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Wessex Archaeology 
December 2008 Ref: 68737 
RisehillTunnel Navvy CampCumbria
 Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results
 
Risehill Tunnel Navvy Camp, Cumbria
Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results
Prepared on behalf of:
Videotext Communications Ltd49 Goldhawk RoadLONDONSW1 8QP
By
Wessex ArchaeologyPortway HouseOld Sarum ParkSALISBURYWiltshireSP4 6EB
Report reference: 68737.01
December 2008
© Wessex Archaeology Limited 2008, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 
 
i
Risehill Tunnel Navvy Camp, Cumbria
Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results
Contents
Summary Acknowledgements
1BACKGROUND...................................................................................................11.1Introduction...............................................................................................11.2Site Location, Topography and Geology................................................11.3Archaeological Background....................................................................1
Prehistoric to medieval...............................................................................1Post-medieval.............................................................................................2 
1.4Previous Archaeological Work................................................................32AIMS AND OBJECTIVES...................................................................................33METHODS...........................................................................................................33.1Geophysical Survey.................................................................................33.2LIDAR survey............................................................................................33.3Evaluation Trenches................................................................................34RESULTS............................................................................................................44.1Introduction...............................................................................................44.2Geophysical Survey.................................................................................44.3Evaluation Trenches................................................................................5
Introduction ( 
Figures 1 & 3
 ).......................................................................5 Trench 1 ( 
Figure 4
 )....................................................................................5 Trench 2 ( 
Figure 5 
 )....................................................................................6 Trench 3 ( 
Figure 6 
 )....................................................................................7 Trench 4 ( 
Figure 7 
 )....................................................................................7 Trench 6 ( 
Figure 9
 )....................................................................................8 Trench 7 ( 
Figure 9
 )....................................................................................9Trench 8 ( 
Figure 10 
 )..................................................................................9
5FINDS................................................................................................................105.1Introduction.............................................................................................105.2Structural Material..................................................................................105.3Domestic Equipment..............................................................................105.4Personal Items........................................................................................115.5Miscellaneous Finds..............................................................................115.6Conclusions............................................................................................116PALAEO-ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE........................................................127DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................127.1Introduction.............................................................................................127.2Working Conditions...............................................................................137.3The Buildings..........................................................................................147.4The Workforce........................................................................................167.5Living conditions....................................................................................168RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................189ARCHIVE...........................................................................................................1910REFERENCES..................................................................................................20Appendix 1: Trench Summaries
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