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Entropy and Partial Differential Equations
Lawrence C. EvansDepartment of Mathematics, UC Berkeley
Inspiring Quotations
A good many times I have been present at gatherings of people who, by the standardsof traditional culture, are thought highly educated and who have with considerable gustobeen expressing their incredulity at the illiteracy of scientists. Once or twice I have beenprovoked and have asked the company how many of them could describe the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The response was cold: it was also negative. Yet I was asking somethingwhich is about the scientific equivalent of: Have you read a work of Shakespeare’s?–C. P. Snow,
The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution 
...
C. P. Snow relates that he occasionally became so provoked at literary colleagues whoscorned the restricted reading habits of scientists that he would challenge them to explainthe second law of thermodynamics. The response was invariably a cold negative silence. Thetest was too hard. Even a scientist would be hard-pressed to explain Carnot engines andrefrigerators, reversibility and irreversibility, energy dissipation and entropy increase
...
all inthe span of a cocktail party conversation.–E. E. Daub, “Maxwell’s demon”He began then, bewilderingly, to talk about something called entropy
...
She did gatherthat there were two distinct kinds of this entropy. One having to do with heat engines, theother with communication
...
“Entropy is a figure of speech then”
...
“a metaphor”.–T. Pynchon,
The Crying of Lot 49 
1
 
CONTENTSIntroduction
A. OverviewB. ThemesI.
Entropy and equilibrium
A. Thermal systems in equilibriumB. Examples1. Simple fluids2. Other examplesC. Physical interpretations of the model1. Equilibrium2. Positivity of temperature3. Extensive and intensive parameters4. Concavity of 
S 
5. Convexity of 
E 
6. Entropy maximization, energy minimizationD. Thermodynamic potentials1. Review of Legendre transform2. Definitions3. Maxwell relationsE. CapacitiesF. More examples1. Ideal gas2. Van der Waals fluidII.
Entropy and irreversibility
A. A model material1. Definitions2. Energy and entropya. Working and heatingb. First Law, existence of 
E 
c. Carnot cyclesd. Second Lawe. Existence of 
S 
3. Efficiency of cycles4. Adding dissipation, Clausius inequalityB. Some general theories1. Entropy and efficiency1
 
a. Definitionsb. Existence of 
S 
2. Entropy, temperature and separating hyperplanesa. Definitionsb. Second Lawc. Hahn–Banach Theoremd. Existence of 
S,T 
III.
Continuum thermodynamics
A. Kinematics1. Definitions2. Physical quantities3. Kinematic formulas4. Deformation gradientB. Conservation laws, Clausius–Duhem inequalityC. Constitutive relations1. Fluids2. Elastic materialsD. Workless dissipationIV.
Elliptic and parabolic equations
A. Entropy and elliptic equations1. Definitions2. Estimates for equilibrium entropy productiona. A capacity estimateb. A pointwise bound3. Harnack’s inequalityB. Entropy and parabolic equations1. Definitions2. Evolution of entropya. Entropy increaseb. Second derivatives in timec. A differential form of Harnack’s inequality3. Clausius inequalitya. Cyclesb. Heatingc. Almost reversible cyclesV.
Conservation laws and kinetic equations
A. Some physical PDE2
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