Hints on ANSYS Modeling ANSYS gets much easier to use if you take advantage of the FILE.LOG capability.

This file saves all the entries you make in the Graphical User Interface (GUI). From the minute you turn on ANSYS, it records everything in this file. Thus, this file will have what you just did, along with what you did last time and all the times before that until the last time you deleted or erased it!! So, to use it welluse the SEARCH feature of your operating system to find the directory (folder) where FILE.LOG is saved by ANSYS. Place a shortcut to this folder on your desktop. Then, with ANSYS not running, delete all the files in this directory that start with FILE with various extensions such as FILE.DB, FILE.RST, FILE.ERR, etcdelete them all. Then, turn on ANSYS. Note that it creates a new FILE.LOG. Create a shortcut to this FILE.LOG on your desktop. Click on the shortcut at any time to see what is in it. Note what is in it as soon as you open ANSYS. Now, Enter some Parameters. Use the shortcut to look at the current version of the FILE.LOG. ANSYS can write into this file, even if you have it open!!. You can save a copy with a new name such as MYPROJECT_PARAMETERS to indicate the place where you left off. You could also give it any name to indicate where you are such as MYPROJECT_INPROGRESS. Now, go to the preproccessor. Add the element type 95 and pick the option of extra output as Nodal Stress. Now look at the FILE.LOG using the shortcut. Notice that you can see that element type1 is defined as the 20NODE SOLID95. Further, just below, you see that the 4 options are listed as if you entered commands. The action of the mouse saved the 4 choices.the extra nodal output is option 5 and choice number 2. Notice that there are !* as lines that separate things making it easier to read. ANSYS ignores anything following the exclamation (!) on any line. Thus !********************REPRESENTS A COMMENT************* you can enter comments to help you remember what you did in your log files. For example you can say !**********Select Solid element type 95 and enter the extra output at nodes******** or later !***************enter the Youngs Modulus and Poissons ratio as E and NU******** Once you understand the log files, you can use them to save lots of time because you can restart using the log files.

To do this, either from a fresh start of ANSYS or after issuing the command FILE/Clear & Start NEW..choose FILE/Read Input from and then select the log file that you saved with the name MYPROJECT_InProgress.txt. When you issue this command, all the things you did get repeated and the FILE.LOG gets an entry such as /INPUT,'MYPROJECT_InProgress','txt','C:\FEM81\',, 0 Which basically tells the name of the input file, its type and location. Mine was in C:\FEM81 the directory on my C drive where I store results from ANSYS version 8.1 Once you have meshed your object, you can save the FILE.LOG with a new name such as MYPROJECT_MESHED. You can then change any parameter and then get to this point easily. You can then add the boundary conditions (the displacement constraints and the loading forces on the nodes) These are attached to specific nodes by their node numbers. You can see the numbering method by seeing what is in the log file. You can also turn on the node numbers to observe them yourself. Nowconsider what happens if you change the number of elements along a specific side. This will change the number of nodes along that side so when ANSYS numbers the nodes, the particular nodes that you locked down for example with the ALL DOF =0 command will no longer be in the same place or even adjacent to one another. Thus, if you change the number of element parameters (NL or NH or NT in our examples) you will have to reenter the loads and displacements. If you do not change these, then you can continue on to the solution and to the post processor and then save the FILE.LOG file with yet another name.MYPROJECT_XSTRESS for example which shows the solution complete with the plotted shape and stresses. Then, you can edit this file to change the value of the parameter for the height of the beam for example *Set, H,1 is the old value.change it to *Set, H, 1.5 then you can run the problem again to see the results for a beam of 1.5 inches high. This makes it easy to study geometry effects. Remember that these solutions are always linear.which means that doubling the load doubles the stress and doubles the displacement at any point. Remember you can deform the sample by prescribing a displacement that is not zero is you hold some other place from moving.The same as if you had pulled it to make the nodes move to where you told them to go. The maximum and minimum are indicated on every contour plot by MX and MN and the maximum displacement is always shown on the side of the output.

You can use symmetry to model only a portion of a beam. If you think about it, all these beam problems are symmetric about the center both left to right and front to back. Therefore, if we modeled only half and constrained the nodes at the left edge to only not

move left and right, we could put the load on the left edge pointing down with the full value and then fix Uy and Uz of the right hand support and get the same answer with only half the modelFurther, we could cut this piece that is left the thin way and set Uz=0 along the centerline, change the load to half and still get the same answer. Since we only have one element thick in out examples, this is not useful but if we had had multiple elements in the thickness direction, we could get away with half the number using this symmetry about the Z=0 plane. These symmetry considerations are very helpful. You will not have to model both sides of your bridgesonly ! Now for the rivets The rivet expands and fills the hole. Thus it is as if the hole is filled with aluminum. In other words, a tight rivet acts as if the material has no hole. There may still be a stress concentration if the loads get large enough to cause the rivet to separate but we can think of the rivet as effectively filling the hole. We model this then by applying loads to the surface nodes in the physical location where the rivet is to be. We can use a circle when picking the nodes to load, then, turn the view 90 degress and use a box to unselect the nodes inside the object. This lets us select just the surface nodes. Now apply a displacement condition so they cannot move in the vertical direction. Apply force loads on the other end of the riveted piece. Use symmetry to model only one half of the riveted joint and even more symmetry to model only one half of the lower piece, realizing that on the centerline, the lateral displacements will be zero. See the screen shot below which shows how to pick the nodes for the half rivet hole. These nodes will be constrained in the Uy direction

The nodes on the left hand side will now be set to have Ux =0 while the nodes on the bottom will be given an Fy= - LOAD/Number of Nodes on Bottom. One of the nodes in the center of the rivet is Locked with Ux=Uy=Uz=0

Now we solve and look at the stresses.

Below I show the Y stress. Note that it is very uniform over most of the part and just below the rivet, shows tension as a stress concentration. There are some ARTIFACT or FALSE stress concentrations at the edges on the bottom because we put the same load on every nodethe nodes on the edges should have less load to represent the same stress because the load on a node logically represents the force caused by the area surrounding that node and the area stops at the edge. Thus, we really need to apply half the load at edges and even less at cornersThere are better ways to apply loads by applying stresses. We could also apply a displacement load at the bottom which would be then uniform because the uniform displacement is what results from a uniform stress. This is where we have to realize that FEM is a tool that requires careful attention to all details Lastly, we can look at the total reaction load by choosing List Result---reaction solution . As seen in the next screen shot

If we now pick structural forces Fy we will get the following:

Which, after scrolling to the bottom shows 53 as the total load on all the fixed points. This corresponds to the 53 nodes on the bottom of the model because I put one pound on each node. After thinking about these results and trying this yourself, this should give you an idea of the stresses associated with the rivets You can try holding up your bridge (those plates we did earlier) by circles of nodes on their surfaces which represent rivetswe can look at the total shear forces in the rivets and compare that with the forces we will measure to shear rivets. This will show that the rivets will tend to twist the structure a bit. Note that the rivets here actually caused bending of the lapped parteven though we only did of it

HeyThis ANSYS FEM lets us experiment a bit before we ever build our first prototypethat is the whole idea. Have a good weekend, Professor Quesnel.