APPLICATION OF FINITE

ELEMENT METHOD ---- SOME

ASPECTS

POTENTIAL

VALIDATION -- FEM/EXPERIMENT CORRELATION

SOME EXAMPLES

SCOPE
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING

ELEMENT DIVISION

NUMBERING SCHEME

COORDINATES AND SHAPE FUNCTIONS

MODELING OF SYSTEM BEHAVIOR AND

SOLUTION APPROACH

THE POTENTIAL ENERGY APPROACH

THE GELERKIN APPROACH

STIFFNESS MATRIX K

THE FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS: TREATMENT OF

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ELIMINATION APPROACH
PENALTY APPROACH ETC.
DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS

LAGRANGE AND HAMILTON’S PRINCIPAL-

EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN FUNCTIONS

KU= λMU λ=w2 (EIGEN VALUE) EIGEN VECTOR: U.

DISTRIBUTED MASS AND LIMPED MASS

SCALAR FIELD PROBLEMS

GENERAL HELMHOLTZ EQUATION

ə .(kx əφ) + ə .(ky əφ) + ə . (kz əφ) + λφ+ Q=θ

əx əx əy əy əz əz
Heat conduction equation ə (k ət )+ ət (k ət )+ Q=o
əx əx əx əy

Torsion ə2θ + ə2θ +2=θ

əx2 əy2

Potential Flow ə2ψ + ə2ψ =θ u= əψ , ψ= əψ

əx2 əy2 əy əx

Seepage ə .(kx əφ) + ə . .(kx əφ) =0 φ(x,y)=hydraulic Potential

əx əx əy əy

Electric and magnetic fields E (ə2u+ə2u) = -P

əx2 əy2
E- Permittivity, volume change density electric potential fluid
flow in duets.
Δp = 2f V2m l .
D6
f=fanning friction factor
Vm : mean velocity of fluid
L = Length of duct
Db = (4x area)/perimeter __ hydraulic diameter.
F=?
ə2w + ə2w +1=0; x=x . , y = y , w= w
əx2 əy2 Db Db 2vmfR

Re= Reynolds Number = VmDb/µ

µ: absolute viscosity
ACOUSTICS:

WAVE EQUATION IN LINEAR ACOUSTICS

P(x2t) : SCALAR – CHANGES IN PRESSURE FROM SAME

AMBIENT VALUES.
C: SPEED OF THE SOUND WAVE IN THE MEDIA.

NDE
TOMOGRAPHY ASPECTS.

CONCEPT : DIVISION INTO ELEMENTS, SOLUTIONS

APPROACH/FORMULATION AT ELEMENTS LEVEL,

INTER ELEMENTAL INTERFACING PROCEDURE. FINAL

SOLUTION FOR THE WHOLE SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS.

APPLICABLE IN ANY FIELD MAJOR STAT IN

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AREA STATUS OF

APPLICATION

CRUCIAL AREAS OF LIMITATIONS.

VALIDITY GOAL.
FINITE ELEMENT PACKAGES.

GENERAL PURPOSE PACKAGES.

SPECIAL PURPOSE PACKAGES.

PRE AND POST PROCESSIONS AUTOMESH GENERATION

GRAPHIC INTERFACES.

ANIMATION ASPECTS

UNDER FRIENDLY ASPECTS

SECTION & 3-D VIEWS

PRINTING FORMATS,

PRESENTATION MODE, POWERPOINT FORMAT

UPDATES BOUNDARY ELEMENTS, HYBRID ELEMENTS.

(FRICTION ASPECTS), GAP ELEMENTS

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

GENERALLY, THE COMPLETE PROBLEM ITS

DEFINED THROUGH BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.

MATHEMATICAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

FUNCTIONAL VALUES, VALUES OF FIRST DERIVATIVES,

SECOND DERIVATIVES COMBINATION OF THESE

STRUCTURAL AREA, DISPLACEMENT, SLOPE, ETC.,

CLASSIC EXAMPLE: COLUMN BUCKLING CRITICAL

BUCKLING LOAD DIFFERS BY 4 ITEMS BETWEEN S.S.

AND CLAMPED CONDITIONS.

THE ACTUAL SITUATION IS NEITHER (BUT IN BETWEEN)

MULTISTORIED BUILDINGS TRUE

REPRESENTATION OF GEOMETRY.
EX: FUTURE MECHANICS – CRACK TIP RADIUS WELD
MISMATCHES IN ROLLED AND WELDED CYLINDERS
(MIDDLE PLANE MISMATCHES)

ACTUAL GEOMETRY DETAILS ARE REQUIRED

MEASUREMENT VS. ANALYSIS
CFD FLIGHT LOADS

VALIDATION: FLIGHT MEASUREMENT WIND TUNNEL

DATA ANALYSIS

LIMITATIONS AND GOALS

WELL DEFINED GEOMETRY, BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

AND ACCURATE PROPERTIES
SUBSTITUTE/ REPLACEMENT FOR COSTLY AND TIME
CONSUMING TESTS. – GOAL

APPROXIMATIONS AND ERRORS IN PROGRAMMING

/CODING/MATHEMATICAL MODELING/SOLUTION
PROCEDURE /ROUND OFF ERRORS/ AND CONVERGENCE
PROLEMS.

