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Culture Documents
1.
Def:
, , ,
121,7
1,076
116,6
1,33
, , ,
2.
C2 H4
C3 H6
C4 H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
.
.
.
- o
CnH2n n = 2,3,4,
, , ,
(IUPAC)
-
-
-
,
, . . -
-
, , ,
H3C
CH3
CH3
-
, -
.
H3C
4
5
6
3
5
4
2
7
6
3
2
8
CH3
1
7
2
2
8
1
CH3
- ,
-
4- -3-
, , ,
1.
:
2,4,5--3-
2.
H3C
C 2 H5
CH3
CH3
CH3
, , ,
:
:
2,4,5--3-
H3C
CH3
CH3 CH3
H3C
C 2 H5
CH3
5,6--7--3-
CH3
CH3
, , ,
3.
-
.
- -
-
, , ,
H3C
H3C
-1- -1-
-2- -1-
CH3
H2C
H2C
H2C
, , ,
4.
( )
-
( ),
-1-
2-
(
)
-1-
-2-
, , ,
CH3
H2C
-1-
CH3
H2C
CH3
2-
H2C
-1-
CH3
H3C
-2-
, , ,
(cis-trans)
-
H
R
H
trans -
cis -
, , ,
H3C
CH3
cis--2-
CH3
H3C
H
trans--2-
, , ,
:
?
H2C
H3C
H3C
2
-1-
-2-
-3 -
CH3
3 ()
CH3
CH3
-2-
-3-
, , ,
H3C
C 3H7
H 5C 2
cis--2-
C 3H 7
H 5C 2
cis--3-
trans--2-
C 2H 5
H3C
C 2H 5
trans--3-
, , ,
3:
?
.
, , ,
:
H2C
CH3
CH3
-1
H3C
-2-
H3C
-3-
H3C
CH3
C4H9
cis- -2-
H5C2
C3H7
cis- -3-
C4 H9
trans- -2-
H5 C2
H3C
C3 H7
trans- -3-
, , ,
:
-
-
.57 / : 2 , ,
/
3 ,
/
6 ,
/
7 , ,
1.
2.
, ,
,
H
- XZ
X
) ()
:
CH3
1:
( 3-)
- 2 -
H2
CH3
H2
,
) ()
Br
Br
2,3 -
Zn
R
CH3
Zn
X2
-2 -
2:
1,2-
CH3
Br 2
,
) ()
H
Br
KOH
R
3 -
CH3
KOH
-2 -
3:
3-
HX
CH3
HBr
,
) ()
:
OH
OH
3 -
CH3
H2SO 4
H2SO 4
-2 -
4:
4-
H2 O
CH3
H2O
3.
(
)
is trans
(. , .)
( )
:
,
a)
-.
.
XZ
:
1:
2:
( H+
.
,
:
H2C
CH2
Cl
+
CH 3CH 2
Cl
(1)
l
+
CH 3CH 2
Cl
CH 3CH 2
(2)
,
,
(. F2, Br2, Cl2, I2, H2)
H3C
- 2 -
CH3 + Br Br
H3C
Br
Br
2,3 -
CH3
,
:
H3C
CH3 + H
- 2 -
H3C
CH3
(. HF, HBr, HCl, HI, H2O)
,
( -
)
,
.
.,
H-Z
,
- .
,
:
3 2
CHCH 2CH 3
+ HBr
3 2
-3-
2 3
Br
3-
:
H2C
2 3
HBr
Br 2
2 2 3
1-
-1-
H2C
-1-
2 3
HBr
H3C
2 2 3
Br
2-
,
H2C
CH 2CH 3
H OH
CH 3CHCH 2CH 3
-2-
5:
-2-?
,
:
H OH
-2-
-3-
-2-
-2- -1-.
?
,
,
.
( ).
-
.
,
.
6:
-1-
,
)
.
,
.
.
KMnO4
( )
.
, KMnO4 ,
MnO4-
MnO2 .
.
,
H2C
CH2
KMnO 4
NaOH / H 2O
OH OH
,
)
H2O, CO2 .
:
rH < 0
C6H12 +
9 O2
7:
6 CO 2
6 H 2O
,
:
-
-
-
.67 / : 2, 4, 5, 6
)
,
.
,
.
,
:
,
( , , )
.
( H2O, NH3 .),
.
,
,
:
:
()
,
:
( , ,
.)
.
.
( ):
(
)
-
.
n H2C
CH2
.
,
.
n H2C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
, ,
..
PVC
()
n H2C
Cl
( )
Cl
Cl
( )
PVC
Cl
n
, ,
, .
n F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2 CF 2 CF 2
( )
.
, ,
.
:
( )