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p11 p12 All the four entries of the 2 # 2 matrix = = p21 p22 G are nonzero, and one of its eigenvalue is zero. Which of the following statements is true? (A) p11 p12 p12 p21 = 1 (B) p11 p22 p12 p21 = 1 (C) p11 p22 p12 p21 = 0 (D) p11 p22 + p12 p21 = 0 The product of Eigen value is equal to the determinant of the matrix. Since one of the Eigen value is zero, the product of Eigen value is zero, thus determinant of the matrix is zero. Thus p11 p22 p12 p21 = 0 Hence (C) is correct answer. The system of linear equations 4x + 2y = 7 2x + y = 6 has (A) a unique solution (C) an infinite number of solutions
SOL 1.1
MCQ 1.2
SOL 1.2
The given system is 4 2 x 7 =2 1G=y G = = 6 G 4 2 We have A == 2 1G 4 2 and A = =0 2 1 4 2 7 Now C == G 2 1 6 Since (A) ! (C) there is no solution. Hence (B) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.3
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(A) no real or complex solution (B) exactly two distinct complex solutions (C) a unique solution (D) an infinite number of complex solutions
SOL 1.3
sin z can have value between 1 to + 1. Thus no solution. Hence (A) is correct solution. For real values of x , the minimum value of the function f (x) = exp (x) + exp ( x) is (A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0.5 (D) 0
MCQ 1.4
SOL 1.4
Hence (A) is correct answer. We have f (x) = ex + ex For x > 0 , ex > 1 and 0 < ex < 1 For x < 0 , 0 < ex < 1 and ex > 1 Thus f (x) have minimum values at x = 0 and that is e0 + e0 = 2 . Which of the following functions would have only odd powers of x in its Taylor series expansion about the point x = 0 ? (B) sin (x2) (A) sin (x3) (C) cos (x3) (D) cos (x2)
MCQ 1.5
SOL 1.5
dx (t) + 3x (t) = 0 ? dt
SOL 1.6
Hence (B) is correct answer. dx (t) We have + 3x (t) = 0 dt or (D + 3) x (t) = 0 Since m = 3 , x (t) = Ce - 3t Thus only (B) may be solution.
MCQ 1.7
In the following graph, the number of trees (P) and the number of cut-set (Q) are
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(A) P = 2, Q = 2 (C) P = 4, Q = 6
SOL 1.7
(B) P = 2, Q = 6 (D) P = 4, Q = 10
There can be four possible tree of this graph which are as follows:
In the following circuit, the switch S is closed at t = 0 . The rate of change of current di (0+) is given by dt
SOL 1.8
(A) 0 (B) Rs Is L (R + Rs) Is (C) (D) 3 L Initially i (0) = 0 therefore due to inductor i (0+) = 0 . Thus all current Is will flow in resistor R and voltage across resistor will be Is Rs . The voltage across inductor will be equal to voltage across Rs as no current flow through R .
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The input and output of a continuous time system are respectively denoted by x (t) and y (t). Which of the following descriptions corresponds to a causal system ? (A) y (t) = x (t 2) + x (t + 4) (B) y (t) = (t 4) x (t + 1) (C) y (t) = (t + 4) x (t 1) (D) y (t) = (t + 5) x (t + 5) The output of causal system depends only on present and past states only. In option (A) y (0) depends on x ( 2) and x (4). In option (B) y (0) depends on x (1). In option (C) y (0) depends on x ( 1). In option (D) y (0) depends on x (5). Thus only in option (C) the value of y (t) at t = 0 depends on x ( 1) past value. In all other option present value depends on future value. Hence (C) is correct answer The impulse response h (t) of a linear time invariant continuous time system is described by h (t) = exp (t) u (t) + exp (t) u ( t) where u ( t) denotes the unit step function, and and are real constants. This system is stable if (A) is positive and is positive (B) is negative and is negative (C) is negative and is negative (D) is negative and is positive Hence (D) is correct answer. We have h (t) = et u (t) + e t u ( t) This system is stable only when bounded input has bounded output For stability t < 0 for t > 0 that implies < 0 and t > 0 for t > 0 that implies > 0 . Thus, is negative and is positive. The pole-zero given below correspond to a
SOL 1.9
MCQ 1.10
SOL 1.10
MCQ 1.11
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Percent overshoot depends only on damping ratio, . Mp = e 1 If Mp is same then is also same and we get = cos Thus = constant The option (C) only have same angle. Hence (C) is correct option. Step responses of a set of three second-order underdamped systems all have the same percentage overshoot. Which of the following diagrams represents the poles of the three systems ?
MCQ 1.12
SOL 1.12
Transfer function for the given pole zero plot is: (s + Z1)( s + Z2) (s + P1)( s + P2) From the plot Re (P1 and P2 )>(Z1 and Z2 ) So, these are two lead compensator. Hence both high pass filters and the system is high pass filter.
