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Purdue e-Pubs
JTRP Technical Reports Joint Transportation Research Program
1959
Testing Open-Graded Bituminous Mixtures in the
Hveem Stabilometer : Technical Paper
R. A. Hannan
William Harner Goetz
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Recommended Citation
Hannan, R. A., and W. H. Goetz. Testing Open-Graded Bituminous Mixtures in the Hveem Stabilometer
: Technical Paper. Publication FHWA/IN/JHRP-59/16. Joint Highway Research Project, Indiana
Department of Transportation and Purdue University, West Lafayete, Indiana, 1959. doi: 10.5703/
1288284314394.
TESTING
OI'EN-IIRADED BITUMINOUS MIXTURES
IN THE HVEEM STABILOMETER
ofULY I.!I.
NO. IS
R A . H ~ N N A N
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TIl8 problu of d t l ~ stab10 bitlD1n>u8 paY1!<B l:Il.xt\l!'QS h9a
l'Olsu.ltAw1 1.n Ula demlopllllllt. or II. n\lDtl9r ot laborato..,. rtablll.'t7 tallts. One
at the llIOl'Ol jn"OI:l1nortt of t h $ ~ >lU ortg:l,nn.t.ed b7 FrancU H. Hvoeat ADd lias
boon ll904 by the ea.ut01'fl1.a DiYi81D:D of ~ for _ml ;rear3.
In tM past, ...,t of Uo.. bitUlll.noua III1Jct.\Il'llS tuted in the I!ftea
Stabilomot.er """" boelI ot the danae-graded. t7P" (22).. Consoquentl;y. 1:bB
s1Ql1tic.>noo ot stobll<xMtar tost 1"IIsults obt.a.i:>ad troD. the tostine: of opatf-
gradad III1Jtt.\Il'llS is aul>jsct to lIOlIlS question. Since the WIfI ot open-gnlded
IlI1Zea 11M boon quite wlAlospnJlId, upoc:iallJ' in the StaW of Inl:lliIna., a
1tt.borato..,. 1.rmlst.1ga.t1o."l <ell conducted lit Purdue Univortli't7 10hich :r:tt.orllptod
to dotel'l:lil><o ttl.. appl1C3blll.ty of tJle StlLbiloll>iltor to I:.h<I teat1l:1ll of l:.h<lse
1otI1le the sidos of tbe spac1l:m> aupport.od. by a 1a.t.ero..l. o o ~
Pl'OlSIJ\ll'll. It opa...tos under 1:bB ther b4a1c OOIIcept. that tba lII:IDUIIt or
delonst.1on uperienced by a 1oBdod ten spaalJ:mt 111. an 1Jm>n;o .....s...... of
tho spoc1.l:en's IIt.IIbility. In other ><:1m. for s lliven "'lrUcallo4<l. a
....x spoc1J!8n will dafo". ...... '\:JI:In 1d.ll a stl'Ol'1 orlIl. F.1,cUn:t 1 1Ih""'" a
~ ... in Jl!U")ntIlaooa rotor to t.ha llit of rafen:ncea at the erd or
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'tboo ..checBt.1" or the 9t.abU-tor ill Fl.l;ure 2 Ih_ tbe
cylln:1r1cal t.o"" apoc1r:en by I I:Ilbber d1a)iU'll,gl:l.1otd.cll in tun>.
1.a con1'1md. b7 I cod>lMUan or fJ.r nnd. aU. lll\eD tl>I!I apec:1mon 18 axioll,.
loadod. it dototm otd;'4f'dI, <:aWl1ng .. deOl'OllM in tho voluma of the
contin1Jls na1de. Buc.o.uao of th1lI -.o1J.llDll nodw:t1on" .. p......ure 1lI " .....1'.011
1n tbe nuida wtd<:b 1JI tl'Wllll:ll.tted t.hz<>uGh tile l"Jl:>ber d1.D.Jfu'3l:I" to ttal
lD.toral ourr"ce of the Thill tl'OlllJl:ll.ttod JlN'I:RU"5 UM'lltl two
pIl'pOPa. aiDIlat.e" the lateral. eontinemnt thllt ia pre:lent in a
110<:1'.1= of aPd in do1l\B; so_ eh8n.flo::' tile teat 1'l'ctIl ""'" or W>eant1.nlld
to .. ton> or tr:l.a><1lll lon. n>e.econd function of tho
lateral p""''''unl 1a to ........nuJ'e of the "P"d=n's lltabillt,..
