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TEN E TAI Giao thc ng i ngn nht OSPF

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Mc lc

Mc lc........................................................................................................... 2 TM HIU: GIAO THC OSPF................................................................4

I: Cc Khi Nim C Bn............................................................................................................4 1. Khi nim v nh tuyn :...................................................................................................4 2.Khi nim v giao thc :.......................................................................................................4 II: Cc Giao Thc........................................................................................................................4 1.Tng quan chung v cc giao thc :....................................................................................4 Giao thc lin min gm: OSPF, IS_IS...............................................................................4 2. Giao thc nh tuyn RIPv OSPF( L do ra i OSPF)....................................................4 III: Giao Thc ng i Ngn Nht (OSPF-Open Shoter Path Fist).........................................5 1.Giao Thc ng i Ngn Nht (OSPF-Open Shortest Path First)....................................5 9.Kiu router..........................................................................................................................16 10.Kiu nh tuyn.................................................................................................................17 11. nh dng ca gi tin OSPF: OSPF s dng 5 loi gi khc nhau.................................18 Trng ToS................................................................................................................................27 2-LSA lin kt mng: Qung b lin kt mng thng bo cc lin kt c ni ti mt mng. nh dng ca qung b ny nh sau:........................................................................28 3-LSA lin kt tm tt ti mng: LSA ny c router bin khu vc s dng thng bo v s tn ti ca cc mng bn ngoi khu vc. Qung b lin kt tm tt n mng rt n gin. N gm mt n mng v cc gi tr o lng cho mi loi dch v. Ch rng mi loi qung b ch thng bo mt mng. Nu c nhiu mng, cc qung b ring bit phi c gi cho mi mng. Trong gi LSA lin kt tm tt ti mng ch cn qung b mt n mng m khng cn a ch mng v trong tiu LSA c a ch IP ca router qung b nn t c th tnh ra a ch mng.....................................................................................29 4-LSA lin kt tm tt ti router bin AS: LSA ny c s dng thng bo tuyn ti router bin AS. nh dng ca gi ny ging vi LSA lin kt tm tt ti mng. Gi ny ch nh ngha mng m router bin AS lin kt ti. V nu gi c th ti mng ny th n s ti c router bin AS. Trng Unused c thit lp mc nh l 0................................29 5-LSA lin kt ngoi: LSA ny c s dng thng bo mi mng bn ngoi AS. nh dng ca LSA ny tng t nh LSA lin kt tm tt ti router bin AS, nhng c hai trng mi c thm vo. Router bin AS c th nh ngha mt Router chuyn tip m c th cung cp mt tuyn tt hn ti ch. Gi ny cng c th cha mt th tuyn (route tag) ngoi, c cc giao thc khc (khng phi OSPF) s dng. nh dng ca LSA ny nh ...............................................................................................................................................30

TNG KT:................................................................................................. 31 Danh mc cc sch tham kho....................................................................32

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Li M u
Bu chnh vin thng v cng ngh thng tin ngy nay rt pht trin.Cuc cch mng thng tin v ang din ra trn hu ht cc nc tin tin trn th gii. C th ni thng tin ngy nay ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong cuc sng hng ngy ca mi con ngi t vic n g u ,xem g trong nhng ngy ti n vn c phiu tng gi hay gim gi hay nhng vn quan trng ca c th gii u c phn nh qua thng tin c cp nht hng ngy. iu cho thy mng li vin thng bao trm trn ton th gii . Ngy nay chng ta cng khng phi lo v vic thiu ht bng thng cho truyn tin nh trc kia thay vo l vic lm sao s l gi tin ti cc nt l nhanh nht. Giao thc l mt kiu cch thc giao tip, i thoi. Cng nh con ngi my mc mun lm vic vi nhau cng cn c nhng cch thc giao tip ring. Trong vic truyn tin cng vy cc Router mun giao tip vi nhau cng cn phi c nhng giao thc lm vic vi nhau. Cc giao thc thng l RIP, IGRP, EGRP, IS-IS,BGP4 v OSPF. OSPF L giao thc nh tuyn nhm link-state, thng c trin khai trong cc h thng mng phc tp. Giao thc OSPF t xy dng nhng c ch ring cho mnh ,t bo m nhng quan h ca chnh mnh vi cc router khc. N c th d tm nhanh chng s thay i ca topology (cng nh li ca cc interface ) v tnh ton li nhng route mi sau chu k hi t. Chu k hi t ca OSPF rt ngn v cng tn rt t lu lng ng truyn. Mc d c gng ht sc nhng do kh nng cn hn ch nn khng th trnh khi thiu st em mong nhn c s gp t cc thy c v cc bn c nhm c th hon thin bi bo co .Xin chn thnh cm n !

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TM HIU: GIAO THC OSPF I: Cc Khi Nim C Bn.

1. Khi nim v nh tuyn : nh tuyn l mt tin trnh la chn con ng cho thc th thng tin chuyn qua mng, n cn c coi l kh nng ca mt nt trong vn la chn ng dn cho thng tin qua mng. nh tuyn l mt khi nim ct li ca mng IP v nhiu loi mng khc nhau. nh tuyn cung cp phng tin tm kim cc tuyn ng theo cc thng tin m thc th thng tin c chuyn giao trn mng 2.Khi nim v giao thc : n gin ta ch cn hiu giao thc l cch thc giao tip. Trong mng thng tin gia cc my tnh th giao thc rt quan trng , giao thc chnh l cu ni gia cc my tnh , cc h thng my tnh v cc h thng mng .

II: Cc Giao Thc.

