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O"!TIc-e
of
the
Assist.:it1l
Attdmcy
Gc-ncrJ
1
-rpn
( ' ~ C R C T
~
u ~ t l ;
\1-1
U.S.
Department
ofJustice
Office
of
Legal
Coui1seJ
Wc:shi"gtOll.
D.C.
105JO
August
1,
2002l'vfemorandutn
for
John
Rizzo
Acting
General
Counsel
ofthe
CenttalIntelligenceAgency
JrderrogatiOl1
of
al
Qaelia
Operative
You
have
asked
for
thisOffice'sviews
on
whethercertainproposedconductwouldviolatetheprohibitionagainsttorturefound
at
Section2340A
of
title
18
of
theUnitedStatesCode.Youhaveaskedforthisadviceinthecourse
of
conductingimenogations
of
AbuZubaydah.
As
weunderstand
it,
Zubaydah
is
one
ofthc
highestrankingmembers
of
the
?i.
Qaeda
teITOr1St
organization,with
whichthe
UnitedStates
is
cUlTentJy
engagedinanintemationalarmedconflict
foUO\:ving
theattacks
onthe
WorldTradeCenterandthePentagononSeptember1I,2001.
This
Jettermemorializesourprevious
oral
advice,givenonJuly24,2002andJuly26,2002,thattheproposedconductwouldnot
violate
thisprohibition.
I.
Ouradviceisbasedupon
thefoIlovfing
facts,\vhich
you
haveprovided
to
us.
\Ve
also
understandthat
you
do
nothave
any
£ ~ c t s
in
yourpossessioncontrary
to
thefactsoutlinedhere,
and
thisopinionislimited
to
these
facts.
If
these
facts
wereto
c h a n g e ~
UIIS
advicewouldnotnecessarilyapply.
Z u b a y d a . ~
is
currentlybeingheld
by
theUnitedStates.Theinterrogationtearn
is
certainthathe
has
additionalinformationthatherefuses
to
divulge.Specifically,he
is
v!ithholdinginformationregardingterroristnetworksintheUnitedStatesorinSaudiArabiaandinfonnationregardingplans
to
conductattackswithin
the
Unite,d
Statesor
against
our
interestsoverseas.
Zubaydah
has
become
accustomed
to
acertainlevel
of
treatmentanddisplaysnosigns
of
willingnesstodisclosefurtherinfonnatioh.Moreover,yourintelligenceindicates
that
~ e r e
iscurrentlyalevel
of
"chatter"equal
to
thatwhichprecededtheSeptember
11
attacks.In1ight
of
the
infonnationyoubelieve
Zuba:i-'dah
has
and
the
high
lc,,tel
of
threat
you
believenowexists,
you
\vish
to
movetheinterrogationsiutowhat
yOll
havedescribed.as
an
"increasedpressure
phase.'"
.
As
part
of
thisincreasedpressmephase,Zubaydahwillhavecontactonlywithanewinterrogationspecialist,
whOii
he
bas
notmetpreviously,
and
theSurvival,
Eva'5ion,
Resistance,Escape("SERE")trainingpsychologist
'.'vho
hasbeeninvolved'",ith
the
interrogations
since.
they
began.
This
phase
willlikely
last
no
morethan
severaldaysbut
CDuld
last
u.p
to
thirtydays.
In
tillS
phase,
you
wouldlike
to
employtentechniqliesthat
you
believe
will
dislocatehis
 
T ~ l 1 E T
expe.ctationsregardingthe
tre<ttmen(
hebelieveshewillreceiveandencourage
him
todisclose
the
crucialinfonnationmentionedabove.
These
tentechniques
are:(1)
attentiongrasp,(2)\valling,(3)facialhold,(4)facialslap(insultslap),(5)
cramped
confinement,(6)
wall
standing,(7)stresspositions,(8)sleepdeprivation,(9)insectsplacedinaconfine.mentbox,
and
(l0)
the
'.vaterboard.
Youhaveinformedusthattheuse
ofthese
techniqueswouldbe
on
anas-neededbasis
and
thatnot
an
of
thesetechniques
\\lill
necessarilybeused.
111C
interrogationteam
would
use
these
techniques
in
somecombinationtoconvinceZubaydabthattheonly
way
hecan
influence
hissurroundingenvironment
is
throughcooperation.
You
have,however;informedus
t h ~ i t
you
expect
thesetechniquesto
be
used
insomesort
of
escal81ingfashion,culmillatingwirh
the
vvaterhoard,
though
hOt
necessarily
ending
with
this
teduuque.
l'Aoreover,
you
have
alsoorallyinformedusthatalthough
some
of
theseteclmiques
may
be
used
with
more
thanonce,
that
repetitionwllInot
be
subst?-!ltialbecause
the
techniquesgenerallylose
their
effectivenessafter
several
repetitions.You
have
alsoinformed
us
that
Zubaydah
sustaineda
woundduring
hiscapture,\vhichisbeingtreated.
Basedon
thefactsyouhavegivenus,weunderstand
each
of
these
tedmiques
tobe
asGJl!()ws.
The
attention.graspconsists
of
graspingtheindividualv"ithboth
hands,
Qne
hand
oneachside
of
theco
Hal'
opening,
in
acontrolledandquickmotion.
In
the
same
motion
as
the
grasp,
the
individualis
ara"vn
to\var\1
the
interrogator.
For
wailing,aflexiblefalsewall
will
be
COnEtructed.
The
individual
isplaced
with
his
heels
lou.cli.ltig
the\\'alLThe
ttlte:rrogator
pullstheindividual
fOfwardandthen
-q-ui'Cklyancl
DTmly
pushes
theindividualintothewalLItistheindividual'sshoulderblades
that
hit
thewall.
Duringthis
motion,theheadand
neck
are
suppOltedwitharolledhood
or
towelthat
providesac-coUareffecttohelpprevent
whiplash.
To
furtherreducetheprobability
of
injury,
the
individual
i.s
allowedto
reboundfron:
the
flexible
wall.Youhaveorally
informed
usthat
the
falsewallisin
part
constructed
ro
createaloudsoundwhentheindividualhitsit,
which
\vil1
fl.!rther
shock
or
surprise
in
theindividuaLInpart,theideaistocreatea
soundthat
wilL
makethe
inlpact
seem
farworsethan
it
isandthat\villbe
far
worse
than
ful.y
injury
thatmightresult
fTom
theaction.
The
facialholdisusedtohold
thehead
immObile.
Oneopen
'Palm
is
placed
oueither
side
of
the
individual'sface.
TIie
fillgertips
arekeptwell,,'.vay
fram
theindivid!lal'seyes
..
\Vitbthefacialslaporinsultslap,
the
iuten-ogataI'
slaps
theindividual'sfacew'ithfingers
sLightly
spread.
The
bandrnakescontact
with
theareadirectlybenveen
the
tip
of
the
individual's
chin
andthe
bottom
of
thecorrespondingearlobe.Theinterrogatorinvades
theindividual's
personalspace.
The
goal
of
thefacialslap
is
nottoinflictphysicalpain
that
is
severe
or
lastLtlg.
instead,
the
purpose
oftlle
facialslapistoinduceshock,surprise,andlorhumiliaticlI1.
Cramped
confmement
involves
the
placement
of
theindividualina
confined
space,
the
dimensions
of
whichrestrict
theindividual's
movement.
The
confined
space
is
uSl.lallydark.
T O ~ R E T
2
 