Na 1& poII..:lhle a1:>c<l the ot tbe tbB.t 1, developed 1dll
depmd upon h<>r< I2lCh tho Bpell1Jlo>n de/OrB). "t, J'ieure 2, it ClIfI be
....... tbet tbe 10>0>.. the &tnmat!' or & spocil:"en, tbe tllrttulr the apedJ:len
>d.ll del""" l.n.tem1J;r; II the h1gl>c>r the lateral pressure 1dll rlu.
Uo:We tlli principIa u 1n<U.<:a.t1C11\ or .. the ...1aU1"ellllmt or deta=-
ation Wllws becomoa """"""sanry and tIIa aU:bll1t,. can be eJ<;Inl.socI siI>pl;r
all a !l.Jnctian of l&t.eral p:l'eS:>IU'O.
At tIl1a poj.nt, it W\Ild appear that the mch<udca or the
Stabll'Wetu'. opomt1<11l lU'O Curly ,tn.18ht-forocu<d. Ullfol'tWl8t.ely. tile
1Ml.ulIion of llir 1.11 the Stabj,J,omet.er qeto!:l hIuI an lJ:lp>rtant 1.llt1uonce on
tbe III9.{;ll1tllde ot the pre""""". '!MIl 1a due to tbe rlet. tMt
a1r 18 COI!lFCu1ble ud, a.lI II :result ......u 1I1erMSH in ILiz ooat.ent
1d.ll pon:d.t (;I'Olilt.ell" ,pe<l1tlen dcton:ntJ.ona vithrlut """'PG"SZlt1nll in
latonLl preu=lt.
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o . n o q p t n C I I { 8 U " l * " " " ' : o ; f f " ' " " t i l . l T V J O o c r r r o . t . - n
n T n " l " " l J " ' n . 1 . 0 J = . r m J O . 1 . O , , , , n l l l " ' l O l
" ' " " 1 U ' f ' . 1 . 0 Q I W I P n o " ' " " t i l . 1 . P I G t n . n n o n . n l I O " J . t l \ U 0 I n I I I . I f l I
l M / 1 . 1 . O J t n " r o r r t 1 L ' " p e p . r o o a z U T " p > d o a t , I : I O . 1 . J . . . . , - . . d
t u " ' l " t " ' " " I I ' C I l " l p o , t l l l b o . z d l : m d " I n J O l I W n l J O . : { " " F ' f C ' l o . n
" ' " I I I I I I p t 1 l l l T T I ' \ . u C I C I " l ' o o o . ' I n I n ' " ' l " - 1 0 I l l a
l " I 1 ' U . " ' " " 8 ' T I 8 " " ' l 1 p f 1 l l ' U O l 1 : > a . z - l O O " ' l u ; : t p : o . l < l d " 1 1 ' 1 I
- H ' P " ' l m r p u o q = " " " J . t l \ S I " I " t i l . l T V o c u ; S
. , . .
o a t 0 ' ; , " " " " J a r n u s a . z d l . . . . " ' l " t a l A a s . . . . . . " " l T I l ' " d : l r r l , . t r : : l : l O O V [ d s w " ' " " J O
8 1 U C 1 1 p . I " " " ' l " O I l " T I 1 U I I ( ; : " " " [ V A a n - u a c n i > O ' t g n f p " o o c n
0 l ' f l V . t U " " " " b " ' U " " ' ' ' ' l . 1 . " ' l C l l J C l ' t l ' l " ' t S a < n I I I p e n d d " o p w " [ l O O W . . . . .
a n . 1 . e p o ; l l I W O J a p 1 , " " O O P 1 l 0 ' N ! ' . : { C > p I I ' l : l b " [ U 1 . Q : I \ I I n l > \ . 8 { l O c : I U T , , ' ' ' . : ' a z T l ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
u o ; : , . . . . . q n w ' I I " I n e v f W f . . t f l l 1 0 " ' " " t o . l 1 \ J 1 X l O J ,
. . " ,
- . m a o u : l ' " ' " " U O P ' I l " ' f o q t r r . I 1 l : J l l l M 1 l O t ' 8 . : ( J I l l a r n u . - . . d 1 1 O H ' l \ ' I l O p . f O " ' " "
I I I . : { l ' f J O O l I I E I ' [ o A " ' " " a _ p c I . : { p l l U . 1 . I \ , . u o q o . ' l " T ' P ' < u c > t S l ' i
1 1 t e . : I . . . U T d I : n l : o N . . ' " " " " ' l " _ , . : I l I C I O o v r d m a c n P " P P "
n i l C H A H ' ' f l V J O " " " " . a . D i 8 ' f l . 1 . 0 ] O ' l . 1 . o p . : I o " I " P ' " T I o . I " l I I > O . r u . . . .