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Which of the following is NOT associated with a p n junction ? (A) Junction Capacitance (B) Charge Storage Capacitance (C) Depletion Capacitance (D) Channel Length Modulations Channel length modulation is not associated with a p n junction. It is being associated with MOSFET in which effective channel length decreases, producing the phenomenon called channel length modulation. Hence option (D) is correct. Which of the following is true? (A) A silicon wafer heavily doped with boron is a p+ substrate (B) A silicon wafer lightly doped with boron is a p+ substrate (C) A silicon wafer heavily doped with arsenic is a p+ substrate (D) A silicon wafer lightly doped with arsenic is a p+ substrate Trivalent impurities are used for making p type semiconductors. So, Silicon wafer heavily doped with boron is a p+ substrate. Hence option (A) is correct For a Hertz dipole antenna, the half power beam width (HPBW) in the E -plane is (B) 180c (A) 360c (C) 90c (D) 45c
SOL 1.13
MCQ 1.14
SOL 1.14
MCQ 1.15
SOL 1.15
The beam-width of Hertizian dipole is 180c and its half power beam-width is 90c. Hence (C) is correct option For static electric and magnetic fields in an inhomogeneous source-free medium, which of the following represents the correct form of Maxwells equations ? (B) 4$ E = 0 , 4$ B = 0 (A) 4$ E = 0 , 4# B = 0 (C) 4# E = 0 , 4# B = 0 (D) 4# E = 0 , 4$ B = 0 Maxwell equations 4 B = 0 4$ E = /E 4# E = B t = D+J 4# H For static electric magnetic fields 4$ B = 0 4$ E = /E 4# E = 0 S 4# H = J Hence (D) is correct option Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
MCQ 1.16
SOL 1.16
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In the following limiter circuit, an input voltage Vi = 10 sin 100t is applied. Assume that the diode drop is 0.7 V when it is forward biased. When it is forward biased. The zener breakdown voltage is 6.8 V The maximum and minimum values of the output voltage respectively are
For the positive half of Vi , the diode D1 is forward bias, D2 is reverse bias and the zener diode is in breakdown state because Vi > 6.8 . Thus output voltage is V0 = 0.7 + 6.8 = 7.5 V For the negative half of Vi, D2 is forward bias thus Then V0 = 0.7 V Hence (C) is correct option A silicon wafer has 100 nm of oxide on it and is furnace at a temperature above 1000c C for further oxidation in dry oxygen. The oxidation rate (A) is independent of current oxide thickness and temperature (B) is independent of current oxide thickness but depends on temperature (C) slows down as the oxide grows (D) is zero as the existing oxide prevents further oxidation
MCQ 1.18
SOL 1.18
Oxidation rate is zero because the existing oxide prevent the further oxidation. Hence option (D) is correct. The drain current of MOSFET in saturation is given by ID = K (VGS VT ) 2 where K is a constant. The magnitude of the transconductance gm is (A) (C) K (VGS VT ) 2 VDS (B) 2K (VGS VT )
MCQ 1.19
SOL 1.19
K (VGS VT ) 2 Id (D) VGS VDS VGS Hence option (B) is correct. gm = 2ID = 2 K (VGS VT ) 2 = 2K (VGS VT ) 2VGS 2VGS Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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Consider the amplitude modulated (AM) signalAc cos c t + 2 cos m t cos c t . For demodulating the signal using envelope detector, the minimum value of Ac should be (A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0.5 (D) 0
SOL 1.20
Hence (A) is correct option We have xAM (t) = Ac cos c + 2 cos m t cos c t = AC c1 + 2 cos m t m cos c t Ac For demodulation by envelope demodulator modulation index must be less than or equal to 1. 2 #1 Thus Ac Ac $ 2 Hence minimum value of Ac = 2
The Thevenin equivalent impedance Zth between the nodes P and Q in the following circuit is
(A) 1
(B) 1 + s + 1 s
SOL 1.21
2 +s+1 (C) 2 + s + 1 (D) s 2 s s + 2s + 1 Killing all current source and voltage sources we have,
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or Zth = 1 Alternative : Here at DC source capacitor act as open circuit and inductor act as short circuit. Thus we can directly calculate thevenin Impedance as 1 Hence (A) is correct option.
MCQ 1.22
The driving point impedance of the following network is given by Z (s) = 2 0.2s s + 0.1s + 2
Hence (D) is correct option. Z (s) = R 1 sL = 2 sC s + We have been given Z (s) = 2 0.2s s + 0.1s + 2 Comparing with given we get 1 = 0.2 or C = 5 F C 1 = 0.1 or R = 2 RC 1 = 2 or L = 0.1 H LC
1 LC
MCQ 1.23
The circuit shown in the figure is used to charge the capacitor C alternately from two current sources as indicated. The switches S1 and S2 are mechanically coupled and connected as follows: For 2nT # t # (2n + 1) T , (n = 0, 1, 2,..) S1 to P1 and S2 to P2 For (2n + 1) T # t # (2n + 2) T, (n = 0, 1, 2,...) S1 to Q1 and S2 to Q2
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Assume that the capacitor has zero initial charge. Given that u (t) is a unit step function , the voltage vc (t) across the capacitor is given by (A)
n=1
