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U.S. Army Research Institutefor the Behavioral and Social SciencesResearch Note 2003-07
Toward an Understanding of Team Performanceand Team Cohesion Over Time Through the Lensof Time Series Analysis
Robert M. McIntyreKari StrobelHope HannerAmy CunninghamLara Tedrow
Old Dominion University
December 2002
Understanding Team Performance and Team Cohesion iTable of ContentsTable of Contents.................................................................................................................iLIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................ivExecutive Summary...........................................................................................................ixPREFACE...........................................................................................................................1PHASE 1: STUDY 1..........................................................................................................3Method............................................................................................................................6
......................................................8Hypotheses......................................................................................................................9Results.............................................................................................................................9
..............................................................10Discussion.....................................................................................................................10PHASE 2: STUDY 1........................................................................................................12Method..........................................................................................................................12
..................................................................................................16Hypotheses....................................................................................................................20Results...........................................................................................................................20
..................................................................................................21
....................................................................................22Discussion.....................................................................................................................38CONCLUSIONS FOR STUDIES FOCUSING ON COHESION...................................39PHASE 2: STUDY 2........................................................................................................41Social Loafing...............................................................................................................41
Understanding Team Performance and Team Cohesion iiMethod..........................................................................................................................48
.....................................................................................................50Results...........................................................................................................................50
...............................................................................................61Discussion.....................................................................................................................68PHASE 2: STUDY 3........................................................................................................71
...................................................................................................73Hypotheses....................................................................................................................74Method..........................................................................................................................74
..................................................................77Results...........................................................................................................................77
.........................................................................................97Discussion...................................................................................................................103
............................................................109CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SOME LESSONS LEARNED..............................111REFERENCES...............................................................................................................113APPENDIX A.................................................................................................................120Teamwork Skills Knowledge Test..............................................................................120Subjective Evaluation of Training Program...............................................................122Team Log....................................................................................................................123The PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988).......................................................125Workload Sharing (Campion, Medsker, & Higgs, 1993)...........................................126
Sections
« prev | next »- PREFACE
- PHASE 1: STUDY 1
- Method
- Participants
- Procedure
- Measures
- Training Program Development and Description
- Hypotheses
- Experimental Manipulation
- Efficacy of Training on Team Cohesion
- Efficacy of Training on Team Performance
- Discussion
- PHASE 2: STUDY 1
- Statistical Analysis
- ARIMA Model of Time Series Analysis
- Seasonal ARIMA Models
- Model Identification
- Training Evaluation
- ARIMA Models
- ARIMA Time Series Analyses
