event: Events Position X-profiles Bathy This is done using copies of the raw data, never work on original data. Raw data is regularly backed up to tape or other mass storage medium.

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Step Process / Description LF From SSS Data Eventing 1 Completed Tag / event Coda files Log file Geo's 2 QC Coda Tag / event files 1 SGeo 3 Merge QC'd Coda Tag / Events files 2 SGeo 4 Transfer QC'd Coda Tag / Events files 3 SGeo Nav Data Processing 5 Smooth Position Log file SDP 6 Smooth bathy Log file SDP 7 Create tide files Create file SS 8 Apply tides 7 SDP Coda Data Merge / Event QC 9 Import Coda Tag / event files 4 SDP 10 Merge Coda with smoothed Nav. & bathy 9 SDP 11 Export Seamap event file 10 SDP 12 QC Seamap event file 11 SS Assign Anomalies & MI's 13 Determine all anomalous events (excluding spans) 12 SS 14 Span list to APA (all spans) 13 SS 15 Anomalous span list from APA 14 APA 16 Assign anomaly No's to events & spans 15 SS 17 Anomaly list to APA & SGeo (numbered, with spans) 16 SS 18 Determine MI's (numbered), List from APA 17 APA 19 Add MI numbers & details to Seamap Event file 18 SS PRISM Export & QC 20 Export PRISM files 19 SDP 21 QC (1st pass) PRISM files 20 SDP 22 Amend Seamap events & re-export PRISM file 21 SS / SDP 23 QC PRISM File: PRISM & Excel QC 22 RC 24 Amend PRISM file per results of Excel QC 23 RC / SDP Compile 2005 GI PRISM Dataset 25 Capture SSS anomaly images 17 SGeo 26 SSS anomaly images to image directory 25 SGeo 27 Generate PRISM anomaly file (Anom's & MI's) 19 SDP 28 Cross check PRISM files / dataset for completeness 27 RC Collate 2005 GI Asset Reports 29 KP Limits / work completed tables CSA SS / SGeo 30 Asset condition & anomaly summaries. CSA SGeo 31 Data acquisition summaries CSA SS 32 Weather Log CSA Sec 33 Results (Anomaly & MI tables) section 4 CSA RC 34 Write, edit & check asset report 29 33 RC Asset Report Check & Transmittal 35 1st Pass QC check asset reports 34 WSR 36 Apply report corrections 35 RC 37 Email QC'd asset report to onshore co-ordinator 35 RC 38 Email QC'd PRISM data to onshore co-ordinator 28 RC

To SGeo ----SDP ----SDP ------SS ----APA SS --APA & SGeo SS SDP ----RC --RC RC RC RC --RC RC RC RC RC RC RC RC RC Onshore RC Onshore

Timescale ASAP ASAP ASAP 12 hours ASAP ASAP ASAP 12 hours 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 2 hours 2 hours 1 hour 1 hour 2 hours 1 hour 24 hours 3 hours 1 hour Instant 2 hours 1 hour 2 hours Ongoing Ongoing 1 hour 2 hours 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours 7 days 7 days 12 hours 12 hours Instant Instant

This does not have to be read in detail. This is a SSS survey internal deliverables process list There are 38 internal deliverable in this list. Its here to indicate why: Everything must be time-synchronised. The survey process must have structure. Everyone involved must be very clear of their deliverables Everyone must know where & who they are getting data from Everyone must know where & who they sending their data to. This is all set out in the procedures.

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Reporting

These are the reports co-ordinators.

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Reporting - Deliverables
Deadlines:
Anomalies threatening integrity: immediate Significant features - 24hrs - daily call

From asset completion:

Anomalies - 7 days Survey report - 4 weeks, including: PRISM Files Complete Reports Single Pager

To achieve these goals the reporting process must:

Automate repetitive tasks Be fully auditable Be systematic - no repetition Conduct QA & QC Have a clearly defined structure from the start

Any pipeline condition that may have an immediate threat on asset integrity must be reported immediately. Every day there is a daily conference call - ship to shore - to discuss the last 24 hours summary findings (after safety issues discussed). We work to a 4 week deliverables schedule for reporting: I.e. for delivering a final, QCd, collated report & QCd PRISM files. The acquisition, processing & interpretation process delivers listings at an early stage in the sequence. Because of this we provide simple listings as early as we can. Hence the 7 day anomaly deliverable.