/ ( 1) n tu (t nT)
3 n=1 3
SOL 1.23
At t = 3T, Vc = T Volts For 3T < t < 4T , capacitor will be discharged from T Volts Vc = T dt = 4T t # 3T
t
At t = 4T, Vc = 0 Volts For 4T < t < 5T , capacitor will be charged from 0 V Vc = dt = t 4T #4T
t
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SOL 1.24
CDF is the integration of PDF. Plot in option (A) is the integration of plot given in question. Hence (A) is correct option. The recursion relation to solve x = e - x using Newton - Raphson method is (B) xn + 1 = xn ex (A) xn + 1 = ex
n n
MCQ 1.25
SOL 1.25
x (C) xn + 1 = (1 + xn) e x 1+e Hence (C) is correct answer. We have x = e-x or f (x) = x e - x f'( x) = 1 + e - x
n n
(D) xn + 1 =
2 xn ex (1 xn) 1 xn ex
n n
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1 at z = 2 is (z + 2) (z 2) 2 (B) 1 16
2
SOL 1.26
(C) 1 (D) 1 16 32 Hence (A) is correct answer. 1 dn - 1 6(z a) n f (z)@ Res f (z) z = a = z=a (n 1)! dzn - 1 Here we have n = 2 and a = 2 Thus Res f (z) z = 2 = 1 d (z 2) 2 1 (2 1)! dz ; (z 2) 2 (z + 2) 2 Ez = a 1 2 = d ; = dz (z + 2) 2 Ez = a ; (z + 2) 3 Ez = a = 2 = 1 32 64
MCQ 1.27
0 1 Consider the matrix P = = . The value of e p is 2 3G 2e2 3e1 e1 e2 (A) > 2 H 2e 2e1 5e2 e1 5e2 e1 3e1 e2 (C) > 2 H 2e 6e1 4e2 + 61 e1 + e1 2e2 e1 (B) > 1 H 2e 4e2 3e1 + 2e2 2e1 e2 e1 e2 (D) > H 2e1 + 2e2 e1 + 2e2
SOL 1.27
Hp
2e e e e == G -1 -2 2e + 2e e - 1 + 2e - 2 Brought to you by: Nodia and Company PUBLISHING FOR GATE Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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MCQ 1.28
In the Taylor series expansion of exp (x) + sin (x) about the point x = , the coefficient of (x ) 2 is (A) exp () (B) 0.5 exp () (C) exp () + 1 (D) exp () 1 f (x) = f (a) + x a f'( a) + 1! For x = we have Thus Now f (x) = f () + x f'( ) + 1! f (x) f'( x) f"( x) f"( ) (x ) 2 f"( x)... 2! (x a) 2 f"( a) + ... 2! Taylor series is given as
SOL 1.28
= ex + sin x = ex + cos x = ex sin x = e sin = e f"( ) Thus the coefficient of (x ) 2 is 2! Hence (B) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.29
Px (x) = M exp _ 2 x i N exp _ 3 x i is the probability density function for the real random variable X , over the entire x axis, M and N are both positive real numbers. The equation relating M and N is (B) 2M + 1 N = 1 (A) M 2 N = 1 3 3 (C) M + N = 1 (D) M + N = 3 Correct Option is ( ) The value of the integral of the function g (x, y) = 4x3 + 10y 4 along the straight line segment from the point (0, 0) to the point (1, 2) in the x y plane is (A) 33 (B) 35 (C) 40 (D) 56 The equation of straight line from (0, 0) to (1, 2) is y = 2x . Now g (x, y) = 4x3 + 10y 4 or, g (x, 2x) = 4x3 + 160x 4 Now g (x, 2x) = # (4x3 + 160x 4) dx # 0 0
1 1
SOL 1.30
A linear, time - invariant, causal continuous time system has a rational transfer function with simple poles at s = 2 and s = 4 and one simple zero at s = 1. Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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A unit step u (t) is applied at the input of the system. At steady state, the output has constant value of 1. The impulse response of this system is (A) [exp ( 2t) + exp ( 4t)] u (t) (B) [ 4 exp ( 2t) 12 exp ( 4t) exp ( t)] u (t) (C) [ 4 exp ( 2t) + 12 exp ( 4t)] u (t) (D) [ 0.5 exp ( 2t) + 1.5 exp ( 4t)] u (t)
SOL 1.31
Hence (C) is correct answer. K (s + 1) , and R (s) = 1 G (s) = s (s + 2)( s + 4) K (s + 1) C (s) = G (s) R (s) = s (s + 2)( s + 4) K = K + 3K 8s 4 (s + 2) 8 (s + 4) Thus c (t) = K :1 + 1 e2t 3 e4tD u (t) 8 4 8 At steady-state K = 1 or K = 8 Thus 8 8 (s + 1) Then, G (s) = = 12 4 (s + 4) (s + 2) (s + 2)( s + 4) h (t) = L1 G (s) = ( 4e2t + 12e4t) u (t) , c (3) = 1
MCQ 1.32
The signal x (t) is described by 1 for 1 # t # + 1 x (t) = ) 0 otherwise Two of the angular frequencies at which its Fourier transform becomes zero are (B) 0.5, 1.5 (A) , 2 (C) 0, (D) 2, 2.5 Hence (A) is correct answer. 1 for 1 # t # + 1 We have x (t) = ) 0 otherwise Fourier transform is
3 jt e x (t) dt = # ejt 1dt # 1 3 1 = 1 [ejt] 1 j = 1 (ej e j) = 1 ( 2j sin ) j j = 2 sin 1
SOL 1.32
This is zero at = and = 2 Brought to you by: Nodia and Company PUBLISHING FOR GATE Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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A discrete time linear shift - invariant system has an impulse response h [n] with h [0] = 1, h [1] = 1, h [2] = 2, and zero otherwise The system is given an input sequence x [n] with x [0] = x [2] = 1, and zero otherwise. The number of nonzero samples in the output sequence y [n], and the value of y [2] are respectively (A) 5, 2 (B) 6, 2 (C) 6, 1 (D) 5, 3
SOL 1.33
Hence (D) is correct answer. Given h (n) = [1, 1, 2] x (n) = [1, 0, 1] y (n) = x (n)* h (n) The length of y [n] is = L1 + L2 1 = 3 + 3 1 = 5 y (n) = x (n) * h (n) = y (2) =
3 k = 3
/ x (k) h (n k)
k = 3
/ x (k) h (2 k)
= x (0) h (2 0) + x (1) h (2 1) + x (2) h (2 2) = h (2) + 0 + h (0) = 1 + 2 = 3 There are 5 non zero sample in output sequence and the value of y [2] is 3.