" ' l p . f O 1 1 0 ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' > 1 . O ' l " " " " T " o d . D C I o l , J " l n . o . T I l " . . . " , . V 1 ' I n
l I I l m o o o q , . " " " " , o J n P o n u h O l U O ; : " " " 1 l U o o n . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 . " ' " " J O O ' 0 1 l J . . . . . o : n " "
. 1 . f \ I J O 0 0 1 Y . l < l i n . 1 . 0 < 1 . p i t p ' O O ' [ v . w O J " P U l : ! l J t ' l o d o a c n " O f t ' I l
U T P l " l J a c n J O " " " ' l O A - n t i l ! I O l 1 . O n p C l o I " U T n o o 6 I n
t i l . : ( l ' f l I I t I O . 1 0 O C l U H o . J d - n - " " " J U I 1 1 " \ 1 P " I T o . ! " " " " o q " " "
" l . . . . . \ I ' ' ' . ' I ' G m l o " l . 1 . < o q : I ' ! \ l O P " " ' 1 ' J I ' 0 0 " ' l 1 . " l . l l " . 1 . o J 3 I r n : > l I . : { . I o : )
" " " " ' l " o o . 0 ' n J O " " " . J Z I I l I " ' l 1 - u o . l ' J . . . . ' " p . f O ' n o - n 0 I l f " ' l U 0 0 ' l " l ' l ' l " " ' P " ' P
- n I I I . 1 . " ' l o a o n ' l " ' l S - n ' " " ' 0 V [ d . . . . . ' I l l . m o : I O " " " Z l Y
,

piJlton lIW.t1plled to' the d1.st.&I>oe the piston t .......1JI 18 the

'f01.uI or air Wd<:h 11II, boen <:<qlftI8M<l. For the lIake or a1J:lpllcit,..
how8vor, the d1:lplaOOl:Vlnt llea:IU1"Itl:l>llt :!,II genen>ll,y lett. in the unit or
Brlotl:f, thm. a C<>lIIp1ate StabUoaoter test >d.ll oo""lJrl, ot the
tollowinc oporaUoDll.
1. n.. stabllol:lllter is coJ..ib....ted >d.th a dU!:llll;i' ...tal ape<:iBml
to adJust. tho of <dr inDi<1a t.I>e oil cbe......r.
2. 'I'M sptcl.Dal 13 pJ.aced in:3id.e the st&bi1ol:leter, a VlIrUcal
1.cad ill applied. at a rate of 0.05 in. pol" r.i.r:l., and la.tenLl pn........
llre taken at 1000 p:>und load 1ncro..",ta up to II load of 6000 ptIlnds.
J. At the and of the tast, UIG VIlrUcaJ. 1M.<1 l.a zuduced to lOXI
and the finll.l dUpla.".,...,nt J:DBour<tl>l!%It. iJl 1:Ilde.
'l'he ....:lUlta ot a o:ol:lp1.etod st4bil.oJ:loter un nre interpreted u
11 atabillt,- DIlIlbor !rom the toJ.l.oow1ne fonlU1B:
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v"rti<:ll1 pro"""'" .. 1.00 PIli
Lateral prnourot correap::n11nc to p... " 400 pol
Final <I1!Ip1.lI.cemnt on apocl.rl(m .. >nd:>er or t.ums
or 41spl,..".nt, pmp roqll1.nod to I't.
l'roIlI S to 1.00 psi at em. or teat
n. IIbow "'luat1cn iJI strictly on .mp1ricaJ. re14tiontlhlp bft.sed.
01\ fiel4 and l.III;lOntory OI>rnJ..aUon data, and _. lIOt 10lIld ltl10lt to
As ........ h<>:m tbo tOJ'lllUla. tho IlfteQ Iltab1llt)'
ru:l>or 13 <lQIllPIJtod, trot!> tbI stab1loI:letor BI'lI'I \1h1all eo",",,,:xn1.
