shi20396_ch01.

qxd 6/5/03 12:11 PM Page 1

Chapter 1
Problems 1-1 through 1-4 are for student research.
1-5

Impending motion to left

E

G
Fcr
cr

Facc

Consider force F at G, reactions at B and D. Extend lines of action for fully-developed friction D E and B E to find the point of concurrency at E for impending motion to the left. The
critical angle is cr . Resolve force F into components Facc and Fcr . Facc is related to mass and
acceleration. Pin accelerates to left for any angle 0 < < cr . When > cr , no magnitude
of F will move the pin.
Impending motion to right
E

1
f

1
f
B

Fcr
D

cr

F
Facc

Consider force F
at G, reactions at A and C. Extend lines of action for fully-developed friction AE
and C E
to find the point of concurrency at E
for impending motion to the left. The

and F
. F
is related to mass
critical angle is cr
. Resolve force F
into components Facc
acc
cr
and acceleration. Pin accelerates to right for any angle 0 <
< cr
. When
> cr
, no magnitude of F
will move the pin.
The intent of the question is to get the student to draw and understand the free body in
order to recognize what it teaches. The graphic approach accomplishes this quickly. It is important to point out that this understanding enables a mathematical model to be constructed,
and that there are two of them.
This is the simplest problem in mechanical engineering. Using it is a good way to begin a
course.
What is the role of pin diameter d?
Yes, changing the sense of F changes the response.

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Solutions Manual Instructors Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

1-6

(a)

T
r

Fy = F f N cos + N sin = 0

(1)

T
=0
r
Ans.

Fx = f N sin + N cos
F = N (sin f cos )
T = Nr( f sin + cos )

fN

Combining
T = Fr

1 + f tan
= KFr
tan f

(b) If T detent self-locking tan f = 0

(Friction is fully developed.)
Check: If

F = 10 lbf,
N=

Ans.

cr = tan1 f

f = 0.20, = 45 ,

(2)
Ans.

r = 2 in

10
= 17.68 lbf
0.20 cos 45 + sin 45

T
= 17.28(0.20 sin 45 + cos 45 ) = 15 lbf
r
f N = 0.20(17.28) = 3.54 lbf
cr = tan1 f = tan1 (0.20) = 11.31
11.31 < < 90
1-7
(a) F = F0 + k(0) = F0
T1 = F0r Ans.
(b) When teeth are about to clear
F = F0 + kx2
From Prob. 1-6
T2 = Fr
T2 = r

f tan + 1
tan f

( F0 + kx2 )( f tan + 1)
tan f

Ans.

1-8
Given, F = 10 + 2.5x lbf, r = 2 in, h = 0.2 in, = 60 , f = 0.25, xi = 0, x f = 0.2
Fi = 10 lbf; Ff = 10 + 2.5(0.2) = 10.5 lbf Ans.

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Chapter 1

From Eq. (1) of Prob. 1-6

N=

F
f cos + sin
10
= 13.49 lbf
Ni =
0.25 cos 60 + sin 60

Ans.

10.5
13.49 = 14.17 lbf Ans.
10

Nf =
From Eq. (2) of Prob. 1-6
K =

1 + f tan
1 + 0.25 tan 60
=
= 0.967 Ans.
tan f
tan 60 0.25

Ti = 0.967(10)(2) = 19.33 lbf in

Tf = 0.967(10.5)(2) = 20.31 lbf in
1-9
(a) Point vehicles
v
x

Q=

v
42.1v v 2
cars
= =
hour
x
0.324

Seek stationary point maximum

42.1 2v
dQ
=0=
v* = 21.05 mph
dv
0.324
Q* =

42.1(21.05) 21.052
= 1367.6 cars/h Ans.
0.324

(b)

v
l
2

v
Q=
=
x +l

l
2

l
0.324
+
v(42.1) v 2 v

1

Maximize Q with l = 10/5280 mi

v
22.18
22.19
22.20
22.21
22.22
% loss of throughput

Q
1221.431
1221.433
1221.435
1221.435
1221.434
1368 1221
= 12%
1221

Ans.

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Solutions Manual Instructors Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

22.2 21.05
= 5.5%
21.05
Modest change in optimal speed Ans.

(c) % increase in speed

1-10

This and the following problem may be the students first experience with a figure of merit.
Formulate fom to reflect larger figure of merit for larger merit.
Use a maximization optimization algorithm. When one gets into computer implementation and answers are not known, minimizing instead of maximizing is the largest error
one can make.


FV = F1 sin W = 0


FH = F1 cos F2 = 0
From which
F1 = W/sin
F2 = W cos /sin
fom = S = (volume)
.
= (l1 A1 + l2 A2 )
W
F1
l1
=
, l2 =
A1 =
S
S sin
cos
 
 F2  W cos
A2 =   =
S
S sin


l2 W cos
l2
W
+
fom =
cos S sin
S sin


W l2 1 + cos2
=
S
cos sin
Set leading constant to unity

fom

0
20
30
40
45
50
54.736
60

5.86
4.04
3.22
3.00
2.87
2.828
2.886

* = 54.736
fom* = 2.828

Ans.

