Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GIO TRNH
O LNG V IU KHIN XA
DNG CHO SINH VIN NGNH IN K THUT
(LU HNH NI B)
Version 1.0
NNG 2007
MC LC
Trang
Chng 1
Cc h thng o xa
Chng 2
13
Chng 3
26
Chng 4
H thng o xa m - xung
31
Chng 5
39
Chng 6
M v ch bin m
43
Chng 7
Knh lin lc
61
Chng 8
66
Chng 9
Thit b m ha v dch m
75
Chng 10
80
Chng 11
tin cy ca h thng o xa
93
CC H THNG O XA
iu ch m xung h thng s.
k2
z
Ft
k3
kk
y1
y2
Thu
k4
I
CT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
CSC
x 2 = k 4 k 3 k k k 2 k1 x1
=
x
x
2
1 ki
i =1
I=k 3 y 2
x 2 =k 4 I
T cho thy rng chnh xc ca x 2 ph thuc vo k i -Nu k i thay i % th
dn n thay i chnh xc ca php o x 2 l % . Hin nay thng khng ch
khong 1%.
V mt kinh t : 1 h thng o xa khu t nht l dy lin lc.
V tnh kinh t : trong h thng o xa thng dng h thng nhiu knh-Trong
gm c c o lng xa , tn hiu iu khin xa , kim tra t xa.
b. phn loi :
- H thng tng t :trong h thng ny ngi ta thit lp quan h lin tc gia x 1 v
su iu ch : M=kx 1 .
- H thng s : Trong h thng ny s dng phng php lng t ho theo mc
nng lng v ri rc ho theo thi gian.
Cc thng s c truyn dng m nh phn hay m khc-H thng ny c dng
rng ri do cc u im sau:
-
tin cy cao
kt ni c vi my tnh
* 100%
x
* 100%
x max x min
Trong :
x 1 : gi tr thc
x 2 : gi tr o c
x max , x min : ga tr ln nht , gi tr nh nht
Sai s tng gm hai thnh phn :
-
Nu h thng c n knh ni tip sai s thi sai s tng binh qun phng l :
i =1
2
i
= 12 + 22 + ....... + n2
Mt ngun gy sai s quan trong nht l nhiu ; sai s tng i do nhiu sinh ra
theo cng thc :
T
2
N
1 2
2
= lim 2 (t )dt = 2 + TB
T T
T
2
Trong :
TB
1 2
= = lim (t )dt
T T
T
1 2
2
= lim [ (t ) TB ] dt
T T
T
2
trung bnh l lch trung bnh ca dng c o trong iu kin c nhit v khng c
nhiu.
Khi nhiu t c th b qua , cn khi nhiu mnh c th b qua TB
2. Thi gian xc lp t s T :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
n=
x max x min
s bc lng t ho
x k
Vy sai s : k = (
x max x min n 1
) =
x k
2n
4. Cng tn hiu :
Trong h thng o xa, xut hin vic cng tn hiu o( phn pht huy hay thu)
V d : khi o cng sut tng, tng lu lng nc , .
thng ta tin hnh cng tn hiu phn pht gim s knh
Trong qu trnh cng, cc i lng o A 1 , A 2 . A n thng c bin i
thnh nhng i lng khc : x 1 , x 2 . . x n . Tc l :
x 2 = f 2 ( A2 ) . x n = f n ( An )
x1 = f 1 ( A1 )
x
i =1
= k Ai
i =1
x = k(A
i =1
i =1
1 + A2 + ......... + An ) = k Ai
i =1
Th S y ( ) = W1(
( j ) .