to .....1"t.1.cel Pft'Illl'U'Ot of 400 1'111. 'nlo 1'1na1. d1spla...".,...t. factor IIu beoI'l
1JI. ll1t.o1'&l ,"NUN V1ll CMlH 0. <lKr'O&H 1n Ulo 00IJIlU1:.ed 1JtGb1.l1t,:r
,
IlIlrlt>or. .u.o. the 41lIplaCOCDllt. I"IlllIbtI' ill used 1.11 th& in ... lIl1JmQl'
...lOb tllat I;III .\rIeI'08.8o in tlla wU.uII >d.U t<I:Dd to COIIlpIIU!IIlte tor the
decreased n1uIl of latorAl pro"1J\1l'Cl mieb <><;:aun Nit.ll the pro_ of
!IT ellb3t1tut.1nB: lIlteruJ. ,,"SlNl'O ftluu or 0 atJ1 400 pol1nto
tho eqwlUoli, the stability 18 _ to 1"I!ln/:O fro.. 0 to 100. n>1.I
range \>aJI Mlocto<l Ilucb that llq<l1d with flO 1ntornnl it
tooted in tJIo Stob1.l.omter. wIllA baT!) .. !ItabU1t)' nJ.1la or O1nc<l "
400 pal wrtiClll pnIDSUI"IJ ,mild ...lIU1t in 400 ps1 tn1nIII:Jltted pre"""""
A IltabWt3' val.. of 1.00 ",pnI_ .. pcrlect.l;:r rleid ",,11d that 1lOU1<1 not
do.tOn::l Wldsr lo.:l<IJ Ilonce no l&t.orllJ. I'l'l"""'"' MOUld d"""'lop llI\!I. II 1.:ltU'lll
pnluuro val.. oJ: 0 ml!>8t1t\ltod at<> tho <oqIlO.Uon trU1 cive B. Ift.abU1t7
1I1Ebel' equal to 100. 'Iba rnnee ol Yal.JJos bet_ 0 l>Ild 1.OO
oxpor:1.6.- all"". Ul.!It bitutl1l>wl iv1nll 1II1xt1U'Ct8 allould MIlO IJtabWt7
md><I", of )S or "'lOI to p"rtom MUd"..tor1l>r 1n the nold he:l...,.

7
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PllllJ'OS& AND SCOl'Il IF TIlt: DMiSTIGATICIl
tb8 ... .....-cb FOJoct con:luct.cl Puzduo "ClI to 1m...U_
gilt. t.hll feaBlbllJ.ty Of UIIing tbo ll_ StabllomtOl' for tho wot1ne or
b1t''''''_ =.xt\U"etl. 1'00 ""pilch ot the ton mice it ot
qu,ost1olYlblo .an \lIled. tor "l"'n lII1J<t...."". i'1rlIt. the Um1ted. In>UrIt
ot do1'o......UQII pe=ltted .. Stab1l.cm:ltor opocn-n m;r be 1n:ouffi.c.l.em or
optIJ>-C18ded >ldch domoklp lldd1t.1onal Iltl'Ollt;th as stftl.1ll. pr<:>gl'9
U. f11Ial dJ.eJ)lD_rrt. l'lIlue 18 onl.lr lI1I approx1.lll:lto correct.1an fat'
air vo1dII on the at the teat Since speoimE>ns
ewoe:r&ll:r !Ill.,. voids .ft1ah 1.lu'ger ""'" ...... II\DlrGWI than U. 'VtI1dlI
pl'lfB6llt 0:lI tbo Ylllidit.,. of this <U.splacolllBllt.
lllSO.I01.Ireoent. is dol:Ibtt\il tor th" """" Of oPBlIo-O'!dod
Both ot tho 8hon upech ,,",,1"0 etwl1e4 in tIM roooa.rch Pf'Ogrwa.
llowvveJ'. tJl1.:l :report P""arM onl,y tlw rnsulto obtainod tr<=
wst,e uaod in nalUllt1nC th" d1eplae..m1lt rornt. not
diocUlleed hII", M:n beon l"Opol"tod olstJlIlel'O (S)
..""""
nu... d!tfEl...m lld.:d;\lZ'<Ill "'In Wled 1n dotol'l'l1nl.1le tlls
nli.d1t,. of the dhpla",...nt _lUIll1'll""nt tbon appliod to open-gmd-.l
epoci.1lan.8. hI:' the of thi8 report, the... 1:I1xD. haft beall d"aigmted
0.0 .IId.%tul'ell A.o Il, ar.d C. ". (lNdatJ.on "un. for' Gl'ch IIl1:I< 18
..... 1:1 FilJun J.
1!b:tuN A ""a <:<JtIPO"'ld or 5$ aepbalt COI:lIIlIt blom;le4 ulth
llDIIJWIhod emft1. ..m I>!Iturcl sand. ltixture B at % aupwt
-=. CNIIbK u-ton., IU'Id natural s:1lV1. For mxture Co tldch con-
tabd aupboJ.t -.to. =Md >08 t>ood flU' both f1ne
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IN:D:l3d
IIJld .....roM llggNfIllto. 0CIIlDDt of 60-70
gnIde; ... IIlIed 1.11 all cl.xb>reS.