- Table 1.1. ARIMA (0,0,1) Model Predicting Team 1 F-B Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.4. ARIMA (0,1,1) Model Predicting Team 4 F-B Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.5. ARIMA (0,0,0) Model Predicting Team 5 F-B Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.6. ARIMA (1,0,0) Model Predicting Team 6 F-B Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.10. ARIMA (1,0,0) Model Predicting Team 2 P-N Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.13. ARIMA (0,0,0) Model Predicting Team 5 P-N Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.15. ARIMA (1,0,0) Model Predicting Team 8 P-N Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.17. ARIMA (0,1,1) Model Predicting Team 1 U-D Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.20. ARIMA (0,1,1) Model Predicting Team 4 U-D Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.21. ARIMA (0,0,0) Model Predicting Team 5 U-D Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.23. ARIMA (0,0,1) Model Predicting Team 8 U-D Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.24. ARIMA (0,1,1) Model Predicting Team 10 U-D Cohesion Dimension
- Table 1.28. ARIMA (0,0,0) Model Predicting Performance for Team 4
- CONCLUSIONS FOR STUDIES FOCUSING ON COHESION
- PHASE 2: STUDY 2
- Social Loafing
- Identifiability
- Dispensability
- Equity Theory
- Limitations of Previous Social Loafing Research
- Affect
- Time Series Analysis and the Interrupted Time Series Experiment
- AUTOBOX
- Transfer Function Model
- The Present Study
- Participants and Procedure
- Statistical Analyses
- Training Program
- Summary of Affective State Results
- Table 2. 1. Summary of Significant Results for the Effects of Affect State ___
- Affective State and Social Loafing
- Table 2. 2. Team 4: Positive Affect and Social Loafing
- Table 2. 3. Team 6: Positive Affect and Social Loafing
- Table 2. 4. Team 10: Positive Affect and Social Loafing
- Table 2. 5. Team 1: Negative Affect and Social Loafing
- Table 2. 6. Team 3: Negative Affect and Social Loafing
- Table 2. 7. Team 4: Negative Affect and Social Loafing
- Table 2. 8. Team 6: Negative Affect and Social Loafing
- Table 2. 9. Team 8: Negative Affect and Social Loafing
- Table 2. 10. Team 4: Positive Affect and Workload Sharing
- Table 2. 11. Team 6: Positive Affect and Workload Sharing
- Table 2. 12. Team 1: Negative Affect and Workload Sharing
- Table 2. 13. Team 3: Negative Affect and Workload Sharing
- Affective State and Performance
- Table 2. 14. Team 1: Positive Affect and Performance
- Table 2. 15. Team 2: Positive Affect and Performance
- Table 2. 16. Team 3: Positive Affect and Performance
- Table 2. 17. Team 6: Positive Affect and Performance
- Table 2. 18. Team 10: Positive Affect and Performance
- Table 2. 19. Team 2: Negative Affect and Performance
- Table 2. 20. Team 4: Negative Affect and Performance
- Table 2. 21. Team 6: Negative Affect and Performance
- Summary of Training Effect Results
- Table 2. 22. Summary of Significant Results for the Effects of Training
- The Effect of Training
- Table 2. 23. Team 1: Effects of Training on Negative Affect
- Table 2. 24. Team 1: Effects of Training on (NA) Mood Linkage
- Table 2. 25. Team 1: Effects of Training on Social Loafing
- Table 2. 26. Team 5: Effects of Training on Social Loafing
- Table 2. 27. Team 6: Effects of Training on Positive Affect
- Table 2. 28. Team 6: Effects of Training on Workload Sharing
- Table 2. 29. Level Shifts in Positive Affect
- Table 2. 30. Level Shifts in Negative Affect
- Table 2. 31. Level Shifts in Positive Affect Mood Linkage
- Table 2. 32. Level Shifts in Negative Affect Mood Linkage
- Table 2. 33. Level Shifts in Social Loafing
- Table 2. 34. Level Shifts in Workload Sharing
- Table 2. 35. Level Shifts in Performance
- PHASE 2: STUDY 3
- Workload and Team Performance
- Unanswered Questions
- Difficulty of Exercises vs. Team Performance Methods
- Workload vs. Performance
- Multivariate Transfer Function Analysis
- Results
- Demographics
- Table 3. 1. Demographics: Teams 1-11
- Effect of Difficulty Level on Team Performance
- Table 3. 2. Team 4: Difficulty Level and Team Performance
- Table 3. 3. Team 9: Difficulty Level and Team Performance
- Table 3. 4. Teams 1-3, 5-8, 10-11 Difficulty Level and Team Performance
- Effect of Training on Relationship between Team Performance and Workload
- Table 3. 5. Team 1: Workload and Team Performance
- Table 3. 6. Team 2: Workload and Team Performance
- Table 3. 7. Team 3: Workload and Team Performance
- Table 3. 8. Team 4: Workload and Team Performance
- Table 3. 9. Team 5: Workload and Team Performance
- Table 3. 10. Team 6: Workload and Team Performance
- Table 3. 11. Team 7: Workload and Team Performance
- Table 3. 12. Team 8: Workload and Team Performance
- Table 3. 13. Team 9: Workload and Team Performance
- Table 3. 14. Team 10: Workload and Team Performance
- Table 3. 15. Team 11: Workload and Team Performance
- Multiple-predictor Transfer Function Analyses
- Table 3. 16. Team 1: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Table 3. 17. Team 2: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Table 3. 18. Team 3: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Table 3. 19. Team 4: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Table 3. 20. Team 5: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Table 3. 21. Team 6: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Table 3. 22. Team 7: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Table 3. 23. Team 8: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Table 3. 24. Team 9: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Table 3. 25. Team 10: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Table 3. 26. Team 11: Multi-transfer Function Analysis
- Task and Social Cohesion
- Table 3. 27. Teams 1-11: Task Cohesion
- Table 3. 28. Teams 1-11: Social Cohesion (P-N)
- Table 3. 29. Teams 1-11: Social Cohesion (U-D)
- Table 3. 30. Teams 1-11: “In-the-Wrong-Direction” Effects
- Difficulty of Exercises vs. Team Performance
- Multiple-predictor Transfer Function Analysis
- Prediction of Task Cohesion
- Prediction of Social Cohesion
- Prediction of Dominant-Submissive Social Cohesion
- Unpredicted and Unusual Results
- An Overall Issue—The Inconsistency Across Teams
- Strengths of the Study
- Future Team Research with Student Teams
- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SOME LESSONS LEARNED
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX A
- Teamwork Skills Knowledge Test
- Subjective Evaluation of Training Program
- Team Log
- Technical Details of Bivariate and Multivariate Transfer Function Analysis
- Graphs of Performance of Teams for Phase 2: Study 2
- Team Assignment
- Difficulty Questionnaire
- NASA-TLX
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