5. CONCEPT OF VALIDATION

PROGRAM/SOFTWARE CHECK MATHEMATICAL

MODEL CHECK, COMPARISON WITH SOLUTIONS FOR
KNOWN CASES (GENERALLY POSSIBLE FOR SIMPLE
CASES ___ AMBIGUITY)
FLIGHT LOADS ESTIMATION VALIDATION

FLIGHT LOAD MEASUREMENT

WIND TUNNEL TESTS

ANALYSIS

DYNAMICS/ VIBRATION ANALYSIS

MATCHING WITHIN 5% OF FIRST THREE FREQUENCIES

AND MODE SHAPES WITH THOSE OF MEASUREMENTS
THROUGH OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRIC TECHNIQUES.

A VALIDATED SOFTWARE PACKAGE IS THE MOST

VALUABLE ASSET IN AN INDUSTRY.

6. VALUE OF PARTIALLY VALIDATED SYSTEMS.

MODIFICATIONS AND OPTIMIZATIONS!

PRESENT SCOPE

NDE – TOMOGRAPHY
NON ENGINEERING AEROSPACE SYSTEMS
INTERFACING WITH MEASUREMENT PACKAGES
VALIDATION AND VALIDATION PROCEDURES
MEASUREMENT GENERAL AND SPECIAL
PURPOSE PACKAGES.

GENERAL UPDATEMANTS AND DEVELOPMENTS BASED

ON USERS’ REPONSE AND FEEDBACK
MORE ACCENT ON VALIDATION IS REQUIRED RATHER
THAN ON PERIPHERAL FEATURES.

JOINT ROTATION
SUBSTANTIAL INFLUENCE OF JOINTS ON DYNAMIC
BEHAVIOR REFINEMENT OF MODELING OF JOINTS
REQUIRED

NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF FRP (KERLAR) MOTOR

CASINGS.

ASSESSMENT OF REQUIREMENT OF NONLINEAR

ANALYSIS.
MEASUREMENTS, TECHNIQUES, AMBIGUITIES

STRAIN GAUGES, GROUND, FLIGHT (TELEMETRY-2 TO

5%)

METALLIC, NONMETALLIC (GAUGE SIZE, TYPE)

CALIBRATION METHOD LVDTS.

REMOTE OPTICAL TECHNIQUES, OPTICAL

INTERFEROMETRIC TECHNIQUES GENERALLY
COMPONENT INDEPENDENT, X-

RADIOGRAPHY/DIFFRACTION, ULTRASONIC
TECHNIQUES, TOMOGRAPHY ASPECTS SCOPE FOR FEM
APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUES SOME
IMPORTANT ASPECTS.

1. POTENTIAL
2. EXPOSURE AND ADVERTISEMENT PRESENT STATUS
GENERAL PACKAGES __ PERIPHERALS __ USER-
FRIENDLY ASPECTS.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
3. GENERAL TECHNIQUES AND FEATURES.
4. GEOMETRY __ MEASUREMENTS
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ____ MATHEMATICAL,
PHYSICAL/REALISTIC LIMITATIONS, SCOPE.
EXAMPLES: MOTOR CASINGS __ MIDDLE PLANE
OFFSET
5. VALIDATIONS
5. RUN THROUGH, DEBUGGING, CHECK WITH
AVAILABLE DATA FOR SOME SUB CASES, ACTUAL
INSTRUMENTATION DATE CONVERGENCE TEST,
ROUND OFF ERRORS.
5. A). FLIGHT LOADS
5. A) TEST CONDITIONS, FLIGHT CONDITIONS
5. B) DYNAMIC PROBLEMS INTERFERMETRIC
TECHNIQUES
6. FRACTURE PROBLEMS
7. JOINT ROTATION, WELDMENTS
8. PS – 4 KEVLAR MOTOR CASINGS, BEHAVIOR
9. PRESENT SCOPE
A VALIDATION OF BAYESIAN FINITE ELEMENT
MODEL UPDATING FOR LINEAR DYNAMICS
François M. Hemez1 and Scott W. Doebling2
Engineering Sciences & Applications, ESA-EA, M/S P946
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
.
ABSTRACT
This work addresses the issue of statistical
model updating and correlation. The updating
procedure is formulated to improve the predictive
quality of a structural model by minimizing out-ofbalance
modal forces. It is shown how measurement
and modeling uncertainties can be taken into account
to provide not only the correlated model but also the
associated confidence levels. Hence, a Bayesian
parameter estimation technique is derived and its
numerical implementation is discussed. Two
demonstration examples that involve test-analysis
correlation with real test data are presented. First,
the validation of an engine cradle model used in the
automotive industry shows how the design’s
uncertainties can be reduced via model updating.
Our second example consists of employing testanalysis
correlation for identifying the degree of
nonlinearity of the LANL 8-DOF testbed.