It the t1m! diflplaCOllllnt. wl,"" i. /I t.No oonecUon tOT a1%' 1.11
tbe of a StobUOl!IIteT test, I!wetI et.nbll1t.y md><lre trcm
dIIt.a t.aI<on on dllJl11cato t8':lt DI"'c1=ne ehoald >'OJIIl1r> CODDtant all the
acoum. ot a1%' 1D 1:lI8 st.abi:L,.,Ot<:!T t.em. IIJ"It.elIl 1e varled. In Ud. lit,.,.,.,
the 'V8.lid1t.y of the finoJ. d1JoplPMmnt ..........""nt U10 clle<:\<l!ld cm>J' a tdds
lUr!G" of a1%' CODt.ente tOT du,pllcat.e Dp8c1J:ene llIldo tl'OIIll:l1xture A, B, IIJld
'-
rOf' IIl1zt.Iln Ao t.Mt ePllc1nolna "'N co=pe.ct.ed by the <1oIlba-o
I:I8Ulod IIJld a1r 1.11 the tom. .... controlled. 1.11 t .. ""'flI.
Ulld8T thII t1nt tocl>ldqll8, thII St.3bUomiltar >Ifl.II 1ldt.1al.1T oallbnltec1 at.
2.00 _ of tbe dieploc.nmrt. Pl"'P Md tbe ncowIt ot aiT 1n tile lQ'lItam
.lIa vu:lod. b;y tbe lIItaro.l elll"t<:tco. of teat opec1l:8JlD 1.11 _ of
t.hnte d1tterent (Fig\lnI 4). One &rO'lP ot apociD>lIII l>Ild ih lIUl'1'eoe
air w1da t1ll.ed by coo.t.ing tho ami'nooa tdlJl a ml.xt.ure ot plaeter of .I'lLr18.
pol't1llnd 08lIIIIlIt end ....t.er. For anot.beT 6I"'Ul'> thII "urf""," _re d:rilled
>d.t.lt $blIl.lcw 11<>),.. to :lncreMIII the 81ee and INI:t>er ot 'I01do. A t.h1.Jd sn
of a""",1J:II....... teetod tdt.hout; cM.nc1n3 the marta.. ohILmcterl.etioa of
thII "PI>c1JlBII8.
!be &bow pl''OOOduru tOT diepJ ftCOlOlOnt _8\ll"elII!lnb 'lire
ot 1.1I:II,\:ed. _ !loC(l.\I$4l ot tile poell1bllity that ditterencoD o:x18t4ocl bntoOeD
thII actual "IDlo" ot drt1.l4d, IlD8ltered" and coatocl. opecil:loDa.
II /I ro..uJ.t. tIWo ..thod of ceatrollln(: a1%' 1.11 thD wet "yetu ...
rep1.aood b7 /I -.ocoi 1r> vtdoh tile 8\U"h.oeD ot All "peo1JoD..
__ted ud b aDIImt of a1r 1.n tl>e qete:lll tIll.II adJuated 1.11 the
~
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w
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oU chadx>r rnt./ln than. 011 the surta"" or the n.
_con:!. ..UIod .... fu 11I::I" acceptllble tllo.n tba t1nt. 1.D th8.t. it ""mittocl
a wid8r rtlJIl:O or diIIpla_1lt. ftluo8 (l.Ditial diaplace!08llt. valuo. ""r.
v:J.r19d fJo%Il LOO to 5.00 tumll), providl>d. better oollt.rol emir CinILl
TIl.1.... and el1rdnated tbo varilIblo or bua IIt.NII(Ith I1hicll
>cle pnlaant UDder t.hB "ICthod. Yor thi8 reuon.. oal:V II 1'...
al"'o1mons troD dxtUJ'a J. lIVre toated. with IIUri'lIcoa IlllIlJ.torad or drl.Uad.
All apndDlIlll rroe. r4xt\lI'e3 8 and C ,are COtoted aDcI tested. at initial.
gt.nbllnmt.ol' diap1n._nt. valuoa bat_ 1.00 to 5.00 t.umlI.
It abould be J>:)1Dtad wt. that tha double-pJ.UlJG1Ir cathod or
COI:Ipa.cti<:a _ ..-l for apocil:le!la ot dxt...... A and a. SpaCl1.alm3 or
1II1:>::tUJ'a C ,",no cotljXIcted. Y1th the I:laclInni<:al. Ialoadint; COCIplctor (fi&ure 5)
8}XIc.if1ed by U>a CIIlllon:da Divi:licn or (21). 1M I!l1xtUZ'O. 'Ill"
QOt .ubJacted. to a tilte... boul' CI1rlnll period that 1a 1ncluied in the
call1onda JIl"X'ldure and all te.ta ..... ClOlJ!\lctod lit J'OOIII toI:Iporat......