MCQ 1.34
Consider points P and Q in the x y plane, with P = (1, 0) and Q = (0, 1). The line integral 2 diameter (A) is 1 (B) is 0 (C) is 1 (D) depends on the direction (clockwise or anit-clockwise) of the semicircle
# P
(xdx + ydy) along the semicircle with the line segment PQ as its
SOL 1.34
# P # 1
# P
MCQ 1.35
Let x (t) be the input and y (t) be the output of a continuous time system. Match the system properties P1, P2 and P3 with system relations R1, R2, R3, R4 Properties Relations P1 : Linear but NOT time - invariant R1 : y (t) = t2 x (t) P2 : Time - invariant but NOT linear R2 : y (t) = t x (t) Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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P3 : Linear and time - invariant (A) (P1, R1), (P2, R3), (P3, R4) (B) (P1, R2), (P2, R3), (P3, R4) (C) (P1, R3), (P2, R1), (P3, R2) (D) (P1, R1), (P2, R2), (P3, R3)
SOL 1.35
Mode function are not linear. Thus y (t) = x (t) is not linear but this functions is time invariant. Option (A) and (B) may be correct. The y (t) = t x (t) is not linear, thus option (B) is wrong and (a) is correct. We can see that R1: y (t) = t2 x (t) Linear and time variant. R2: y (t) = t x (t) Non linear and time variant. R3: y (t) = x (t) Non linear and time invariant R4: y (t) = x (t 5) Linear and time invariant Hence (B) is correct answer. A memory less source emits n symbols each with a probability p . The entropy of the source as a function of n 1 (A) increases as log n (B) decreases as log ( n ) (C) increases as n (D) increases as n log n
MCQ 1.36
SOL 1.36
1 / pi log2 p i
bits
p1 = p2 = ... = pn = 1 n H =
i=1
1 log n = log n /n
{x (n)} is a real - valued periodic sequence with a period N . x (n) and X (k) form N-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) pairs. The DFT Y (k) of the sequence N1 y (n) = 1 / x (r) x (n + r) is N r=0 (A) X (k) 2
N1 (C) 1 / X (r) X (k + r) N r=0 N1 (B) 1 / X (r) X (k + r) N r=0
(D) 0
SOL 1.37
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DFT
X (k) 2
Group I lists a set of four transfer functions. Group II gives a list of possible step response y (t). Match the step responses with the corresponding transfer functions.
(A) P 3, Q 1, R 4, S 2 (C) P 2, Q 1, R 4, S 2
SOL 1.38
2n = 20, > 1 " Overdamped 2n = 12, = 1 " Critically 2n = 7, < 1 " underdamped
62 s + 12s + 62
2
72 s + 7s + 72
2
MCQ 1.39
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where is a parameter. Consider the standard negative unity feedback configuration as shown below
Which of the following statements is true? (A) The closed loop systems is never stable for any value of (B) For some positive value of , the closed loop system is stable, but not for all positive values. (C) For all positive values of , the closed loop system is stable. (D) The closed loop system stable for all values of , both positive and negative.
SOL 1.39
Hence (C) is correct option. The characteristic equation of closed lop transfer function is 1 + G (s) H (s) = 0 =0 1+ 2 s+8 s + s 4 or s 2 + s 4 + s + 8 = 0 or s2 + ( + 1) s + 4 = 0 This will be stable if ( + 1) > 0 " > 1. Thus system is stable for all positive value of . A signal flow graph of a system is given below
MCQ 1.40
The set of equalities that corresponds to this signal flow graph is Jx1N R 0 VJx1N R0 0 V W u1 WK O S K O S (A) d K x2O = S 0 WK x2O+ S0 1 We o u2 dt K O S W S1 0 W x3 WK x3O S S 0 W L P T P R X X V VL Jx1N R Jx1N T 0 WK O S1 0 W u1 S K O (B) d K x2O = S0 WK x2O+ S0 1 We o u2 dt K O S W S0 0 W x3 WK x3O S S0 W L P T L P R X XJ Jx1N R 0 V N T1 0 V x 1 W u1 WK O S K O S (C) d K x2O = S 0 WK x2O+ S0 1 We o u2 dt K O S W S0 0 W x3 WK x3O S S 0W L P T X XL P T Brought to you by: Nodia and Company PUBLISHING FOR GATE Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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SOL 1.40
Jx1N R 0 VJx1N R1 0 V W u1 WK O S K O S (D) d K x2O = S 0 WK x2O+ S0 1 We o u2 dt K O S W S0 0 W x3 WK x3O S S 0 W L P T X XL P T We labeled the given SFG as below :
From this SFG we have xo1 = x1 + x3 + 1 xo2 = x1 + x3 xo3 = x1 x3 + u2 R V R VR V R V Sx1 W S 0 WSx1 W S0 1 W u1 Sx2 W = S 0 WSx2 W+ S0 0 We o Thus u2 S W W S S1 0 W W S Sx3 W Sx3 W WS S 0 W X T X T XT X T Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.41
The number of open right half plane of 10 is G (s) = 5 4 3 s + 2s + 3s + 6s2 + 5s + 3 (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
SOL 1.41
The characteristic equation is 1 + G (s) = 0 5 4 3 2 or s + 2s + 3s + 6s + 5s + 3 = 0 1 Substituting s = z we have 5 4 3z + 5z + 6z3 + 3z2 + 2z + 1 = 0 The routh table is shown below. As there are tow sign change in first column, there are two RHS poles. z5 z4 z3 z2 z1 z0 3 5
21 5 4 3
6 3
7 5
2 1
7 4 1
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The magnitude of frequency responses of an underdamped second order system is 5 at 0 rad/sec and peaks to 10 at 5 2 rad/sec. The transfer function of the 3 system is 500 (A) 2 (B) 2 375 s + 10s + 100 s + 5s + 75 720 (C) 2 (D) 2 1125 s + 12s + 144 s + 25s + 225 For underdamped second order system the transfer function is 2 Kn T (s) = 2 2 s + 2n s + n It peaks at resonant frequency. Therefore Resonant frequency r = n 1 22 and peak at this frequency 5 r = 2 1 2 We have r = 5 2 , and r = 10 . Only options (A) satisfy these values. 3 n = 10, = 1 2 where r = 10 1 2` 1 j = 5 2 4 and Hence satisfied r = 1 5 1 = 10 22 1 4 3 Hence (C) is correct option. Group I gives two possible choices for the impedance Z in the diagram. The circuit elements in Z satisfy the conditions R2 C2 > R1 C1. The transfer functions V0 Vi represents a kind of controller.