1.Tng quan chung v cc giao thc : Cc giao thc hinc c gm c RIP (RIP-1, RIP-2) ; OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP, IS-IS, BGP4. Trong th phn ra lm hai loi Giao thc ni min v giao thc a min Giao thc lin min gm: RIP, OSPF Giao thc lin min gm: OSPF, IS_IS 2. Giao thc nh tuyn RIPv OSPF( L do ra i OSPF). Qua bng so snh trn y ta nhn thy ngay c cc kh nng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn v cc hn ch ca n . Trong giao thcRIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn min trong c s dng cho cc h thng t tr. Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn thuc loi giao thc nh tuyn khong cch vect, giao thc s dng gi tr o lng l s bc nhy (hop count) trong ng i t ngun n ch. Mi bc i trong ng i t ngun n ch c coi nh c gi tr l 1 hop count. Khi mt b nh tuyn nhn c 1 bn tin cp nht nh tuyn cho cc gi tin th n s cng 1 vo gi tr o lng (hop count) ng thi cp nht vo bng nh tuyn . Trong ng ch l RIP- 1 v RIP-2 RIP thc hin vic ngn
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cn vng lp nh tuyn v hn bng cch thc hin gii hn s ng i cho php trong 1 ng i t ngun ti ch. S hop ti a trong mt ng i l 15. Nu 1 b nh tuyn nhn c mt bn tin cp nht nh tuyn v ti y gi tr o lng tr thnh 16 th ch coi nh l nt mng khng th n c. Nhc im ca RIP chnh l gii hn ng knh ti a ca 1 mng RIP l di 16 hops. RIP c c im hot ng n nh nhng kh nng thay i chm. Khi c thay i v cu hnh mng, RIP lun thc hin ch chia r tng v p t c ch ngn chn cc thng tin nh tuyn sai c pht tn trong cc b nh tuyn. RIP s dng cc b nh thi iu chnh hot ng ca mnh. B nh thi cp nht nh tuyn theo khong thi gian nh trc, thng thng 30s l b nh thi li c khi ng li cp nht li cc thng tin nh tuyn c gi t cc b nh tuyn ln cn. iu ny cng gip ngn chn s tc nghn trong mng khi tt c cc b nh tuyn cng 1 thi im c gng cp nht cc bng nh tuyn ln cn.Chnh v iu m ngi ta ngh ra cch khc phc nhng nhc im ca RIP cho ra OSPF mt giao thc va p dng cho a min va p dng cho ni min III: Giao Thc ng i Ngn Nht (OSPF-Open Shoter Path Fist)
1.Giao Thc ng i Ngn Nht (OSPF-Open Shortest Path First)

Giao thc OSPF l mt giao thc nh tuyn min trong c s dng rng ri. Phm vi hot ng ca n cng l mt h thng t tr (AS). Cc router c bit c gi l cc router bin AS c trch nhim ngn thng tin v cc AS khc vo trong h thng hin ti. OSPF Gii Quyt Cc Vn : Cn bng ti gia cc tuyn cng cost: Vic s dng cng lc nhiu tuyn cho php tn dng c hiu qu ti nguyn mng. Phn chia mng mt cch logic: iu ny lm gim bt cc thng tin pht ra trong nhng iu kin bt li. N cng gip kt hp cc thng bo v nh tuyn, hn ch vic pht i nhng thng tin khng cn thit v mng. H tr nhn thc: OSPF h tr nhn thc cho tt c cc node pht thng tin qung co nh tuyn. iu ny hn ch c nguy c thay i bng nh tuyn vi mc ch xu. Thi gian hi t nhanh hn: OSPF cho php truyn cc thng tin v thay i tuyn mt cch tc th. iu gip rt ngn thi gian hi t cn
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thit cp nht thng tin cu hnh mng. H tr CIDR v VLSM: iu ny cho php nh qun tr mng c th phn phi ngun a ch IP mt cch c hiu qu hn.

thc hin nh tuyn hiu qu, OSPF chia h thng t tr ra thnh nhiu khu vc nh. Mi AS c th c chia ra thnh nhiu khu vc khc nhau. Khu vc l tp hp cc mng, trm v router nm trong cng mt h thng t tr. Tt c cc mng trong mt khu vc phi c kt ni vi nhau. Ti bin ca khu vc, cc router bin khu vc tm tt thng tin v khu vc ca mnh v gi cc thng tin ny ti cc khu vc khc. Mt s c im khc ca OSPF l : S dng chi ph (cost) lm thng s nh tuyn chn ng i trong mng. Thc hin cp nht khi c mng c s thay i. Mi Router s dng s cu trc mng ca ring n chn ng. H tr CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing) v VLSM (Variable length subnetmask) . 2. Hot ng ca OSPF c m t mt cch tng qut nh sau: Cc Router OSPF gi cc gi Hello ra tt c cc giao din chy OSPF. Nu hai Router chia s mt lin kt d liu cng chp nhn cc tham s c ch ra trong gi Hello, chng s tr thnh cc Neighbor ca nhau. Adjacency c th coi nh cc lin kt o im - im, c hnh thnh gia cc Neighbor. Vic hnh thnh mt Adjacency ph thuc vo cc yu t nh loi Router trao i cc gi Hello v loi mng s dng cc gi Hello. Bng cch trao i cc LSA trong mt Area, tt c cc Router s xy dng c s d liu trng thi lin kt ca mnh ging vi cc Router khc. Khi c s d liu hon chnh, mi Router s dng gii thut SPF tnh ton ng i ngn nht (ng i c cost thp nht) ti tt c cc ch bit. S ny gi l cy SPF.
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Mi Router xy dng bng nh tuyn t cy SPF ca n. 3. Mt s khi nim s dng trong OSPF.

a.Lng ging (Neighbor) v mi quan h thn mt (Adjacency)

Trc khi gi cc LSA, cc Router OSPF phi khm ph cc Neighbor ca n v thit lp Adjacency vi chng. Danh sch cc Neighbor c ghi trong bng cc Neighbor cng vi cc lin kt (hoc giao din) ni vi mi Neighbor v cc thng tin cn thit khc. b. Giao thc Hello: Giao thc hello thc hin cc chc nng sau: Dng khm ph cc Neighbor Dng qung co cc tham s m bai Router phi chp nhn trc khi chng tr thnh cc Neighbor ca nhau.

m bo thng tin hai chiu gia cc Neighbor.