IMjEIl ST!J!ILlT! )'EilSl!3 stABILOImR DISPHCE2ENI
F1,gunIa 0. 7, eo aDcI 9 .... gnp,a or tho l1naJ. di8place".m.
p1.ottod "{:IL1nIIt the ctqJ;ltad. 11_ ..tab1lit,. llIlCbe... tor the
opoo:lDena te.ted in Uda .tll:!J'. If the f1.Ml <U.3plaoamnt nud>er """ a
wlld COrf'OctJ.on b"air pt'O:>cnt il'I the S)"Stem or a st.l1b1l.ocl!ltar test. each
or the CUI"ftIa ah<Ml VOIlld be a :rtZ'lL1l:ht. IlortS<mtal liDI.
F1BuN 6 alI..- tho relD.t:l.o:>Dhip bet_ tho fizlal diap1aOOlll&lIt
md>er and the Imlam stabllitoT ....u.u. for ""..ted. drllloclo and unaJ.t.ued
or IIIi.>:tIu'I J. teatoad at lin l.Ditial. dhplacel:8Jlt fthIo or 2.00
t.u=a. '1be "'bosW1.t" stn1eht 1i.na for tbeaa do.t4 ohol/8 a
daoona.M in l qiltad lrtabil.itT TIll... MitJI iDe......" diIIpla-"
FIG. 5 MECHANICAL KNEADING COMPACTOR
0
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U. .tabillt;;,- mdleJ"II "N obt&imol. rr- d:riJ.b4

.)8"1 .. _ .. to atbfr tbf ....U ..
of U. l..i.DI .. ......,. by .urt._. ill or
u. -Wdo l>DI d1il1..s or by -n.-tJ<- 1Il u. .u-
ph-m_:It.lI.
In r1prc 7, tn. plat of "- 1ItIJ>1Ut7 tbo fiml
cUapla_ wdIez ill 101' _q,d of I:I1Zt.uN J. Ilh1cll '-"
te.t.Iod .t 1D.1UoJ. cUapb 'ftL1ID, of 1.000, 2.00, 3.00. 11.00. .m
In tlWt _, tbo re1I.t.1oNIldp IIJl1*1rl1 to be ........l1 ..r.m 1I>cr'8llll.t
rollO' of cUapln_nt l'VlIUlt. in Nd.ucod <rtIIblllt)' ..-..1lIa. UIo, tllI!I
reprodln1blllt7 or telt relNltl __ tJ.tter tOI' _ted .pociJ:l&lliI testecl lit
bS,p I1r tl>:>ll tOI' tiN _m.:ted 011 _ted '1*" _ lit II1%'
.... OIl opl>Cu.:r. ocltb ....II'tI.. &1r ftI1dI.
AI _ iDl"1&uJ'I S. ....t l'Iitdtl rr- B "'"
....,. _Uo. 'I'!x>A 1dAI ....... '''''''l;:r'' to
or the 1aJo&to, I'l- of U-n.- .." 1zt w..
'ftrI t1.t&l <liql......nt IDS ..........lllty tor
... .... of 5 ..... Il1dJt 4oc:nla:NI 1n ....ab:l.llt.7 all
..re tllc.....
J'13UI'O 9 u .. creJ:b of t.bo IMIeI:I. ortabi.l.1t.:r ........ ""....... u.
finoJ. ..-..1lI. IOCIU.I'Id. t1'Otl /lll"iam or lIl1xture C. 1'h18 ewft,
Wl1:lJoI t.hoIo tor m;1xtUl'U A and D, dootr not. .h"" tMdy 4c<:J.1nll in
.-nllt7 n.l1M. 1illell <l1.plU I lit......1lr'II:lefIt,. "'" 1nGnouod.
tbII _ ............. an! r;ntI mrlnm n.l1M. or bot_
cl1Iopl' I. of 2.00 ardJ"OO talrIIt. SteMHty..t.l ... 'Wf7 b1Dl
filii' t&d.- IlIb: to 1."" cs- IDl UIII ..,...w.. _re
S. __ '1 ". .. Gtor. &leo, .... t.N ' ..... A 1Il:1Ual
"
d1llp1a-' va.lnoa at throe or ""1'0 tlll'M, r'Osult. 'l1l;I1'0 lIP" roprocl.1>e1blo
than tlIoN at. Wt1aJ. diap1e.1XIIlOllt 'Ill1lle. of .,.., or t .... tllJ'll8.