SOL 1.42
MCQ 1.43
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(A) Q 1, R 2 (C) Q 2, R 3
SOL 1.43
(B) Q 1, R 3 (D) Q 3, R 2
The given circuit is a inverting amplifier and transfer function is Vo = Z = Z (sC1 R1 + 1) R Vi R1 sC R + 1 (sC2 R2 + 1) For Q , Z = sC2 Vo = (sC2 R2 + 1) (sC1 R1 + 1) # Vi sC2 R1 R2 For R , Z = (sC2 R2 + 1) (sC1 R1 + 1) Vo = R2 # Vi (sC2 R2 + 1) R1
1 1 1
PID Controller
For the circuit shown in the following figure, transistor M1 and M2 are identical NMOS transistors. Assume the M2 is in saturation and the output is unloaded.
SOL 1.44
The current Ix is related to Ibias as (A) Ix = Ibias + Is (C) Ix = Ibias cVDD Vout m RE By Current mirror, W ^ L h2 Ix = W Ibias ^ L h1
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Since MOSFETs are identical, Thus bW l = bW l L 2 L 2 Hence Ix = Ibias Hence (B) is correct option.
MCQ 1.45
The measured trans conductance gm of an NMOS transistor operating in the linear region is plotted against the gate voltage VG at a constant drain voltage VD . Which of the following figures represents the expected dependence of gm on VG ?
SOL 1.45
MCQ 1.46
diode is described by the relation I = I 0 _eV 1i where VT = 25 mV, I0 = 1 A and V is the voltage across the diode (taken as positive for forward bias). For an input voltage Vi = 1 V , the output voltage V0 is
V
t
Consider the following circuit using an ideal OPAMP. The I-V characteristic of the
The circuit is using ideal OPAMP. The non inverting terminal of OPAMP is at ground, thus inverting terminal is also at virtual ground. Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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Thus current will flow from -ive terminal (0 Volt) to -1 Volt source. Thus the current I is 0 ( 1) I = = 1 100k 100k The current through diode is
V
t
The circuit is using ideal OPAMP. The non inverting terminal of OPAMP is at ground, thus inverting terminal is also at virtual ground.
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and from this equation it may be easily seen that this is the standard form of T.F. of low pass filter K H (s) = (R1 + sL)( sR2 C2 + 1) and form this equation it may be easily seen that this is the standard form of T.F. of low pass filter H (s) = 2 K as + bs + b Hence (B) is correct option.
MCQ 1.48
Two identical NMOS transistors M1 and M2 are connected as shown below. Vbias is chosen so that both transistors are in saturation. The equivalent gm of the pair is defied to be 2Iout at constant Vout 2Vi The equivalent gm of the pair is
(A) the sum of individual gm ' s of the transistors (B) the product of individual gm s of the transistors (C) nearly equal to the gm of M1 g (D) nearly equal to m of M2 g0 The current in both transistor are equal. Thus gm is decide by M1. Hence (C) is correct option. An 8085 executes the following instructions 2710 LXI H, 30A0 H 2713 DAD H 2414 PCHL All address and constants are in Hex. Let PC be the contents of the program counter and HL be the contents of the HL register pair just after executing PCHL. Which of the following statements is correct ? PC = 2715H PC = 30A0H (B) (A) HL = 30A0H HL = 2715H Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
SOL 1.48
MCQ 1.49
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(C)
SOL 1.49
PC = 6140H HL = 6140H
(D)
PC = 6140H HL = 2715H
2710H LXI H, 30A0H ; Load 16 bit data 30A0 in HL pair 2713H DAD H ; 6140H " HL 2714H PCHL ; Copy the contents 6140H of HL in PC Thus after execution above instruction contests of PC and HL are same and that is 6140H Hence (C) is correct answer. An astable multivibrator circuit using IC 555 timer is shown below. Assume that the circuit is oscillating steadily.
MCQ 1.50
The voltage Vc across the capacitor varies between (A) 3 V to 5 V (B) 3 V to 6 V (C) 3.6 V to 6 V
SOL 1.50 MCQ 1.51
(D) 3.6 V to 5 V
Correct Option is ( ) Silicon is doped with boron to a concentration of 4 # 1017 atoms cm3 . Assume the intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon to be 1.5 # 1010 / cm 3 and the value of kT/q to be 25 mV at 300 K. Compared to undopped silicon, the fermi level of doped silicon (A) goes down by 0.31 eV (B) goes up by 0.13 eV (C) goes down by 0.427 eV (D) goes up by 0.427 eV
SOL 1.51
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ni = 1.5 # 1010
17 E2 E1 = 25 # 103 e ln 4 # 10 10 = 0.427 eV 1.5 # 10 Hence fermi level goes down by 0.427 eV as silicon is doped with boron.