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PRISM - Pipelines

PRISM files are the main deliverable. PRISM = Pipeline Reporting Inspection System Multimedia. It is an interactive computer graphic representation of the pipeline. Evented pipeline conditions are indicated by suitable symbols. (Looks like some creative eventing here - fish, seahorse, toucan) An anomalous event is indicated by a red number. A monitor item is indicated by a negative - blue number. PRISM contains all of the pertinent data from the inspection. The slide shows the PRISM pipeline data sheet. Linked to the pipeline data are: Anomaly reports Inspection datasheets Profiles: long profiles & individual X profiles Photographs FHRs - First hand reports Images: side scan data & video images. SSS & Video clipes PRISM is a database with flexible user defined reporting. 41

PRISM - Anomalies

This is an example of anomaly data available through the pipeline data sheet RHS: Pictures of the anomaly LHS: Engineering assessment of the anomaly with recommendations.

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PRISM - Self Configurable Reports

PRISM is very flexible in its reporting output. The report control box - RHS is used to configure reports. KP limits to narrow the search / report Can look at: 1 pipeline, 1 year 1 pipeline, many years Multiple pipelines Select individual data: anomaly types / conditions

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PRISM - Position Comparisons

This is a PRISM pipeline plan position screen. The graphic shows 3 sequential years pipeline data.

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PRISM - Structures

This is the PRISM structural data sheet. Structural anomalies are represented on drawings by numbered hot spots. A linked set of drawings at various scales & component levels allows you to drill down into more & more detail. Linked with the anomaly hot spots are anomaly datasheets, reports, pictures etc.

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PRISM Structures - Drill Down

Example of the 1st level of drill down. The red numbers are the hot spots where you drill down further. Diagrams plus data boxes at the bottom of the screen.

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DV SDLT Tape Drive VisualSoft DVR

Eyeball ROV Camera VisualSoft Offline Archive

Eyeball ROV Gyro, Bathy/Alt, Camera, CP

CP to Video Video Overlay In From Workclass ROV Camera's (direct)

DV SDLT Tape Drive

ROV Monitor Port Digiboard Video overlay in

ROV Monitor Centre

ROV Monitor S'board Centre Port

Video out DVD Writer

Port Centre Starboard Starboard Centre Port

Microphine

Starboard CP to Video

DV RAID

VisualSoft Offline Review

Digital Video 1GB Switch

Port Video Eyeball video Online Communications Bridge OffshoreManager Client Office Online Solo I Eyeball Offline Clearcomms Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Eyeball ROV PC Internal Phone Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes VSAT Optional Yes Yes Yes (Share) ---Yes UHF Existing ---Yes -------------

Centre Video Starboard Video

Quad Camera Monitors : (3 Solo & 1 Eyeball Camera's) Bridge, Offline, Client Office, Offshore Manager

VisualSoft Online Port Camera

VisualSoft Online VisualSoft Online Centre Camera Starboard Camera

Video - Starboard COE PC (Video Grabb) COE PC Offshore Manager Video - Centre

UPS Key Systems Portable USB Storage (X 4)

Online Video 1GB Switch KVM

Video Control

NaviPac Telegram

3 Way Switch

Keyboard Client Office - Fax Video Control

Mouse

Video - Port COE NAS Box

COE PC Client

COE PC Sec. / MSO

Printer

Single Sheet Scanner

CP from Solo I DP / Video Review Printer Mouse COE Server Spare UNIX server Senior Surveyor COE PC COE PC COE PC COE PC Offline (DP / Spare) Offline (Tech Rep.) Offline (Insp Eng) Multi-feed Scanner Photocopier Video Control APA PC Online COE PC Online (Surv Tech - APA / CP) CP Contractor PC Online CP from Eyeball

Keyboard

Survey 1GB Switch Senior DP CODA 1GB SWITCH

Coda Waterfall Displays: Online, Offline, Solo I, Client Office, Offshore Manager Printer

Survey 1GB Switch

Keyboard

Mouse

Main UNIX server NaviPac Telegram UPS Key Systems Survey SDLT Tape Drive CODA Offline PI No.2 CODA Offline PI No.1 Coda DA Online (Spare) Coda DA Online COE PC Online UPS Key Systems Helmsman Online NaviScan Online NaviPac Online

Survey RAID

Survey Container Solo I Control Obs ROV Control

Wet / Dry Lab's Client Office Offshore Manager

Ultra Thermal Printer From ROV SSS Transducers Via Ethernet Bottle Ultra Thermal Printer

Helmsmans Displays: Bridge: Fore & Aft, Online, Offline, Solo I, Eyeball, Client Office, Offshore Manager (VGA via CAT5)