Cc gi Hello hot ng nh cc Keepalive gia cc Neighbor. Dng bu c DR v BDR trong mng Broadcast v Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA). Cc Router OSPF gi cc gi Hello nh k ra cc giao din OSPF. Chu k gi c gi l Hello Interval v c cu hnh trong c s d liu giao din. Neu mt Router khng nhn c gi Hello t' Neighbor trong mt khong thi gian gi l Router Dead Interval, n s khai bo Neighbor ny b Down. Khi mt Router nhn mt gi Hello t mt Neighbor, n s kim tra xem cc trng Area ID , Authentication, Network Mask, Hello Interval, Router Dead Interval v Option trong gi Hello c ph hp vi cc gi tr c cu hnh giao din ang nhn hay kh ng. Nu khng ph hp, gi s b hu v Adjacency khng c thit lp. Neu tt c ph hp, gi Hello c khai bo l hp l Nu Router ID ca Router gc c trong bng Neighbor ca giao din nhn, Router Dead
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Interval c reset. Nu khng, n ghi Router ID ny vo bng Neighbor. Khi mt Router gi mt gi Hello, gi Hello s cha Router ID ca tt c cc Neighbor cn thit trong lin kt m gi truyn i. Neu mt Router nhn c mt gi Hello hp l c cha Router ID ca n, Router ny s bit rng thng tin hai chiu c thit lp . 4. Mt s loi mng . OSPF nh ngha nm loi mng: 1. Mng im - im. 2. Mng qung b. 3. Mng a truy nhp khng qung b. 4. Mng im - a im. 5. Cc lin kt o. Mng im - im: l mng ni hai Router vi nhau. Cc Neighbor hp l trong mng im - im lun thit lp Adjacency. a ch ch ca cc gi OSPF trong mng ny lun l a ch lp D 224.0.0.5 gi l A11SPF Routers. Mng qung b: V d nh Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI. L mng c kh nng kt ni nhiu hn hai thit b v cc thit b ny u c th nhn cc gi gi t mt thit b bt k trong mng. Cc Router OSPF trong mng qung b s bu c DR v BDR. Cc gi Hello c pht multicast vi a ch ch l 224.0.05 ( A11SPF Routers). Ngoi ra cc gi xut pht t DR v BDR cng c pht multicast vi a ch ny. Cc Router khc s pht multicast cc gi cp nht v xc nhn trng thi lin kt vi a ch lp D l: 224.0.0.6 gi l All DRouters. Mng NBMA (Nonbroadcast - Multiaccess): v d nh X25, Frame relay, ATM L mng c kh nng kt ni nhiu hn hai Router nhng khng c kh nng Broadcast. Tc l mt gi gi bi mt Router trong mng khng c nhn bi tt c cc Router khc ca mng. Cc Router trong NBMA bu c DR v BDR

Cc lin kt o: l mt cu trc c bit c Router hiu nh l cc mng

im - im khng nh s. Cc gi OSPF c pht unicast trn cc lin kt o. 5.DR v BDR.
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Cc mng a truy nhp tn ti hai vn sau lin quan n qu trnh trn lt LSA nh 1.Thng tin ca mt Adjacency gia cc Router s to ra nhiu LSA khng cn thit. Neu mt mng a truy nhp c n Router th c th c n(n-l)/2 Adjacency .Mi Router s trn lt n-1 LSA cho cc Neighbor ca n cng vi mt LSA cho mng dn n c n(n-l) + 1 = n 2 LSA c to ra trong mng.

a
A

b
B C

2.Qu trnh trn lt c th gy xung t. Mt Router gi mt LSA ti tt c cc Neighbor ca n. Cc Neighbor ny li gi bn copy ca LSA nhn c ti cc Neighbor ca mnh dn n to ra nhiu bn copy ca LSA trnh cc vn trn .DR c bu ra trong mng a truy nhp ,DRc cc nhim v : M t mng a truy nhp v cc Router gn vo mng cho phn cn li ca lin mng. Qun l trn lt trong mng a truy nhp. Mi Router trong mng thit lp Adjacency vi DR (hnh 3.2). Ch c DR gi cc LSA ti phn cn li ca lin mng. Mt Router c th l DR i vi mng ny nhng khng l DR i vi mng khc. Ni cch khc DR ch l mt c tnh ca giao din ca Router, khng phi ton b Router.
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. Cc Router khc ch thit lp Adjacency vi DR. Nu DR b hng, mt DR mi phi c bu ra. Cc Adjacency mi phi c thit lp, cc Router phi ng b c s d liu ca chng vi DR mi. Trong khi cc qu trnh ny din ra, mng s khng kh dng truyn gi. trnh vn ny, BDR c bu c. Tt c cc Router thit lp Adjacency vi c DR v BDR. DR v BDR cng c th thit lp Adjacency vi nhau.