MCQ 1.52
The cross section of a JFET is shown in the following figure. Let Vc be 2 V and let VP be the initial pinch -off voltage. If the width W is doubled (with other geometrical parameters and doping levels remaining the same), then the ratio between the mutual trans conductances of the initial and the modified JFET is
(A) 4 (C) e
SOL 1.52
Hence option (C) is correct 2 Pinch off voltage VP = eW ND s VP = VP1 VP1 = W12 = W2 Now 2 VP2 W2 (2W) 2 or 4VP1 = VP2 Initial transconductance Let gm = Kn ;1 For first condition For second condition gm2 = Kn =1 Dividing Hence 0 ( 2) = K2 ;1 VP2 G 2 4VP1 E gm1 = Kn =1 Vbi VGS E Vp 0 ( 2) = Kn ;1 VP1 G 2 VP1 E
MCQ 1.53
Consider the Schmidt trigger circuit shown below A triangular wave which goes from -12 to 12 V is applied to the inverting input of Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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OPMAP. Assume that the output of the OPAMP swings from +15 V to -15 V. The voltage at the non-inverting input switches between
Let the voltage at non inverting terminal be V1, then after applying KCL at non inverting terminal side we have 15 V1 + V0 V1 = V1 ( 15) 10 10 10 or V1 = V0 3 If V0 swings from -15 to +15 V then V1 swings between -5 V to +5 V. Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.54
The logic function implemented by the following circuit at the terminal OUT is
From the figure shown below it may be easily seen upper MOSFET are shorted and connected to Vdd thus OUT is 1 only when the node S is 0,
Since the lower MOSFETs are shorted to ground, node S is 0 only when input P Brought to you by: Nodia and Company PUBLISHING FOR GATE Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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and Q are 1. This is the function of AND gate. Hence (D) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.55
Consider the following assertions. S1 : For Zener effect to occur, a very abrupt junction is required. S2 : For quantum tunneling to occur, a very narrow energy barrier is required. Which of the following is correct ? (A) Only S2 is true (B) S1 and S2 are both true but S2 is not a reason for S1 (C) S1 and S2 and are both true but S2 is not a reason for S1 (D) Both S1 and S2 are false
Hence option (A) is correct. The two numbers represented in signed 2s complement form are P + 11101101 and Q = 11100110 . If Q is subtracted from P , the value obtained in signed 2s complement is (B) 00000111 (A) 1000001111 (C) 11111001 (D) 111111001
SOL 1.56
MSB of both number are 1, thus both are negative number. Now we get 11101101 = ( 19) 10 and 11100110 = ( 26) 10 P Q = ( 19) ( 26) = 7 Thus 7 signed twos complements form is (7) 10 = 00000111 Hence (B) is correct answer. Which of the following Boolean Expressions correctly represents the relation between P, Q, R and M1
MCQ 1.57
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For the circuit shown in the following, I0 I3 are inputs to the 4:1 multiplexers, R (MSB) and S are control bits. The output Z can be represented by
(A) PQ + PQS + QRS (B) PQ + PQR + PQS (C) PQR + PQR + PARS + QRS (D) PQR + PQRS + PQRS + QRS
SOL 1.58
Hence (A) is correct answer. Z = I0 RS + I1 RS + I2 RS + I3 RS = (P + Q ) RS + PRS + PQRS + PRS = PRS + QRS + PRS + PQRS + PRS The k Map is as shown below
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Z = PQ + PQS + QRS
MCQ 1.59
For each of the positive edge-triggered J K flip flop used in the following figure, the propagation delay is 3 t .
SOL 1.59
Since the input to both JK flip-flop is 11, the output will change every time with clock pulse. The input to clock is
The output Q1 of second FF occurs after time 3 T when it gets input (i.e. after 3 T from t1) and it is as shown below
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For the circuit shown in the figure, D has a transition from 0 to 1 after CLK changes from 1 to 0. Assume gate delays to be negligible Which of the following statements is true
(A) Q goes to 1 at the CLK transition and stays at 1 (B) Q goes to 0 at the CLK transition and stays 0 (C) Q goes to 1 at the CLK tradition and goes to 0 when D goes to 1 (D) Q goes to 0 at the CLK transition and goes to 1 when D goes to 1
SOL 1.60
The truth table is shown below. When CLK make transition Q goes to 1 and when D goes to 1, Q goes to 0 Hence (A) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.61
A rectangular waveguide of internal dimensions (a = 4 cm and b = 3 cm) is to be operated in TE11 mode. The minimum operating frequency is (A) 6.25 GHz (B) 6.0 GHz (C) 5.0 GHz (D) 3.75 GHz
SOL 1.61
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3 # 1010 fc = 2
1 2 1 2 ` 4 j + ` 3 j = 6.25 GHz
One end of a loss-less transmission line having the characteristic impedance of 75 and length of 1 cm is short-circuited. At 3 GHz, the input impedance at the other end of transmission line is (A) 0 (B) Resistive (C) Capacitive (D) Inductive
SOL 1.62
Hence (D) is correct option. Z + iZo tan (l) Zin = Zo L Zo + iZL tan (l) For ZL = 0 ,Zin = iZo tan (l) The wavelength is 8 = c = 3 # 109 = 0.1 m or 10 cm f 3 # 10 l = 2 l = 2 # 1 = 10 5 Thus Zin = iZo tan 5 Thus Zin is inductive because Zo tan is positive 5 A uniform plane wave in the free space is normally incident on an infinitely thick dielectric slab (dielectric constant = 9 ). The magnitude of the reflection coefficient is (A) 0 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.8
MCQ 1.63
SOL 1.63
Hence (C) is correct option. We have = Reflection coefficient 1 = 2 2 + 1 Substituting values for 1 and 2 we have = = 1 r = 1 1 + r 1+ + = 0.5
o o o r o o o o r o
9 9
since r = 9
MCQ 1.64
In the design of a single mode step index optical fibre close to upper cut-off, the single-mode operation is not preserved if (A) radius as well as operating wavelength are halved Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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(B) radius as well as operating wavelength are doubled (C) radius is halved and operating wavelength is doubled (D) radius is doubled and operating wavelength is halved
SOL 1.64
In single mode optical fibre, the frequency of limiting mode increases as radius decreases Hence r \ 1 f So. if radius is doubled, the frequency of propagating mode gets halved, while in option (D) it is increased by two times. Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.65
At 20 GHz, the gain of a parabolic dish antenna of 1 meter and 70% efficiency is (A) 15 dB (B) 25 dB (C) 35 dB (D) 45 dB
SOL 1.65
Hence (D) is correct option. 8 = c = 3 # 10 9 = 3 f 200 20 # 10 2 2 Gain Gp = 2 ` D j = 0.7 # 2 c 1 = 30705.4 3 m 100 = 44.87 dB Noise with double-sided power spectral density on K over all frequencies is passed through a RC low pass filter with 3 dB cut-off frequency of fc . The noise power at the filter output is (A) K (B) Kfc (C) kfc (D) 3
MCQ 1.66
SOL 1.66
Hence (C) is correct option. PSD of noise is N0 = K 2 The 3-dB cut off frequency is fc = 1 2RC Output noise power is = N0 = c N0 m 1 = Kfc 4RC 2 2RC
...(1)
...(2)
MCQ 1.67
Consider a Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) with probability of error being p . To transmit a bit, say 1, we transmit a sequence of three 1s. The receiver will interpret the received sequence to represent 1 if at least two bits are 1. The probability that the transmitted bit will be received in error is (B) p3 (A) p3 + 3p2 (1 p) Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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(C) (1 p3)
SOL 1.67
(D) p3 + p2 (1 p)
At receiving end if we get two zero or three zero then its error. Let p be the probability of 1 bit error, the probability that transmitted bit error is = Three zero + two zero and single one = 3 C3 p3 + 3C2 p2 (1 p) = p3 + p2 (1 p) Hence (D) is correct option. Four messages band limited to W, W, 2W and 3W respectively are to be multiplexed using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). The minimum bandwidth required for transmission of this TDM signal is (A) W (B) 3W (C) 6W (D) 7W
MCQ 1.68
SOL 1.68
Bandwidth of TDM is = 1 (sum of Nyquist Rate) 2 = 1 [2W + 2W + 4W + 6W] = 7W 2 Hence (D) is correct option.