S x ( )
(1)
d = y x
G ( j )
gi s m hnh khng c tr W1 ( j ) =
d
yx y
=
= 1
x
x
x
W1 ( j ) = G ( j ) 1
(2)
T (1) c th vit :
S y ( ) =| G ( j ) 1 | 2 . S x ( )
( )d
[ t (t ) M ( t )] dt
0
1
t (t )dt
T T
0
y : M ( d ) = lim
Cc hm t (t ) v d (t ) l c lp, vy:
( ) = D( ) + D( )
( )
( ) = M ( )
M ( d ) = 0 M
W gh
G(i ) 1
Wgh
knh
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4
Knh 5
T
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
M 2d (t i + ) = M [x(t i ) x(t i + )]
2
2
= M x (t i ) + M x (t i + ) 2 M [x(t i ).x.(t i + )]
Ta c :
M ( x 2 ) = ( x) = D ( x) + M 2 ( x)
M [x(t i ) x(t i + )] = R x ( ) + M 2 ( x)
M 2d (t i + ) = 2[D( x) R x ( )]
Vy : D( x) = R x (0)
M 2d (t i + ) = 2[R x (0) R x ( )]
1
T
+T
D( d ) =
2
T
+T
M [
2
d
[R
(t i + ) dt
(0) R x ( )]dt
T th ta c ng D( t ) ,
D()
D( d ) T ta c ng
D()
D( ). ng ny cc tiu
ti A , t A gingxung trc T
D(t)
T
T0
, ta c T 0 . Vy T 0 l gi tr ti
u ca chu k ri rc ho.
D(d )
D( x)
D(d )
R x ( 0)
Do D(x) = Rx(0) . 2 =
D(d )
D(x)
Tr li v d trn:
Rx(0) =
Ta c :
A gh
Nhng :
2 =
t :
Vy :
ghT
)
ghT 2Si (
2
D(d )
2
=
A gh
ghT
2 =
ghT
2
(2 Si ) = 2(1- Si )
Si = (-1)i
i=o
Si -
3.3!
3
18
Thay gi tr Si :
2
2
9
ghT
6
2f ghT
6
T
Tgh
R(0)
i vi h thng tc ng gn: = 0
R x ( )
+T
Th: R x ( ) =
1
2
1
=
2
( ).e j .d
gh
A.e j .d =
gh
+T
D( d ) =
2 Agh
.
T
A gh sin ( gh )
.
gh
sin ( gh )
1
.dt
gh
sin z
.dz = Siz
z
0
t :
ta c :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
2A
{ ghT Si gh (T + ) }+ si gh
T
ghT
2A
ghT 2Si
T
2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
t
t
DM 1 , DM 2 khc nhau do gii tn lm vic, khc nhau, tn siu ch cng khc nhau
M 1, DM 1 cn lm vic tuyn tnh v chnh xc . kt qu t c iu ny th
tc ng ca thit b b gim mt t . Ngc li M 2 , DM 2 c tc ng nhanh ln
hn , iu ny lm gim chnh xc v tuyn tnh. Tn s f thng ln hn tn s
tn hiu x khong 100 ln, tc ng nhanh ca M 1 khngcao lm (tn s f
khong vi Hz).
2-2 Dng tn hiu
1. Dng 1 :
Ta xt tn hiu ra sau M 1 .
i vi CTS th tn hiu mang hinh sin c iu ch theo tn s :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
t
t
U2
f2
U3
f3
2. Dng iu ch 2:
y l dng iu ch tn s xung.
1
. vi
2 f gh
gh
tn s shenon
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
(k=2 1m )
2. o tn s bng ch th s:
Phng php ny cho sai s do nhiu nh. Nhng li xut hin sai s do lg t ho .
3. To xung c in tch khng i mi chu k:
phng php ny, ngi ta to ra cc xung c din tch khng i du mi chu
k . Sau ly trung bnh c xung bng 1 phn t qun tnh, m hng s thi gian ca
n ln chu k ca tn hiu nhiu ln. o bng dng c tng t.
4. o Chu k
Ta c : N = a. T
V f = f +Kx T =
Nn N= aT =
1
f
a
a
=
f f 0 + Kx
b
b
= ( f 0 + Kx )
N
a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
1
T.