Neu DR hng, BDR s tr thnh DR mi.

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Tm li vic bu c din ra nh sau: Khi mt Router OSPF c kch hot, n tm kim cc Neighbor ca n v kim tra DR v BDR. Neu DR v BDR tn ti, Router s chp nhn chng. Neu khng c BDR, mt cuc bu c BDR c tin hnh v Router c Priority cao nht s tr thnh BDR. Neu c nhiu hn mt Router c cng Priority cao nht, Router c Router ID cao nht s tr thnh BDR. Neu cha c DR, BDR s tr thnh DR v cuc bu c BDR mi li c thc hin. Ch : Priority c th nh hng n qu trnh bu c DR v BDR nhng khng nh hng n cc DR v BDR c bu c. Neu c mt Router c Priority cao hn cc DR v BDR c kch hot, n cng khng th thay th cc DR v BDR ny 6.Giao din OSPF. 6.1 Cu trc d liu giao din.

Cc thnh phn ca cu trc s liu giao din bao gm :

a ch IP v mt n: l a ch v mt n c cu hnh cho giao din. Area ID: l Area cha giao din. Process ID: dng phn bit cc tin trnh OSPF chy trn mt Router. Router ID: dng nhn dng Router Network type: l loi ca mng ni vi giao
din. Cost: l cost ca cc gi i ra t giao din. Cost l mt Metric OSPF, c din t bi 16 bit nguyn khng du c gi tr t 1 n 65535.

InfTrans Delay:l s giy cc LSA ra khi giao din vi tui b tng ln. State: l trng thi chc nng ca giao din c trnh by phn sau. Router Priority: 8 bit nguyn khng du ny c gi tr t 0 n 255 dng
bu c DR v BDR.
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DR: l DR ca mng m giao din gn vo. DR ny c ghi bi Router ID

ca n v a ch ca giao din gn vo mng ca DR

BDR: l BDR ca mng m giao din gn vo. BDR ny c ghi bi Router

ID ca n v a ch ca giao din gn vo mng ca BDR.

Hello Interval: l khong thi gian tnh theo giy gia cc ln truyn cc gi
Hello trn giao din .

Router Dead Interval: l khong thi gian tnh theo giy m Router s ch
nghe cc gi Hello t mt Neighbor trc khi n coi rng Neighbor ny b Down.

Wait Time: l khong thi gian Router s ch DR v BDR c qung co

trong gi tin Hello trc khi bt u la chn DR v BDR. Chu k Wait Time bang Router Dead Interval.

Rxm Interval: l khong thi gian tnh theo giy Router s ch gia cc ln
truyn li ca cc gi OSPF cha c xc nhn.

Hello Timer. L b nh thi c lp bng Hello Interval. Khi n ht hiu

lc, gi Hello c truyn li t giao din.

Neighboring Routers'. Danh sch tt c cc Neighbor hp l (c gi Hello

c nhn thy trong thi gian Router Dead Interval).

Autype: M t loi nhn thc s dng trong mng. Autype c th l Null

(khng nhn thc), Simple Password, hoc Cryptographic (Mesage digest).

Authentication Key: Nu ch nhn thc l Simple password, Au key l 64

bit. Nu ch nhn thc l Cryptographic, Au key l Message digest. Ch Cryptographic cho php cu hnh nhiu kho trn mt giao din. 6.2 Cc trng thi giao din. Mt giao din OSPF s chuyn i qua mt s trng thi khc nhau trc khi n kh nng lm vic. Cc trng thi bao gm: Down, Point to Point, Waiting, DR, Backup, DRother, v loopback.

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Bin c vo
IE1

Y ngha cc bin c
Cc giao thc mc thp ch bo rng giao din mng sn sng hot ng.

IE2

Cc giao thc mc thp ch bo rng giao din mng cha sn sng hot ng.

IE3

Ngi qun l mng hoc cc giao thc mc thp hn ch ra rng giao din c loop up.

IE4

Ngi qun l mng hoc cc giao thc mc thp hn ch ra rng giao din c loop down.

IE5

Gi Hello nhn c ch ra rang Neighbor gc (Neighbor gi gi Hello ny) mun tr thnh DR hoc BDR v trong mng cha c BDR.

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Wait timer ht hiu lc.

Router c bu c l DR trong mng ny. IE 8 Router c bu c l BDR trong mng ny.

IE9

Router khng c bu c l DR hoc BDR trong mng ny.

IE 10

Mt thay i xy ra trong tp cc Neighbor hp l ca mng. Thay i ny c th l:

1. Thit lp kt ni hai chiu vi mt Neighbor. 2. Mt kt ni hai chiu vi mt Neighbor. 3. Nhn mt gi Hello ch ra rang Neighbor gc mun tr thnh DR hoc BDR. 4. Nhn c gi Hello t DR ch ra rang Router ny khng mun lm DR na. 5. Nhn c gi Hello t BDR ch ra rang Router ny khng mun lm BDR na. 6. Thi gian Router Dead Interval kt thc m khng nhn c gi Hello t DR hoc BDR.

Down: y l trng thi giao din u tin. trng thi ny giao din khng
lm vic. Tt c cc tham s ca giao din c lp bng gi tr ban u v khng c lu lng c truyn hoc nhn trn giao din.

Point to Point. Trng thi ny ch thch hp vi cc giao din kt ni ti cc

mng Point to Point, Point to Multipoint v Virtual Link. Khi giao din trng thi ny, n kh nng lm vic. N s bt u gi cc gi Hello v thit lp Adjacency vi Neighbor.