STABILOIErllIl: DXSPUQlK;Hl' llKClPilOCAL (N 1'lWl$I1I'l'lBD P!!:SSIlRE
'!be p"acd1llc c!UOQIIa1.arl w, OCIlOerr>ed >I1t.11 tho r'ltlatioMh1p
'-t._ IlvMD sf,ab1llV value" II.lld. tiJIlLl displa"""'lJlt, cbtn1Dod.
from the 1I1xturo" tested.. ,\ IIllCOD1" ar:d porbllpo a lID... bae:l.c appl"llBclI to
thoo J:II"CIbl- or cblJcldq: t.hIt or the dUplal:<llllMt iJl to
prooont tl n:lJI1lta or tJd8 atud11:l t.e1'l:D or tbIl CiJlal
oollt o.IlI1 toM nllW or lat<tnLl Pl'IIDB\D'If tI'Il=ldtted b.r the apecil:om urdu
400 pn etron.
EmJ:I1DI.Uon ot tM !lV9IIa Ilt,abUl:t..,. e'l"l'U= Ilh<>... that tOT &
1;I:"'n stabillt;r nmiler, a ",lat1or>llh1p onata bolt"""" the
ftl'ilIbloe of latorol }Unsure IIIld filial l'bel'llfoRl. a
at finaJ. VOl'81l/il lateral IC'US\lrlt t4ll l"Oolll'\:. 1.rl rlll:lU,y or
bn'e:rboJ.D.ll tor a :r=c:e of ato.bUit:r mIlO.. FOJ:" tlla IIlLb of
tbI rv14t1ollsh1p bot_ fillal dhpla<>C>llDt, ar:d the roc1procal of lat8ml
pn8lJ1U'O 18 plotted hero. l'll1o rolIlt1.on:Jll1p" lIhen plottAd trom b,ypot.llot1cal
'ItIlLlea ltIlbaUt.uWI 1lIto thoo Ilwel:l eql,!,lt1ono 111 repnl'''lltod b7 htl1l,:r of
l1n8c. It tDllmm. thell. th/lt the tp'lIttJa ot filial displ..a_t
w ...... tbu ...a1proCll1 or l.atoml pN35U1'lI tor e&<:h or dxtuna 8, ani
C ebould plot B8 atndllht llnB" U the 1m"... equ&ticD 1& a]lpl1.e:l.ble to
tJIIuo IlinIlJ'llS. theao :L1m1l 1Iho\ll4 haw 8l<>pea tIl1cll oanforlll
to tbu tud.q of ........ tMd1 ... .....t th.. \7lLllIe, """lPlted baa
thoo Ilft-. 1'o1'lllJa.
In 10, lJ" and l.2o the :n>laUon!lldpo bet....... fiDELl
!' 3' ... azlII u. or latoftl p;roa8lU"& IU'O Il'-t for _t.04
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' of .. Ilo and Co ...poct.1nl;f. on. CIII'ftS ro...
" allIS ... to be n.ra1&bt u-o, bat thot. r... c tnu.- :a.
l' ...r'LNa1.
nev- 13 COIIIPU"U u. ClD'ftII t<R' WIlt .... Ilo .-t C
ldUl tM u-NUoaJ. __ COIIIpItoId 1ltebll1t.7 .crat1ol:l.
Itft1dd; U- """' obt41IlOd rro:. data 1'011' Ilblta " an4 B. U.
Io1oPOl of thMe l.la>. do IIlIt tit. 1.Ieo t.bt of GlDpH rlpnI-'t.1zlil:
the r-u;, ot _'0 on. hi' lII1x:t.uN C contcmno to t.bt
tboorl"CILl data ....llaomhJ.T.u bet di8p1nonnwnt; ftlooll of 1.000 llftlI.
'.00 t._ .It h1llb ll1z .....tent !lD'HIl'V9r. tJlD dn14to. dowrMlrd.
'l1WI droppl.qr-cn t ....lld 1.8 d... to tho -1'7 lolr lat.on.l 11"-
(9 an4 11 pal tnlllllll11W4 to' thco apaciJ:al at I\1dl ..... or
dUple -'It.. tM -s,UnQ- of tllII P"_ at u...
1.- b ...tlJeet to q.-1JU<lft.
smr.ur " IBSllUS Am "'IIc
um
...
PI:I;r tbe lpad.- t.-ted 1I:t tlWI riab". tllII t1m.l dapl- at
1fIIm wtat.1tl11:tod 1Dto tlJB a- st&b1l1t.7 eqII3UCa" 41d lICIt;
t..ot.all,y l , ..t..!<>r tho ftr1at.1_ 1n 14toJ'&l lftU'l" 'fIl1.lIe1 bJ'
u. pn:I_ of a1T in U. tat. ....ta. .u d1sp" t ftl... wan
1na.....wd bQ;tand 2.00 tolmlI. 1JIIIII>e... ba<lIll:III _n.....