2
t1 t1
t2 t2
T
T
Nhc im : _ Phi tin hnh php bin i ngc
_ Sai s ln do tc ng ca nhiu : do nhiu chu k o t T T. Sai
s s l T = T T ' .
khc phcc th tin hnh o mT , nhng nh vy th tc ng nhanh gim v
sai s tnh nh i m ln, sai s ng tng ln. Do c th chn m sao cho sai s tng
l nh nht.
2-4Chn cc thng s ca tn hiu i vi h thng o xa tn s dng phng
php m trc tip.
Ta kho st mi quan h gia cc thng s ca tn hiu v sai s do vic o tn
s f bng ch th s dng phng php m trc tip (m
1
T trong khong thi
2
gian T C ).
Thi gian
1
1
T l
, nu lp y T C (khng nht thit phi l mt s chn ca cc
2f
2
1
T ) mt s lng xung, v s xung ma b m m c l:
2
N=
TC
= 2 f TC
1
2f
1
2TC ( f max f min)
(1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
max
min
gii hn ca n
l
f
min
=0 ; f
max
=f
gh
. Vi f
gh
max
gh
max
W(x) =
1
khi x1 x x2
x2 x1
W(x)
1
x2 x1
V tn hiu c mt ph:
A
S X ( )=
khi gh
x1
x2
khi > gh
x2
x2
[x M ( x)] .W(x) dx =
D(x) =
x1
x 2 W(x) =
x1
x2
x1
x2
x2
dx = 2
x 2 x1
3
(Nu x 1 =-x 2 )
D( d )
d
)=
D( d )=4x 22 . D( nd )
2 x2
4 x 22
Vy :
4 x 2 .D.( )
D( d )
= 2 2 nd =12D( nd )
D( x)
x2
3
2=
D( nd ) =
C : =
gh TS
2
2
12
2
108
( vi 2
gh (n + l )TC
2
9
: l h s
T ta c : D( nd ) =
Ta c : n =
2
2
(n + l ) 2 TC
gh
432
1
2TC ( f max f min )
x 22
3
n2 max
3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
vy :
1
2TC ( f max f min )
D( n ) =
v :
Sai s tng : D( n
D( n )=
1
2
)= D( n ) + D( nd )
1
2
2
(n + l ) 2 TC
gh
432
1
12( f max f min ) 2
B=
2
(n + l ) 2
gh
432
6
f min ) gh (n + l )
( f max
)=2 AB
Thay A, B vo :
D 0 ( n )=
gh (n + l )
36( f max f min )
Uv
U1
To xung
Tch phn
ur
uv
t
U1
t
Ur
bnh.
in p trung bnh u ra l: atb =
m .
(T )
2
= 2. mf
m ra
R
= m
(1 2.f ) .
R
Q I n
=
C
C
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
(1 2 . f ) = (1 2f )
= m
m
2
2 RC
2
Gi tr tng i p mch:
P =
r max r min
(1 2f )
4 ( f max f min )
(1 2f min )
4 ( f max f min )
Nu ta cho
(* *)
T
1
= max khi gi tr ra x 2 l ln nht v bng m
2 f max
2
. gi tr p mch cc i x 2 l:
P max
2 f min
1
2 f max
=
P max =
4 ( f max f min )
1
4f max
(* * *)
b b
= ( f o + Kx )
N a
U(t)
U(t)
t1 t1
t2 t2
S(t)
t
mT
mT
u(t) u(t)
t1
A
B
t1
(t1 t1 ') v
nhin.
Gi s ta bit gi tr ngu nhin ca nhiu t1 l S( t1 ), ph ca n b hn ch v
gii tn knh cng hn ch.
hnh b, ta chn on BC l on thng, th ta c:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
tg =
tg = 2f m
AB = S (t1 )
AC =
AB
= t 2
tg
Vy: t1 =
S (t1 )
2f m
D( S )
(2f m )2
2 S o f
2
2(f m )
2 S o f
(f m )2
khng ph thuc vo tn s S n (t o ) = S o
By gi ta tnh sai s do vic o thi gian mT trong sai s o tn s f.