MCQ 1.69
Consider the frequency modulated signal 10 cos [2 # 105 t + 5 sin (2 # 1500t) + 7.5 sin (2 # 1000t)] with carrier frequency of 105 Hz. The modulation index is (A) 12.5 (B) 10 (C) 7.5 (D) 5
SOL 1.69
Hence (B) is correct option. We have i = 2105 t + 5 sin (21500t) + 7.5 sin (21000t) i = di = 2105 + 101500 cos (21500t) + 151000 cos (21000t) dt Maximum frequency deviation is 3 max = 2 (5 # 1500 + 7.5 # 1000) 3 fmax = 15000 3f Modulation index is = max = 15000 = 10 fm 1500
MCQ 1.70
The signal cos c t + 0.5 cos m t sin c t is (A) FM only (B) AM only (C) both AM and FM (D) neither AM nor FM
SOL 1.70
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If the bits 0 and 1 are transmitted using bipolar pulses, the minimum bandwidth required for distortion free transmission is (A) 64 kHz (B) 32 kHz (C) 8 kHz (D) 4 kHz
SOL 1.71
Hence (B) is correct option. fm = 4 KHz fs = 2fm = 8 kHz Bit Rate Rb = nfs = 8 # 8 = 64 kbps The minimum transmission bandwidth is BW = Rb = 32 kHz 2 Assuming the signal to be uniformly distributed between its peak to peak value, the signal to noise ratio at the quantizer output is (A) 16 dB (B) 32 dB (C) 48 dB (D) 4 kHz
MCQ 1.72
SOL 1.72
Hence (C) is correct option. S0 c N m = 1.76 + 6n dB 0 = 1.76 + 6 # 8 = 49.76 dB We have n = 8 The number of quantization levels required to reduce the quantization noise by a factor of 4 wo (A) 1024 (B) 512 (C) 256 (D) 64
MCQ 1.73
SOL 1.73
Hence (B) is correct option. As Noise \ 12 L To reduce quantization noise by factor 4, quantization level must be two times i.e. 2L . Now L = 2n = 28 = 256 Thus 2L = 512
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functions (t).
MCQ 1.74
e th
3 2
1 (B) 2 te 2 t 3
SOL 1.74
1 1 (C) 2 e 2 t cos c 3 t m (D) 2 e 2 t sin c 3 t m 2 2 3 3 Writing in transform domain we have 1 Vc (s) = 1 s = 2 1 s 1 + + Vs (s) ^s h (s + s + 1) Since Vs (t) = (t) " Vs (s) = 1 and Vc (s) = 2 1 (s + s + 1) 3 2 or Vc (s) = 2 = 2 3 G 3 (s + 1 2) + 4 Taking inverse laplace transform we have Vt = 2 e sin c 3 t m 2 3 Hence (D) is correct option.
t 2
MCQ 1.75
3 1 sin 3 t c 2 mG =cos c 2 t m 3
1 (C) 2 e 2 t sin c 3 t m 2 3 1 (D) 2 e 2 t cos c 3 t m 2 3 Let voltage across resistor be vR VR (s) = 1 1 = 2 s VS (s) ( s + s + 1) (s + s + 1) Since vs = (t) " Vs (s) = 1 we get s VR (s) = 2 s = 3 1 2 (s + s + 1) (s + 2 ) + 4
SOL 1.75
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1 (s + 1 2) 2 2 3 3 1 2 (s + 1 ) ( s + + 2 2) + 4 4 or vR (t) = e cos 3 t 1 # 2 e sin 3 t 2 2 2 3 t = e 2 =cos 3 t 1 sin 3 tG 2 2 3 Hence (B) is correct option.