Waiting: Trng thi ny ch thch hp vi cc giao din ni ti cc mng

Broadcast v NBMA. Khi chuyn sang trng thi ny, n bt u gi v nhn cc gi Hello v lp Wait timer. Router s c gng xc nh DR v BDR trong trng thi ny.
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DR: trng thi ny, Router l DR v s thit lp Adjacency vi cc Router

khc trong mng a truy nhp.

Backup'. trng thi ny, Router l BDR v s thit lp Adjacency vi cc

Router khc.

DRother. trng thi ny, Router khng l DR hay BDR. N s thit lp

Adjacency vi ch DR v BDR trong khi vn theo di tt c cc Neighbor khc trong mng.

Loopback: trng thi ny, giao din c loopback bng phn mm hoc
phn cng. Mc d cc gi khng th truyn, a ch giao din vn c qung co trong Router LSA cc gi kim tra c th tm ng ti giao din 7.Neighbor OSPF. Cu trc d liu Neighbor. Cc thnh phn ca cu trc d liu Neighbor l: Neighbor ID: l Router ID ca Neighbor. Neighbor IP address: l a ch IP ca giao din ni ti mng ca Neighbor. Khi mt gi OSPF c truyn unicast ti Neighbor, a ch ny s l a ch ch.

Area ID: hai Router tr thnh cc Neighbor ca nhau, Area ID trong gi

Hello nhn c phi ph hp vi Area ID ca giao din nhn.

Interface: l giao din gn vo mng cha Neighbor. Neighbor Priority: l Router Priority ca Neighbor c ch ra trong gi
Hello .

State: l trng thi chc nng ca Neighbor s c trnh by phn sau. Poll Interval: Gi tr ny ch s dng i vi cc Neighbor trong mng
NBMA. V cc Neighbor khng th c t ng khm ph trong mng NBMA nu cc Neighbor ny trng thi Down, do vy gi Hello s c gi ti cc Neighbor sau mi khong thi gian nht nh. Khong thi gian ny gi l Poll Interval.

Neighbor Options', l cc kh nng OSPF tu chn c h tr bi Neighbor.

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Cc tu chn ny c trnh by phn sau.

Inactivity Timer, l Timer c chu k l Router Dead Interval. Timer c

reset khi nhn c gi Hello t Neighbor. Neu Inactivity Timer ht hiu lc m cha nhn c gi Hello, Neighbor s c khai bo l Down.

Designated Router. a ch ny cha trong trng DR ca gi Hello Backup Designated Router. a ch ny cha trong trng BDR ca gi Hello. Master/Slave: Quan h ch-t (c tho thun trong trng thi Exstart) thit
lp Neighbor no s iu khin vic ng b c s d liu.

DD Sequence Number, l s trnh t ca gi Database Description (DD) ang c gi ti Neighbor. Last Received Database Description Packet: Cc bit Initialize, More, Master,
cc Option v so trnh t ca gi DD nhn c cui cng c ghi trong c s d liu Neighbor. Thng tin ny dng xc nh xem gi DD tip theo c phi l bn sao ca gi trc. 8. Vng OSPF.

Hnh1.miu t n mng OSPF Trong mt mng OSPF c th c chia ra lm hai vng chnh .Vng mng li ( vng s cp) v vng th cp .Trong hai vng ny c kh nng thay i .Khi mng li bi li th ngi qun tr s to ra mt lin kt o v chy lin kt o ny nh mt mng li thng thng 9.Kiu router. C 3 kiu router trong mt mng OSPF ,Chng ng vai tr khc nhau trong mt mng OSPF
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l : Router mng li Router bin khu vc Router ni min

Hnh 2. ch ra 3 kiu router 10.Kiu nh tuyn. Trn hnh trn ta thy c 3 liu router khac nhau.Nhng ch c 2 kiu nh tuyn cho mng s dng OSPF nh tuyn ni min nh tuyn lin min nh tuyn min trong C ngha l nh tuyn trong ni min

Hnh 3. biu th nh tuyn min trong

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Nh hnh trn th mt PC mun truy nhp n mt sever trong ni min th router trong min s hng tuyn i trong min m khng hng ra ngoi nh tuyn lin min

Hnh1.6 biu din v nh tuyn mng ngoi Theo v d trn th khu vc 0 ng vai tr l mt mng li khi thng tin mun truyn t mng 1 sang mng 2 hay ngc li bt buc phi qua mng 0 ri sau i tip . Hay c th ni mang 0 ng vai tr l mng s cp cn mng 1,mng2 ng vai tr l cc mang th cp nh tuyn gia cc mng nh tuyn gia cc mng hon ton c th c thng qua cc router bin vng t tr. Tht qu d dng khi nh tuyn gia 2 mng s dng OSPF khi cc router bin khu vc khng phi tng hp thng tin i ti ,s l thng tin v chuyn tip vo vng mng trong . Lc ny router bin vng t tr ch lm nhim v chuyn ip gi tin vo trong khu vc cn n. Thng tin nh tuyn gia mng khng s dng OSPF c tng hp v phn phi li ti mng OSPF thng qua router bin khu vc ,khi router bin khu vc lm nhim v s l gi tin I ti v chuyn tip ra khu vc ngoi.

Hnh 1.7Biu din 2 khu vc t tr thng qua router bin khu vc kt ni vi nhau 11. nh dng ca gi tin OSPF: OSPF s dng 5 loi gi khc nhau. Hello : dng thit lp v duy tr mi quan h hng xm vi nhng router khc . DBD : gi tin ny dng chn la router no s c trao i thng tin trc (master/slave)
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LSR : Link state request gi tin ny dng ch nh loi LSA dng trong tin trnh trao i gi tin DBD. LSU : Link-state update c s dng tr li LSRs cng nh cng b thng tin mi.LSUs cha 7 loi khc nhau ca LSAs. LSAck : khi 1 LSU c nhn,router gi 1 Link-State Acknowledgement (LSAck) xc nhn LSU.