Gi s:kt qu o mT bng phng php sai s l:
N=amT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
b
b
=
N amT
dy
b
=
d (mT )
a (mT ) 2
vi sai s l (mT ) , ta c: y =
Sai s tng i quy i: =
y
y max y min
amTmin
a (mT )
b
amTmax
2
Ta c:
f =
f min
1
T
1
Tmax
f max =
=
1
tf 2
m( f max f min )
Tmin
(mT ) = t
f2
D f (...) = D(t )
m( f max f min )
Thay gi tr D( t ) vo, ta c:
(
f )2 S o f
D f (....) =
[ m m( f max f min )]2
Nh vy phng sai ca n thay i theo di tn ca tn hiu.
n gin ta coi M( t )=0 M( n )=0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
1
f max f min
f max
f min
2 S o f
m m ( f max f min )
2
2 S o f
f
f min
. max
= 2 2 2
3
3
m m ( f max f min )
Ta bit:
f max = f gh
f 2 df
f gh = f
TC
1
m
f min =
=
m
Tmax TC
m
3
(
)
S
f
f
o
C
T ta c : D ( n ) =
3
m
2
2 2
3 m m f
TC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
GIAN XUNG.
u,
DC
Analog
DC
Digital
P1
GM
P2
N/I
Pn
N/U
Tmax Tmin
(x xmin )
xmax xmin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
u(t)
Mc
s(t)
t
B
A
u(t)
u(t)
s(t)
t2 t1
Trn hnh trn ta c: ng chm l ng tn hiu tng ca u(t)+s(t)= u (t )
Khi khng c nhiu, th u(t) ct gi tr mc t1 , do c nhiu nn u (t ) ct t 2 .
V sai lch v thi gian: t = t1 - t 2 .
Du t l bt k, ph thuc vo nhiu.
thi im t1 : nghing ca sn xung c tnh : a =
Ta c ABC vung: AC =
du (t )
/ t1
dt
BC
tg (BAC )
Ta thy:t s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
D(t ) = 2 D(t ) .
Ta c: D(t ) =
2S So
So
2
2
2
2 m f 2 m f
D ( t )
So
=
2
2
2
(Tmax Tmin )
2 m f (Tmax Tmin )
So
m 2f . ( n )
1
1
=
f gh f
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
Ngc li: nu bit trc s knh, khi tnh ra sai s ng, thy vt qu sai s
cho php th c th gim s knh, hoc tng di tn f ca knh ln. khi gim cc
gi tr TC , TS do s gim sai s ng.
3.4 Chn cc thng s ca tn hiu trong iu kin ti u:
Khi h thng thit lp o mt qu trnh, bit trc cc c tnh ng, c th
chn cc thng s ti u t iu kin sai s tng nh nht.
Ta gi thit rng: qu trnh phn b u v ph u, ta c:
D( n ) =
gh 2 (n + l )2 TC 2
(xem li mc 15)
432
2
f
4
f
2 So
4
m f TC
f
(sai s tnh)
2 So
4
m f TC
f
gh 2 (n + l )2 TC 2
432
2 So
2 2 m q 2 fTC
2
2 So
2 2 m q 2 fTC
2
+ gh (n + l )
2
TC
.
432
Gi tr ti u ca TC l:
432S o
Tco = 4
2f
.
q gh (n + l ) m
Gi tr ti u ca sai tng:
Do ( n ) =
gh (n + l ) S o
.
6q m
3f
Tmin
2
1
. Nu nh hn, phi chn gi tr khc cho q v tnh li t u.
f
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
Chng 4 :
H THNG O XA M-XUNG
4. 1 Cu trc:
trong HT m xung, tn hiu o qua cc sensor bin i thnh p, sau p
c bin i thnh tn hiu s v truyn trn knh lin lc. H thng c n knh theo n
tn hiu o.