",. .... or t ..t ..,sulh '68 hipto.ecl If1an the JAtel'lll
..-fllOOl or ilPl'c::l/!l!l":llI ...... _WeI an4 to_te ' ..... oand\lct.o4 at. IIiab
at 1Il1tW d:leple 'It. ().OO to ).00 tun.).
I...." t.st1IIc OPIOC''' Whlrr'h...... l:li.lctw'Ill 1D U. !hull::
tllII 1'..11"'ne: ..un.-u.- iD t.A pi Q dazl .... -er: phd,
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1. ,. d .. or d.-..lopiJc t1ml dbpla_nt;
____.. ,. or '.00 tuIm or D:lN obolLld In.. tb:dz 'IOida
I'Uled pn,.. to t.t.1lI(:. or plaetc' or hr1Bo
partl&ad. -r.. ami ..t.r """...s to cc.t> tM ,_db..._ 1n
tIWI "P", ,.. Uq;; II!:dm'e -.ch .. n.1.l.a'
al -.te u IE\lW
:to 'lIMn l&tc'al of t...e. aN
,.eM'mm.r lIbo>\Ild bit CCI11l:onIte<1 0.1. 8Il dUple to -...l.- of
'.00 tour:. tJr..... or U. o:l' 2.00 \l.InD. tll1s 1.Il='8ue4
dUp" ,i4.-t1er od.ll proT'..dII "".. :walq &Ill! 1d.U
pend.to D>ft ",,01." deronatioa t.ll.1n _1. _ tor _toed
.JIllIl:1D!... w.tod .t. 2.00 t.u.m3 11111.1&1 .u.p1'; It. 1'bI proen. or
t.R .....imDB nda<:ea the qo=t.1t7 of o;l,r :l.D. tM t.ost
Md, U 4 "lib clot.. CD u.. ot n.
add.1t1ornl cltIConatJ.on obt41nod b7 iIlDrecLG1lla the 1ll1t1ll1 dbpJ.aelll:lMtt
valJ.loI to 3.00 t\U'llll >d.U holp to "ffllet; tho Nd.uoo4 lJtft.1.D OIIUHd by
_t.1l8 t,.IIt .pxd,IamD.
2. Corp_ or Airfiold hEM P'lox1blo ra..!!ffit.. ....
Elle;1aiIoriIl<: ItLwal tor llU.1tc:ry Collstl'Wlticn, Part XII. Cballte.. 2,
1951.
3. EIlden!ly, V. A "'nlO Il:lclwl1c!l.l. Te8t:lllc of B1t.umnou1l ltlXlla,"
fbo AIlaGclQ.t1or1 oJ: ASpblLlt PaviD VoJ..
-
4. BDdcnby, V. A., "1IIa IIistol'7 IIDd 'l1>eory or Tr1Ll:d.al Te!rt.1D<:.o &%l the
f'nlp.1fllUcn Dr l/eo.11tItlc fiot AP"p<>rt or the 'h'i..u:l4l
Ill3t1tute, WAsil i,W#YI Sout.eui
"""'rlcan So/:l.at.:T tor ot1n8 Spe fubl1o&t!all
110. 106. 1951.
S. lb:al:.... n. 1." "AppUooUM of U;c lIVoo<>. St3bilD::llwr to tba t ..n1I18
of 1I1t=1noull ltlxt.urIl.," 0\ thon! wl::c1ttod t.o l'IINIMI
U1l1von1t3' tor t.lle or lhstel- of SCj.',,>co l,n (llYU Enineerlnr..
19S'.l.
6. 1lYM", F. Il., IlIId CIu=n;y, n. ll., "1'bo Filc:to... lbler:qfDs tbe
1'rU0M.l lltilal.8n ot Pa_llt.D. .Proepe<liMp. Ilf,-.rch Ibo.n!,
'101. 211. 1'14a.
1. Itvoclr\o F. N., an:! Davia. B. E., "SotB Collcopto CoDceI'!l1lJ(: TI'h:dal
C<q>reaaioa Ttl_ilia" of Mpw.t14 1'n'tintl Ulxt"""8 IIDd
IrW;1al 'tum: or ..
Al='k!ln Sociotj tor 'l'eBt1ntllhta, Spcc!Tecmu,-puJj11.oD.Uon
ilo. 16, 1951-0
8. Ih<le... F. N IIIId V4llerga. B. A., "DlIIlS1tT Yo...... Stabillt7,"
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R1dIWll,1 8uearcb So.ud, Vol. 24, 1.946.
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IlaaNo Vol.. 33. 19510-
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lTelUi1llUT IlrrNt1caUOl1 4Jld. CoIItrol ret llLt.erilLla 1,Dw C<>ot
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