Alternative:


d 1 + cos2
=0
d cos sin
And solve resulting transcendental for *.

Check second derivative to see if a maximum, minimum, or point of inflection has been
found. Or, evaluate fom on either side of *.

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Chapter 1

1-11
(a) x1 + x2 = X 1 + e1 + X 2 + e2
error = e = (x1 + x2 ) ( X 1 + X 2 )
= e1 + e2 Ans.
(b) x1 x2 = X 1 + e1 ( X 2 + e2 )
e = (x1 x2 ) ( X 1 X 2 ) = e1 e2 Ans.
(c) x1 x2 = ( X 1 + e1 )( X 2 + e2 )
e = x1 x2 X 1 X 2 = X 1 e2 + X 2 e1 + e1 e2


e2
e1
.
Ans.
+
= X 1 e2 + X 2 e1 = X 1 X 2
X1
X2


x1
X 1 + e1
X 1 1 + e1 / X 1
=
=
(d)
x2
X 2 + e2
X 2 1 + e2 / X 2

1



e2
e2
e1
e2 .
e1
e2
.
1+
=1
and
1+
1
=1+

X2
X2
X1
X2
X1
X2


x1
X 1 . X 1 e1
e2
e=

=
Ans.
x2
X2
X2 X1
X2
1-12
(a)

x1 =

5 = 2.236 067 977 5

X 1 = 2.23 3-correct digits

x2 = 6 = 2.449 487 742 78

X 2 = 2.44 3-correct digits

x1 + x2 = 5 + 6 = 4.685 557 720 28

e1 = x1 X 1 = 5 2.23 = 0.006 067 977 5

e2 = x2 X 2 = 6 2.44 = 0.009 489 742 78

e = e1 + e2 = 5 2.23 + 6 2.44 = 0.015 557 720 28

Sum = x1 + x2 = X 1 + X 2 + e
= 2.23 + 2.44 + 0.015 557 720 28
= 4.685 557 720 28 (Checks) Ans.
(b) X 1 = 2.24, X 2 = 2.45

e1 = 5 2.24 = 0.003 932 022 50

e2 = 6 2.45 = 0.000 510 257 22

e = e1 + e2 = 0.004 442 279 72
Sum = X 1 + X 2 + e
= 2.24 + 2.45 + (0.004 442 279 72)
= 4.685 557 720 28 Ans.

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Solutions Manual Instructors Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

1-13
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)

= 20(6.89) = 137.8 MPa

F = 350(4.45) = 1558 N = 1.558 kN
M = 1200 lbf in (0.113) = 135.6 N m
A = 2.4(645) = 1548 mm2
I = 17.4 in4 (2.54) 4 = 724.2 cm4
A = 3.6(1.610) 2 = 9.332 km2
E = 21(1000)(6.89) = 144.69(103 ) MPa = 144.7 GPa
v = 45 mi/h (1.61) = 72.45 km/h
V = 60 in3 (2.54) 3 = 983.2 cm3 = 0.983 liter

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)

l = 1.5/0.305 = 4.918 ft = 59.02 in

= 600/6.89 = 86.96 kpsi
p = 160/6.89 = 23.22 psi
Z = 1.84(105 )/(25.4) 3 = 11.23 in3
w = 38.1/175 = 0.218 lbf/in
= 0.05/25.4 = 0.00197 in
v = 6.12/0.0051 = 1200 ft/min
 = 0.0021 in/in
V = 30/(0.254) 3 = 1831 in3

1-14

1-15
200
= 13.1 MPa
15.3
42(103 )
= 70(106 ) N/m2 = 70 MPa
(b) =
6(102 ) 2

(a) =

(c) y =

1200(800) 3 (103 ) 3
= 1.546(102 ) m = 15.5 mm
3(207)(6.4)(109 )(102 ) 4

(d) =

1100(250)(103 )
= 9.043(102 ) rad = 5.18
4
9

3
4
79.3(/32)(25) (10 )(10 )

1-16
600
= 5 MPa
20(6)
1
(b) I = 8(24) 3 = 9216 mm4
12

(c) I = 324 (101 ) 4 = 5.147 cm4

64
16(16)
= 5.215(106 ) N/m2 = 5.215 MPa
(d) =
(253 )(103 ) 3
(a) =

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Chapter 1

1-17
(a) =

120(103 )
= 382 MPa
(/4)(202 )

32(800)(800)(103 )
= 198.9(106 ) N/m2 = 198.9 MPa
(32) 3 (103 ) 3

(364 264 ) = 3334 mm3

(c) Z =
32(36)
(b) =

(d) k =

(1.6) 4 (79.3)(103 ) 4 (109 )

= 286.8 N/m
8(19.2) 3 (32)(103 ) 3