The recommended “Standard Notation for

Modal Testing & Analysis” proposed in Reference [1]
is used throughout this paper.
1. INTRODUCTION
In structural dynamics, the procedure for
obtaining a correct parametric representation of a
test article is to first create a finite element (FE)
model of the system and then correlate this model
with measurement data taken from the system itself
or some of its components [2]. Applied essentially to
linear systems, this approach has been proven quite
effective when modal data are used in the correlation
process, because 1) experimental procedures in the
form of modal tests permit identification of these
modal parameters; and 2) the same quantities can
be extracted easily from a FE model when the
response of interest involves the low-frequency
spectrum of the dynamics
representation is given by a parametric model and
the dynamics are described by measurements [8-10].
As the inverse problems of health monitoring
and damage detection grew increasingly popular in
 Finite Element Model Validation, Updating, and Uncertainty
Quantification

“Do You Know Everything That You Should About Your Finite
Element Model?”

• How closely do your results match the real-world response

your structure?
• How will small errors in your model input parameters affec
the accuracy of your prediction?
• Which of your FEM input parameters have the greatest
influence on your prediction quantities of interest?

When an engineer builds a finite element model, the results should b

trustworthy. But how do we know (and prove quantitatively) that th
predictions can be believed with confidence?

Recent research in the areas of finite element model validation, sensi

analysis, uncertainty analysis, and test/analysis correlation has led to
development of techniques to answer these questions and more, enab
you to use your finite element model predictions with confidence.

This course will provide an overview of the latest technology for

evaluating and improving the accuracy and validity of linear and
nonlinear finite element models. The course provides a blend of resea
and real-world applications in the fields of aerospace, automotive, an
civil engineering.

Course Goals
• To validate finite-element models, test data from
•

• experimental modal analyses may be utilized. The

•

• model data must be highly accurate since they form

•

• the basis for subsequent validation efforts. An

•

• integrated validation strategy is presented that takes

•

• into account the complete process chain from model-

•

• based test design through modal testing, data

•

• evaluation, test/analysis correlation To validate finite-

•

• element models, test data from experimental modal

•

• analyses may be utilized. The model data must be

•

• highly accurate since they form the basis for

•

• subsequent validation efforts. An integrated

•

• validation strategy is presented that takes into

•

• account the complete process chain from model-based

•

• test design through modal testing, data evaluation,

•

• test/analysis correlation to computational model

•
 • updating. By means of a real car body in white, the
single steps of the validation strategy are highlighted,
and it is shown that very encouraging results can be
obtained even for very complex systems.

Masayoshi Okamoto - Honda R&D Co., Ltd.

Yuji Kikuchi - Honda R&D Co., Ltd.

Abstract:
The goal of
this study
was to
develop
and
validate a
finite
element
(FE) model
of the
Polar-II
pedestrian
dummy. An
upper body
model
consisting
of the head, neck, shoulder, thorax, and abdomen was coupled
with a previously validated model of the lower limb. The
viscoelastic material properties of the dummy components were
determined from dynamic compression tests of shoulder
urethane, shoulder rubber and abdominal foam. For validation of
the entire upper body, the model was compared with NHTSA
 response requirements for their advanced frontal dummy (Thor)
including head and neck pendulum tests as well as ribcage and
abdominal impact tests.

Validation

A Risk-Based Approach to Validation

A good validation program can differentiate your

company from others in the industry. Successful
validation practices verify that systems operate as
designed, ensure that manufactured products are of
the highest quality and safety, and minimize 483
findings. To meet U.S. and international regulatory
requirements, your validations have to be top-notch.
.

We believe that validation is an integral part of

continuous improvement. That is why we use
engineers (not technical writers) who understand
your equipment and processes. Our staff works with
you to resolve issues uncovered during the
validation process.

EPSRC/CASE PHD AWARD FUNDED BY BAE

(AIRBUS)

The dynamic properties of structures may be

predicted by computer simulations using Finite
Element (FE) analysis. The actual dynamic
properties (e.g. natural frequencies and mode
shapes) of the structure may be measured
experimentally by a vibration test. Often there are
discrepencies between the predicted analytical
results and the experimentally measured
properties of the structure. Although these
discrepencies may be due to experimental error or
computer modelling errors, it is generally
assumed that the experimental measurements
give a better indication of how the structure
actually behaves. Consequently it is desirable to
improve, or update, the FE model using the
measured experimental data such that the two
produce a closer match.

BAe (Airbus) has supported work at Bristol to

develop Frequency Domain techniques to verify,
or adjust, its Finite Element models. Recent work
in the Department of Aerospace Engineering has
shown that validation of FE models is only feasible
by measuring the vibration properties of
structures at high frequencies. The work proposed
for this project is a blend of experimental and
theoretical techniques to measure high frequency
data and apply model updating techniques already
developed at Bristol to directly to BAe's structural
models.

The department has a Laser Doppler Velocimeter

which allows the acquisition of high frequency
responses providing localised non-contacting
measurement. Methods of exciting the structure at
high frequencies would be investigated, possibly
including acoustic excitation. Other issues to be
investigated include the possible time-variation of
the structure due to changes in ambient
temperature and joint excitation. A series of tests
will be devised to quantify these effects.