Tt c cc gi OSPF u c cng phn tiu gm 9 trng c di 24 byte.

1-octet Version number field

1-octet Type field

2-octet Packet length field

4-octet Router ID Field

4octet Area ID Field

2-octet Checksum field

2-octet Authentication type field

8-octet Authentication field

Bng 1 .Tiu gi tin OSPF Cc trng chc nng trong tiu gi tin OSPF: Version Number: Cho ta bit phin bn OSPF ang s dng. Type: Cho bit kiu ca gi tin OSPF l 1 trong s cc loi sau: Hello: Thit lp v duy tr cc lin h vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn. Database Description: M t c s d liu cu hnh. Link-state Request: Yu cu gi tr ca c s d liu cu hnh t cc b nh tuyn ln cn. Link-state Update: Tr li cho mt gi tin yu cu trng thi lin kt. Bn tin ny lun c s dng pht tn cc gi LSA n cc b nh tuyn khc. Packet length: Ch ra s byte chiu di ca gi tin OSPF bao gm c tiu . Router ID: Nhn dng ngun ca gi tin. Area ID: Nhn dng vng cha ngun pht i gi tin.
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Checksum: Gi tr kim tra c tnh m bo khng c thit hi khi vn chuyn gi tin. Authentication type: Cho ta bit kiu xc thc. Tt c cc thay i v giao thc OSPF u phi c xc nhn. Authentication: Ch ra cc thng tin xc thc.

bng 1.3: Gi tr kiu xc nhn 11.1 Gi cho (Hello) ca OSPF OSPF s dng cc gi cho to cc mi quan h ln cn v kim tra kh nng c th ti ca cc ln cn. y l bc u tin trong nh tuyn trng thi lin kt. Trc khi mt router c th trao i cc thng tin nh tuyn vi cc ln cn th n phi cho hi cc ln cn bit xem cc ln cn c hot ng hay khng v c th ti c cc ln cn hay khng?.nh dng ca gi cho nh sau:

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Bng 1.4 :Tiu gi cho OSPF Cc trng chc nng trong gi cho: Tiu (Header): Tiu chung gm 24 byte trong trng Type c thit lp bng 1. Khong cho(Hello Interval): Trng 16 bt ny dng nh ngha khong thi gian tnh bng giy gia cc gi cho. Cha s dng (Unused): Trng 6 bt ny c thit lp mc nh l 0. C E (Flag E): Khi c 1 bt ny c thit lp th y l khu vc gc (khu vc ch c mt kt ni ti khu vc ng trc). C T (Flag T): Khi c 1 bt ny c thit lp ngha l router ny c h tr nhiu gi tr o lng. u tin (Priority): Trng 8 bt ny ch ra u tin ca router, c s dng chn router ch nh. Sau khi tt c cc router khai bo u tin th router no c u tin cao nht s c chn lm router ch nh. Nu gi tr ny bng 0 c ngha l router ny khng mun c chn lm router ch nh hay router ch nh d phng.
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Khong thi gian khng hot ng (Dead Interval): Trng 32 bt ny nh ngha khong thi gian tnh bng giy trc khi mt router cho rng ln cn ca mnh khung hot ng. a ch router ch nh (Designated Router Address): Trng 32 bt ny ch ra a ch IP ca router ch nh cho mng m qua gi c gi i. a ch router ch nh d phng (Backup Designated Router Address): Trng 32 bt ny ch ra a ch IP ca router ch nh d phng cho mng m qua gi c gi i. a ch ln cn (Neighbor Address): Trng 32 bt ny c lp v ch ra cc router ng l ln cn ca router ang gi hay l danh sch cc ln cn hin thi ca router. 11.2:Gi m t c s d liu ca OSPF: Khi router ln u tin c kt ni ti h thng hoc hot ng tr li sau khi c li, n cn ngay lp tc to c s d liu trng thi lin kt hon chnh. N khng th ch cc gi cp nht trng thi lin kt t tt c cc router khc to c s d liu ca n v tnh ton bng nh tuyn. Do , sau khi router c kt ni ti h thng, n s gi cc gi cho cho hi cc ln cn ca n. Nu y l ln u tin cc ln cn nhn c thng tin ca router ny, chng s gi gi miu t c s d liu. Gi miu t c s d liu ny khng cha thng tin c s d liu hon chnh m ch cha cc thng tin tm tt. Router mi c kt ni vi h thng ny kim tra gi miu t c s d liu xem thng tin no n cha c. Sau n s gi gi yu cu trng thi lin kt nhn c thng tin y v cc lin kt c th. Khi hai router mun trao i cc gi miu t c s d liu, mt router ng vai tr lm ch (master) v mt router ng vai tr lm t (slave). Do thng tin c s d liu c th rt ln, nn ni dung ca n c chia ra thnh nhiu gi

nh dng ca gi miu t c s d liu nh sau:

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Header

Unused

E B Unused

I M M/S

Packet sequence number

Link state header

Bng 3: nh dng gi miu t c s d liu Cc trng chc nng trong gi miu ta c s d liu: Tiu (Header): Tiu chung gm 24 byte trong trng Type c thit lp bng 2. Cha s dng (Unused): Trng 27 bt ny c thit lp mc nh l 0. C E (Flag E): Khi c 1 bt ny c thit lp th router ang qung b l router bin h thng t tr (AS). C B (Flag B): Khi c 1 bt ny c thit lp th router ang qung b l router bin khu vc. C I (Flag I): Khi c 1 bt ny c thit lp th gi ny l gi u tin. C M (Flag M): Khi c 1 bt ny c thit lp nu y cha phi l gi cui cng. C M/S (Flag M/S): Khi c 1 bt ny c thit lp th router gi gi ng vai tr lm ch (master), ngc li s ng vai tr lm t (slave). S trnh t gi (Packet Sequence Number): Trng 32 bt ny cha s trnh t ca gi, dng lm ph hp gia yu cu v tr li. Tiu trng thi lin kt (Link State Header): Trng 20 byte ny c s dng trong mi LSA. Tiu ny a ra cc nt chnh ca lin kt, n c lp cho mi lin kt trong c s d liu trng thi lin kt. 11.3 Gi yu cu trng thi lin kt y l gi c gi bi mt router cn thng tin v mt hay nhiu tuyn c th. N c tr li bng mt gi cp nht trng thi lin kt. Cc router mi kt ni ti h thng gi gi ny yu cu thm thng tin v mt tuyn sau khi nhn gi miu t c s d liu. Ba trng trong gi ny l mt phn ca tiu LSA. Mi tp 3 trng lp ny l mt yu cu cho mt LSA. Tp ny c lp nu router yu cu nhiu qung b. nh dng ca gi yu cu trng thi lin kt nh sau:

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Link Header state type

Link state ID

Advertising Router

Bng 1.6:nh dng gi yu cu trng thi lin kt Trong : Tiu chung (Header) c trng Type c thit lp bng 3. 11.4 Gi cp nht trng thi lin kt Gi cp nht trng thi lin kt l trung tm hot ng ca OSPF. N c router s dng qung b trng thi ca cc lin kt. Mi gi cp nht c th cha nhiu LSA khc nhau. V d mt gi cp nht trng thi lin kt c th cha 14 LSA, trong 4 LSA l qung b lin kt router, 3 LSA l qung b lin kt mng, 2 LSA l qung b lin kt tm tt ti mng, 2 LSA l qung b lin kt tm tt ti router bin AS v 3 LSA l qung co lin kt ngoi. nh dng chung ca gi cp nht trng thi lin kt nh sau:

Header Number of Link state advertisements advertisement Bng 4: nh dng chung ca gi cp nht trng thi lin kt Cc trng chc nng trong gi cp nht trng thi lin kt: Tiu (Header): Tiu chung gm 24 byte trong trng Type c thit lp bng 4. S lng qung b (Number of Advertisements): Trng 32 bt ny nh ngha s lng qung b. Mi gi c th qung b trng thi ca nhiu lin kt. Qung b trng thi lin kt (Link State Advertisement): Nh ta bit c 5 loi gi LSA khc nhau. Tt c c cng tiu nhng phn thn khc nhau. Trc ht ta s xem xt phn tiu chung ca tt c LSA:

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Link state age Unused

Link E T state type

Link state ID Advertisement router

Link state sequence number Checksum Length

Bng 5: Tiu chung ca LSA Cc trng chc nng trong tiu chung cua LSA: Tui trng thi lin kt (Link state age): Trng 16 bt ny ch ra khong thi gian qua tnh bng giy k t khi gi ny c to ln u. Khi router to gi, gi tr ca trng ny bng 0. Khi mi router k tip chuyn tip gi ny, n c lng thi gian truyn v thm gi tr ny vo gi tr tch lu ca trng ny. Cha s dng (Unused): Trng 6 bt ny c thit lp mc nh l 0. C E (Flag E): Khi c 1 bt ny c thit lp th y l khu vc gc. C T (Flag T): Khi c 1 bt ny c thit lp th router c th x l nhiu loi dch v. Kiu trng thi lin kt (Link State Type): Trng 8 bt ny nh ngha loi LSA nh sau: 1-Lin kt Router 2-Lin kt mng 3-Lin kt tm tt ti mng 4-Lin kt tm tt ti Router bin AS 5-Lin kt ngoi Link State ID (S hiu trng thi lin kt): Trng 32 bt ny ph thuc vo loi lin kt. i vi loi 1 th y l a ch IP ca router. i vi loi 2 th y l a ch IP ca router ch nh. i vi loi 3 th y l a ch ca
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mng. i vi loi 4 th y l a ch ca router bin AS. i vi loi 5 th y l a ch ca mng ngoi. Advertising Router (Router qung b): Trng 32 bt ny cha a ch IP ca router ang qung b gi ny. Link State Sequence Number (S trnh t trng thi lin kt): Trng 32 bt ny l s trnh t c gn cho mi gi cp nht trng thi lin kt. Checksum ( kim tra li): Trng 16 bt ny dng kim tra li cho ton b gi tr trng tui trng thi lin kt. Length (Chiu di): Trng 16 bt ny nh ngha chiu di ca ton b gi.

