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Sound Waves and Resonance
Sound waves are made of mechanical vibrations in air, a liquid like water or asolid like iron. The sound waves travel at a certain speed the speed of soundwaves v is the atmospheric is about v= metres/second. The speed of sound in airdepends on the temperature t of the air and the density q of the air. The speedof sound equation is v=()
1/2
.
The pitch of sound waves is called the frequency.The frequency of a sound wave that is a sine wave is f. Sound that can be heardbe people range in about f=7 to 10000 hertz.Sound waves can produce resonance in some situations or devices much likeelectrical signals can as shown in the article "Mass acceleration and ElectricalResonance". Resonance is when the vibration frequency f of the sound matcheswhen the sound energy is applied to the sound wave much like pushing a pendulumshown in figure 1. When the moments the short pushing energy or short force F isapplied to the pendulum matches the swing frequency f of the pendulum, thependulum swing amplidude will get larger. The pendulum is at resonance with thetiming the short force F is applied to the pendulum mass m.Simple PendulumFigure 1.Figure 2 on this page shows a simple experiment to test a glass tube as a soundresonator.Simple Tube Sound ResonatorFigure 2.The sound input power P
s
where the sound flow starts to resonate should be P
s
=z× q×A, where q is the air density in the metal tube and A=(¶÷4)×r
2
is thesection area of the tube. Varialbe r is the inner radius of the glass tube thatis occupied by the air. ¶=3.1415926, r=0.012 metre,q=1.2 kilograms/metre
3
, z=5×10
1
watt metre/kilogram.References
Electrical Resonators
Single Parallel Resonant Circuits
Electrical resonance occurs when the capacitor and inductor in a resonancecircuit are in tune with the electric signal sine wave frequency f. Figure2b shows an electronic schematic drawing of such a resonant circuit. Theresonant circuit consists of an inductor L=L
1
, capacitor capacitance C=C
1
and a resistive electrical load R. These three circuit components form anelectrical loop called a tank circuit.Resonant Electrical Circuit.Figure 2b.The circuit has an alternating current ammeter A
o
which displays the tankcircuit alternating current I
o
. (C1)=C
1
.Electrical output voltage V
o
accross load R is measured by an electronicoscilloscope or alternating current voltmeter. The voltage V
o
which is thepeak voltage of the sine wave is dueto tank circuit current I
o
which is:V
o
=I
o
×R. (12)The peak electrical output power W
o
dissipated by load R is:W
o
=V
o
×I
o
=[V
o
×V
o
]÷R. (13)Electric switch (S1)=S
1
is used to electrically bypass the inductance(L1)=L
1
. Switch (S2)=S
2
can remove the capacitance C
1
from the tank circuit.The V
i
=(Vi) can be the signal voltage when only resistive load R is in
circuit (with switch (S1) closed and (S2) open in figure 2b). The peakvalue of voltage V
i
can be nearly made equal to supply voltage V
CC
or V
EE
when transistors (Q1)=Q
1
and (Q2)=Q
2
are driven to electrical conduction.Transistors Q
1
and Q
2
are the electrical signals sources. The producedthe electrical signal input voltage V
i
and the input signal current (Ii)=I
i
shown in figure 2b. The electrical current used by the circuit is I
c
andis measured by alternating current ammeter A
i
. The electrical power used bythe entire circuit is:W
t
=[|V
EE
|+V
cc
]×I
c
) , (14)where V
EE
and V
cc
are the electric supply voltages.When inductance L
1
is not used in the circuit or bypassed and capacitanceC
1
is off line, the output voltage V
o
equals the input voltage V
i
as:V
o
=V
i
, andI
o
=I
i
,when only resistive load R is in circuit. When the inductance (L1) isconnect to R in series, the initial output voltage (Vo)=V
o
will decrease toabout 9 percent from maximum to:0.9×V
o
. (15)The inductive reactance or impedance X
L
of L
1
becomes:X
L
=R×[V
o
-0.9×V
o
]÷V
o
. (16)The inductance L
1
=(L1) becomes:L
1
=X
L
÷(2×
π×
f), (17)where
π
=3.141592654.
The capacitive reactance or impedance (Xc)=X
c
of(C1)=C
1
must be made nearly equal to X
L
for C1 to be at electricalresonancewith L
1
and f.X
c
=X
L
.
(18)C
1
=1÷(2×π×f×X
c
).When the tuning capacitance C
1
is added to the circuit to make the tankcircuit, the tank circuit can be tuned to electrical resonance. At thiselectrical resonance, the input current I
i
can redcue and become less thantank circuit current I
o
. At electrical resonance the tank circuit currentIo to input current I
i
ratio I
o
/I
i
will reach some maximum value. This ratiocan increase even if the inductive impedance X
L
is less than loadresistance R. The signal source voltage remains unchanged, and (outputvoltage V
o
) does not decrease. The tank circuit at electrical can have a Qquality which is:Q=I
o
÷I
i
=z×X
L
÷(R+r) , (19)
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