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1 2
1 2
Under following conditions, the readings obtained are: (1) S1 -open, S2 - closed A1 = 0,V1 = 4.5 V,V2 = 1.5 V, A2 = 1 A (2) S1 -open, S2 - closed A1 = 4 A,V1 = 6 V,V2 = 6 V, A2 = 0
MCQ 1.76
The z -parameter matrix for this network is 1. 5 1. 5 1.5 4.5 (A) = (B) = 4. 5 1. 5 G 1.5 4.5G 1.5 4.5 (C) = 1.5 1.5 G From the problem statement we have = 6 = 1. 5 z11 = v1 i1 i = 0 4 = 4.5 = 4.5 z12 = v1 i2 i = 0 1 z21 = v2 = 6 = 1.5 i1 i = 0 4 z22 = v2 = 1.5 = 1.5 i2 i = 0 1
2 1 2 2
SOL 1.76
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z11 z12 1.5 4.5 =z z G = =1.5 1.5 G 21 22 Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.77
The h -parameter matrix for this network is 3 3 3 1 (A) = (B) = G 1 0.67 3 0.67 G 3 3 (C) = 1 0.67 G From the problem statement we have h12 = v1 = 4.5 = 3 v2 i = 0 1.5 h22 = i2 = 1 = 0.67 v2 i = 0 1.5
1 1
3 1 (D) = 3 0.67 G
SOL 1.77
From z matrix, we have v1 = z11 i1 + z12 i2 v2 = z21 i1 + z22 i2 If v2 = 0 i2 = z21 = 1.5 = 1 = h Then 21 i1 z22 1.5 or i2 = i1 Putting in equation for v1, we get v1 = (z11 z12) i1 v1 = h11 = z11 z12 = 1.5 4.5 = 3 i1 v = 0
2
Hence h parameter will be h11 h12 3 3 =h h G = = 1 0.67 G 21 22 Hence (A) is correct option.
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The samples x (n), n = (0, 1, 2, ...) are given by (B) 5e0.05n (A) 5 (1 e0.05n) (C) 5 (1 e5n) (D) 5e5n Current through resistor (i.e. capacitor) is I = I (0+) et/RC Here, I (0+) = V = 5 = 25 A R 200k RC = 200k # 10 = 2 sec I = 25e A = VR # R = 5e V Here the voltages across the resistor is input to sampler at frequency of 10 Hz. Thus x (n) = 5e = 5e0.05n For t > 0 Hence (B) is correct answer.
t 2 t 2 n 2 # 10
SOL 1.78
MCQ 1.79
SOL 1.79
The expression and the region of convergence of the z transform of the sampled signal are 5z , z < e0.05 (B) (A) 5z 5 , z < e5 z e0.05 ze 5z , z > e0.05 (C) (D) 5z 5 , z > e5 ze z e0.05 Hence (C) is correct answer. Since x (n) = 5e0.05n u (n) is a causal signal Its z transform is 5z 1 X (z) = 5 : 0.05 1 D = z e0.05 1e z Its ROC is e0.05 z1 > 1 " z > e0.05
MCQ 1.80
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(A) 1 mA (C) 5 mA
SOL 1.80
(B) 2 mA (D) 10 mA
The thevenin resistance and voltage are VTH = 10 # 9 = 3 V 10 + 20 and total RTH = 10k # 20k = 6.67 k 10k + 20k Since is very large, therefore IB is small and can be ignored Thus IE = VTH VBE = 3 0.7 = 1 mA RE 2.3k Hence (A) is correct option.
MCQ 1.81
The mid-band voltage gain of the amplifier is approximately (A) -180 (B) -120 (C) -90 (D) -60
SOL 1.81
gm =
IC = 1m = 1 A/V VT 25m 25
IC . IE V = Vin
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MCQ 1.82
The stable reading of the LED displays is (A) 06 (B) 07 (C) 12 (D) 13
SOL 1.82
or VDAC = 0.5b0 + b1 + 2b2 + 4b3 The counter outputs will increase by 1 from 0000 till Vth > VDAC . The output of counter and VDAC is as shown below Clock 1 2 3 4 5 b3 b3 b2 b0 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 VDAC 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
and when VADC = 6.5 V (at 1101), the output of AND is zero and the counter stops. The stable output of LED display is 13.
MCQ 1.83
The magnitude of the error between VDAC and Vin at steady state in volts is (A) 0.2 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.5 (D) 1.0
SOL 1.83
Hence (B) is correct answer. The VADC Vin at steady state is = 6.5 6.2 = 0.3V
The frequency response H () of this system in terms of angular frequency , is given by H () 1 (A) (B) sin 1 + j2 1 2 + j Hence (C) is correct answer. h (t) = e2t u (t) 3 H (j) = # h (t) ejt dt (C)
3
(D)
j 2 + j
SOL 1.84
=
MCQ 1.85
3 2t jt 3 e e dt = # e (2 + j) t dt # 0 0
1 (2 + j)
The output of this system, to the sinusoidal input x (t) = 2 cos 2t for all time t , is (A) 0 (B) 20.25 cos (2t 0.125) (C) 20.5 cos (2t 0.125) (D) 20.5 cos (2t 0.25) Visit us at: www.nodia.co.in
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Hence (D) is correct answer. 1 H (j) = (2 + j) The phase response at = 2 rad/sec is +H (j) = tan1 = tan1 2 = = 0.25 2 2 4 Magnitude respone at = 2 rad/sec is H (j) = 1 = 1 2 2 +w 2 2
2
Input is x (t) = 2 cos (2t) Output i 1 # 2 cos (2t 0.25) 2 2 = 1 cos [2t 0.25] 2 =
Answer Sheet
(C) (B) (A) (A) (A) (B) (C) (B) (C) (D) (C) (C) (D) (A) (C) (D) (C) (D)
19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
(B) (A) (A) (D) (C) (A) (C) (A) (D) (B) (*) (A) (C) (A) (D) (B) (B) (A)
37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.
(A) (D) (C) (C) (C) (C) (B) (B) (C) (B) (B) (C) (C) (*) (C) (C) (C) (D)
55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70 71 72
(A) (B) (D) (A) (B) (A) (A) (D) (C) (C) (D) (C) (D) (D) (B) (C) (B) (C)
73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85.
(B) (D) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C) (A) (D) (D) (B) (C) (D)