Cc loi thng bo trng thi lin kt (LSA): 1-LSA lin kt Router: LSA lin kt router qung b tt c cc lin kt ca mt router. nh dng ca gi lin kt router nh sau:

Bng 9:LSA lin kt router

Cc trng chc nng trong LSA lin kt Router: ID lin kt (Link ID): Gi tr ca trng ny ph thuc vo loi lin kt.
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D liu lin kt (Link Data): Trng ny cha cc thng tin thm v tuyn. Gi tr ca trng ny cng ph thuc vo loi lin kt. Loi lin kt (Link Type): C 4 loi lin kt khc nhau da vo loi mng router lin kt ti. Cc gi tr ID khc nhau cho mi loi lin kt nh sau:

Loi lin kt Loi 1: Kt ni imim ti router khc Loi 2: Kt ni a im-a im ti mng Loi 3: Kt ni ti mng ct (stub network) Loi 4: Lin kt o

ID lin kt a ch ca router ln cn a ch ca router ch nh i ch mng

D liu lin kt S hiu giao din a ch router Mt n mng

a ch ca router ln cn

a ch ca router

Bng 10: Cc loi lin kt ID S lng loi dch v (Number of TOS): Trng ny nh ngha s loi dch v c thng bo cho mi lin kt. Gi tr o lng cho loi dch v 0 (Metric for TOS 0): nh ngha gi tr o lng cho loi dch v mc nh (TOS 0). Trng ToS. Kiu dch v c s dng trong tiu gi tin IP ch ra quan h u tin cho vic chuyn cc gi tin, thng thng cc gi tin IP c x l theo nguyn tc FIFO, cc bit 0,1,1 trong trng kiu dch v ch ra cc thng tin v tr, thng qua v tin cy. Thng thng 2 trong s 3 thng tin s c t, nhng trng chc nng ny khng buc tt c cc b nh tuyn phi x l

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Bng 2.1:Gi tr trng TOS TOS (Type of Service-Loi dch v): Trng ny nh ngha loi dch v. Metric (Gi tr o lng): Trng ny nh ngha gi tr o lng cho cc TOS tng ng. 2-LSA lin kt mng: Qung b lin kt mng thng bo cc lin kt c ni ti mt mng. nh dng ca qung b ny nh sau:

LSA Header (20 byte, Type=2) Network Mask Attached Router

Bng 2.2:nh dng LSAlin kt mng Cc trng chc nng trong LSA lin kt mng: Network Mask (Mt n mng): Trng ny nh ngha mt n mng. Attached Router (Router c gn): Trng c lp ny c nh ngha a ch ca tt c cc router c ni ti mng.

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3-LSA lin kt tm tt ti mng: LSA ny c router bin khu vc s dng thng bo v s tn ti ca cc mng bn ngoi khu vc. Qung b lin kt tm tt n mng rt n gin. N gm mt n mng v cc gi tr o lng cho mi loi dch v. Ch rng mi loi qung b ch thng bo mt mng. Nu c nhiu mng, cc qung b ring bit phi c gi cho mi mng. Trong gi LSA lin kt tm tt ti mng ch cn qung b mt n mng m khng cn a ch mng v trong tiu LSA c a ch IP ca router qung b nn t c th tnh ra a ch mng. nh dng ca qung b ny nh sau:
LSA Header (20 byte, Type=3) Network Mask TOS Metric

Bng2.3:inh dng LSA lin kt tm tt ti mng Cc trng chc nng trong LSA lin kt tm tt ti mng: Network Mask (Mt n mng): Trng ny nh ngha mt n mng. TOS (Loi dch v): Trng ny nh ngha loi ca dch v. Metric (Gi tr o lng): Trng ny nh ngha gi tr o lng cho loi dch v c nh ngha trong trng TOS. 4-LSA lin kt tm tt ti router bin AS: LSA ny c s dng thng bo tuyn ti router bin AS. nh dng ca gi ny ging vi LSA lin kt tm tt ti mng. Gi ny ch nh ngha mng m router bin AS lin kt ti. V nu gi c th ti mng ny th n s ti c router bin AS. Trng Unused c thit lp mc nh l 0.
LSA Header (20 byte, Type=4) Unused TOS Metric

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Bng2.4:nh dang LSA lin kt router bin 5-LSA lin kt ngoi: LSA ny c s dng thng bo mi mng bn ngoi AS. nh dng ca LSA ny tng t nh LSA lin kt tm tt ti router bin AS, nhng c hai trng mi c thm vo. Router bin AS c th nh ngha mt Router chuyn tip m c th cung cp mt tuyn tt hn ti ch. Gi ny cng c th cha mt th tuyn (route tag) ngoi, c cc giao thc khc (khng phi OSPF) s dng. nh dng ca LSA ny nh sau:
LSA Header (20 byte, Type=5) Network Mask TOS Metric Forwarding Address Route tag

Bng 2.5: LSA lin kt bn ngoi nh tuyn mt cch tin cy hn, giao thc OSPF buc mi router phi xc nhn vic nhn gi cp nhn trng thi lin kt. nh dng ca gi ny nh sau:
LSA Header (20 byte, Type=5)

Link State Header (20 byte)

Bng 2.6: LSA lin kt bn ngoi

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TNG KT:

OSPF l mt giao thc nh tuyn ni min v a min OSPF s dng thut ton ng i nhanh nht Cc loi thng bo trng thi lin kt ca OSPF c ngha ht sc quan trng vi Router n cho php Router c kh nng cp nht bng nh tuyn ca bn thn mnh v qung b trng thi lin kt cho cc Router khc khm ph C rt nhiu loi LSA gm: .LSA lin kt Router . LSA lin kt mng . LSA lin kt tm tt ti mng . LSA lin kt tm tt ti router bin khu vc . LSA lin kt ngoi Ngoi ra cn c LSA m Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong h tng mng hin nay

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Danh mc cc sch tham kho 1.http://www.Cisco.com 2. http://www.quantrimang.com.vn 3.tailieu.vn: Giao thc OSPF 4. http://tongquanvienthong.blogspot.com/2012/06/giao-thuc-ospf.html

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