HT gm 3 phn:
Phn pht: b phn knh k ln lt a cc p u1 u n vo b bin i A/D,
to thnh tn hiu s dng m song song. Sau qua b chuyn i m, m song
song m ni tip qua b kim tra KT thm m chng nhiu qua b ha hp
HH to ra tn hiu s ph hp vi knh truyn, sau truyn qua knh. B to
xung ng b to ra cc xung ng b u mi chu k truyn i ca n m ni tip.
B iu khin to tn hiu iu khin cho php cc khi hat ng ha hp.
Phn thu: tn hiu t knh lin lc truyn i vo b ha hp HH to ra tn
hiu s c tn s thc ca n sau qua b kim tra thc hin vic kim tra tn hiu
s thc hin c, bng php kim tra chn l xem tn hiu s nhn c ng hay
sai. Nu ng, tn hiu ny i vo b chuyn i m bin m ni tip m song
song a vo b gii knh K. ng thi tn hiu t u ra ca HHi qua b
TXB tch xung ng b v qua khi iu khin to a ch v tn hiu iu
khin cho b gii knh. Sau b gii knh, tn hiu a n b nh - y l cc tri g
nh, s tri g nh =s dy ca m. Sau qua b bin i s tng t ( A/D ) ra
ch th. ng thi cc tn hiu s mang thng tin ca tn hiu o v mang a ch c
a n my tnh thc hin qu trnh iu khin.
4.2 Cc dng tn hiu:
trong HT o m xung, thng dng m nh phn, do ch c du hiu l 0, 1,
nn thun tin cho s dng v cho knh lin lc lm tng tnh hiu qu ca knh.
Khi cn ch th s dng m 2 10.
Tn hiu mang m c th c dng bt k, nhng thng dng l dng xung
vung.
di xung b nht l: min =
f gh
c
vi c = 0, 5 1.
f gh
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
1
f gh
1
TT
TT : di mt ln truyn k hiu m.
Cch khc:
V=
min
tn hiu 2: TT =2 mim v =
2
tn hiu 3: TT =3 min v =
3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
p= W ( s)ds
m
1
2
W(s)=
e 2
2
1
T : P =
2
s2
e
2
ds = 1- * (
1
y hm ( x) =
2
t 2
2
m
]
dt
Ta c bng gi tr sau:
m
3, 5
4, 5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
2, 3. 10 4
3, 2. 10 5
3, 4. 10 6
2)
b mo 1 k hiu bt k.
3)
b mo 2 k hiu bt k
m+1) b mo tt c n k hiu.
Xc sut tng ca tt c kh nng y bng 1.
Gi P -xc sut thu nhn sai ca mt k hiu bt k.
Q -xc sut nhn ng.
Ta c: Q =1- P
Tng ca chng theo :
()
(Q + P ) n = [(1 P ) + P ]
Do Tc = nTT
Sai s tng y ch yu do qu trnh lng t ha.
Nu thang o = 2 x2 , th gi tr 1 bc lng t l: q =
Sai s lng t c phn b u t
n max
2 x2
2m
q +q
gi tr sai s tng i quy i.
2
2
q
2
1
= m+1
=
2 x2
2
3.2
2 ( m +1)
W gh (n + l ) (m + 1) TT
2
432
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
c
f gh
1
f gh
c = 1 min =
f gh = .f
Vy:
D( n ) =
D( n ) =
wgh (n + l ) (m + 1)
2
432. 2 f 2
1 wgh (n + l )
2
=
(m + 1)
3 12. .f
2
1 wgh (n + l )
2
+
(m + 1) Sai s tng:
3 12. .f
2
3.2 2(m+1)
3 12. .f
Lc ny ta c:
D( n ) =
1
3.2
2 ( m +1)
+ A(m + 1) 2
phi
1
3.2
2 ( m1 +1)
+ Am1 (m1 + 1) 2 =
phng
1
3.2
2 ( m1 + 2 )
sai
ging
nhau.