Digiboards

Digiboard

Solo ROV Gyro, MRU, Bathy/Alt, Pipetracker, Profilers, EM3000, CP

3 X DGPS, HiPAP, Seapath, Gyro, MRU, 1-PPS, CTD

We have looked at data acquisition, processing and reporting. This is the survey spread for the combined 2005 GI / GVI Cruise. It is a schematic diagram of the systems required for: Data acquisition Interpretation & processing Reporting: Survey Platform: RRS Ernest Shackleton Sensor Platforms: WROV = Solo II & Lynx. 120 days multi-function operations including: GI pipeline inspection GVI pipeline inspection CP Inspection Seabed structures spot dives Platform & riser inspection Platform 500m zone debris surveys Pipeline route corridor surveys Out of straightness survey 47

Some Examples:
Anomalies Data

C/O The Reporters

No comment!

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Sonar Image Pipeline Movement

Sonar image - pipeline movement. Pipes can move by the action of currents They also expand & contract - moving much like a snake. The ridges are where sediment has built up beside the pipe before it has moved. Note: displaced & intact stabilisation - mattresses. Fully exposed V buried pipeline

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Processed Position Pipeline Movement

This is the plotted position of the pipeline in the last sonar image. The top line is the original position of the pipeline as-laid The bottom line is where it has moved to. This was quite an impressive example of movement & the operator took immediate action to conduct remedial stabilisation work on the line.

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A sample digital SSS image. A & D shadows of where pipeline enters the structure - not anomalous. B - pipeline C - some snatch on the record - where there has been some pull on the fish or survey platform.

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Sonar Image Upheaval Buckle

This upheaval buckle was detected during a GI - acoustic SSS survey. This is classic SSS image of an upheaval buckle - it pokes you in the eye. It screams anomaly - we were ecstatic when we discovered it. As the GI survey platforms were DP survey Vessel & WROV it was possible to stop and conduct GVI - visual inspection. The client took immediate remedial action - rock dumping.

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GVI of Upheaval Buckle: Top left: ROV on seabed Looking under pipeline. Estimated height 4 metres.

These are video grabs of the same upheaval buckle. Based on GI & GVI inspection & first hand reporting the client was able to take immediate action to remedy this anomaly.

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Port, centre & starboard & suitable lighting & suitable camera angles. E.g. Where there are spans you would back light with 1 camera to silhouette the bottom of the pipe - cameras pointing inwards.. E.g. Movement - you would position cameras to look ahead to see sediment ridge build up - this can be 2 to 3 metres away from the pipe & you may miss it on if cameras are looking inward.

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Cross Profiling

Where a pipe is layed in a trench you may have to raise the profilers to see over the spoil heap to the natural seabed.

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CP Inspection Data

This is a sample of CP data. Its a black art. Its obvious where the CP (Cathodic Protection) anomalies are though. CP values: contact & continuous are available in the CP data box on the PRISM pipeline data sheets.

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Examples of damage: Top left: pipeline slipping through weightcoat. Top right: anchor damage - 20 pipeline, dragged 450 metres offline. Bottom left: anchor under 4 inch line - resulted in immediate remedial action. Weightcoat loss around joint / weld - monitor.

57

Close up of UXO shown earlier - air dropped mine. The tether is the silk parachute cord.

58

And again, same UXO.

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Another UXO. Which ones the bomb & which ones the pipeline? Answer on last slide plus one!

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Close up of the last UXO c/w scale - 10 centimetre divisions..

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(Back to) The Future

PRISM on Internet (rolled out 2004) Live data to client PC via internet - video & SSS? Digital cameras to supercede analogue - when? = Another magnitude of data storage? Laser profilers? Move full reporting process onshore? Get rid of paper report? Greater emphasis on data rather than report. Digital cameras & software: new imaging techniques AUVs for GI survey? Coastal defense policy - consequences of erosion? Intelligent infrastructure: build in inspection?

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Conclusions
Pipeline inspection is a mature business but continues to embrace new technology. Management of change: adapting to new systems. Digital age has almost eclipsed the analogue age. Days of pure GI / GVI cruises gone: the multi task GI / GVI cruise is here. Client (in the office) is getting closer & closer to live raw data. Control of multiple surveys through one contractor produces consistent results Inspection / survey must be fun!

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? NSPECT ? ON, MA ? NTENANCE & REPA ? R

To continue on the Catchphrase / pictorial pun theme. Here is the last offering. = We are the eyes in Inspection, Maintenance and Repair.

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No difficult ones!

Any Questions????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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