T O ~ £ T
Theduration
of
confinementvariesbasedupon
the
sizeofthecontainer.Forthe
large!'
confinedspace,theindividualcansland
up
orsit
do\vn;
thesmallerspace
is
largeenoughforthesubjectto'sitdown.
Confit1ementin
thelargerspacecanlast
up..
to
e ~ g ~ t e e n
hours;
forthe
smaHer
space,
confinli:mentlasts
for
no
morethan
twohours,
Wallstanding
is
usedtoinducemusclefatigue.Theindividualstandsaboutfour
to
.five
feet
froma
waH,
withhisfeetspreadapproximately
to
shoulderwidth
His
arms
are
stretchedoutinfront
of
him,
','lith
hisfingersrestingon'the
walL
His
fingerssupportall
of
hisbodyweight.Theindividualisnotpermitted
to
moveorrepositionhishaudsorfeetAvariety
of
stress
positions
may
be
used.
You
have
iuformed
us
thatthesepositionsarenotdesigned
to
produce
thepainassociatedwithcontortionsor
hvisting
of
the
bodr
Rather,somewhatlikewalling,theyare
designed
to
produce
the
physical
discomfortassociatedwithmuscleiatigue.
Two
particular
stress
positionsarelikely
to
be
used
OD
Zubaydah:
(1
)sittingon
the
floorwith
legs
extendedstraightout
in
front
ofhi111
with
hisarrasraisedabovehishead;and
(2)
kneeling
on
thefloorwhileleaningbackata
45
degree
fu'1g1e.
You
havealso
oraBy
infon11edus
thatth.roughobservingZubaydah
in
captivity,youhavenotedthat
he
appearsto
be
quiteflexibledespitehiswound.Sleepdeprivation
may
be
used.
You
haveindicatedthatyour
pu..rpose
inusingthistechniqueis
to
reducetheindividual'sabiiity
to
think
on
hisfeetand,throughthediscomfortassociatc:dwitll
'lack
of
;:;teep;tomotivatehimi'O"cooperate:Theet1ectDfsneirsleep'deprivatiol1willgenerallyremitafteroneor
two
nightsofunlnterropte-dsleep,Youhaveinf{)tmedusthatyourresearch
has
revealedthat,
in
rareinstances,sonleindividualswhoarealreadypredisposed
to
psychologicalproblemsmayexperience
l",bnonnal
reactionstosleepdeprivation,
EYen
inthosecases,however,reactionsabateaftertheindividual
is
pennitted
to
sleep.
MOl'eover,
personnel
withmedicaltrainin,gareavailabletoand
will
interveneinthe
unlikely
event
of
an
abn0f!11al
reaction.
You
have
orally
infonned
usthilt
youwould
notdeprive
Zubaydah
of
sleepformorethan
ele'ven
days
at
atime
and
that
)'OU
havepreviouslykenthimawakefor
72
hours,fromwhichnomentalor
p l ~ y s i c a l
harmresulted.Youwouldliketoplace
Zubayd2Jl
in
acrampedconfinementboxwith
an
insect.
You
have
infof!11ed
us
thatheappears
to
have
:0
fear
ofinsects.
f.n
p?Jiic:ular,
you
\liould
liketo
teli
Zubaydahthat
you
intend
to
placeastinginginsect
intothe
boxwith
him.
You
would,however,placeahannlessinsectinthebox.
You
haveorally
inform'"
'
';131
vou
would
in
factcea
as
acate
..
at
in
the
box
with.Finally,you
'.:;,ould
like
to
use
atecbniquecalled
the
"water-board."
In
thisprocedure,the
individual
is
bound
securely
loan
inclined
bench,
Which
is
approXimatelyfourfeetbysevenfeet.Theindividual'sfeetare
generally
elevated.Acloth
is
placedover
the
forehead
and
eyes.
Water
T ~ m T
3
of 00

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