1
(2m1 + 3).2 2 ( m1 + 2 )
Cho cc gi tr m1 ta c Am1 :
m1
10
Am1
4,65.10 6
1,01.10 6
2,24.10 7
5.10 8
1,12.10 8
2,68.10 9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
Sau khi bit mo , ta tnh sai s tng D( n ). Sau kim tra li xem c t sai
s cho khng. Nu khng, phi thay i cc iu kin nh gim s knh n, tng
gii tn f . Sau tnh li.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
5.1. t vn :
Trong 3 h thng o xa xt, vic truyn thng tin o lng theo mt chng
trnh c nh.
Vic ri rc ha theo thi gian v lng t ha theo mc c tin hnh cng
theo chng trnh c nh y.
iu ny dn n d tha thng tin o.
t
V d : mt i lng o x (t ) nu ta truyn i cc i lng o cch u nhau
nhau mt khong t l nguyn nhn pht sinh cc thng tin d.
Vic truyn thng tin d s gy ra:
Lm tng di tn ca knh.
Lm tng thi gian x l thng tin trn my tnh.
Lm tng cng sut tiu hao ca khu pht.
Tng khi lng thit b ca khu pht tng g thnh, gim tin cy
Theo cc ti liu thng k cho thy: 90% chi ph cho HT o xa l do thng tin
d.
V th vn gim thng tin d l cn thit.
Vi s pht trin ca cc HT o xa: cc tn hiu qua sensor c ln lt a
vo h thng. thay i ch lm vic ca cc HT o xa cn ch n th t a
tn hiu vo h thng, bc ri rc ha, mc lng t ha, vic nh s cc sensor
c th thay i theo lnh hay theo mt chng trnh c nh trong HT.
HTo xa thch nghi thc hin vic t ng thay i chng trnh , ty thuc
vo vic thay i thi gian ca tn hiu o.
Vic thch nghi c th tin hnh bng cch:
1) loi tr cc thng tin d bng kiu ri rc ha thch nghi.
2) thay i mc lng t ha i lng o.
Cch th nht cho php gim c thng tin d. Do ta nghin cu HT ny.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
N max
N
hay
Kc =
H max
H
f max
f
Hoc di dng t s cng sut trc v sau khi gim thng tin d: K c =
pmax
p
x(t ) = a o + a1t + a 2 t 2 + K + a m t m = ai t i
i =0
thc hin vic nn tin bng biu thc ny, cn phi c mt thit b xc
nh sai s xp x ha v a ra tn hiu t l vi sai s y, d lm thay i ch lm
vic ca h thng. Thit b ny l b bin i sai s xp x ha (BSX).
nh gi sai s xp x ha, thng dng tiu chun lch ln nht.
Sai s ny c hai dng:
Dng ngoi suy
Dng ni suy.
1) Dng ngai suy:
Da vo vic ngoi suy tn hiu o bng chui Taylor:
t
t2
U (tO + t ) = U (t o ) + U ' (t o ) + U ' ' (t o ) + ...
1!
2!
n my pht Uc
>
M
Xung iu khin
thi im t=0 ta c
Khi c xung iu khin ( thi im ghi i lng o) th kha K ng li. T
C np n gi tr U(t). Sau khi K m, t x, nn u vo b ki xut hn in
p:
v = U (t ) U (0) = o tc l bng sai s xp x ha. Sau ly modul ( M ), ta c
in p t l vi gi tr tuyt i ca sai s:
Uc = K o
K:h s ki ca b ki.
u(t) b
u(t)
u(t0)
t
t0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
M V CH BIN M
a=2
ab
01
a=3
abc
012
01101
t m
01011
d=2
6.2 Yu cu ca m:
-Cn c chnh xc cao: xc sut nhm 10 3 10 9
cc tiu
Cc
Tp tin
vo
Tp tin
ra
T m dng
T m cm
Nu s t m dng cng t, s t m cm cng nhiu th b m cng vi kh
nng chng nhiu cng cao: v cc t m dng cng cch xa nhau nn kh nng nhiu
gy ra sai t m dng ny tr thnh t m dng khc l rt nh.
c) Cch sa sai ca m chng nhiu:
Trong tp cc t m ( b m N d ) ta chn cc tp con khng giao nhau c cha
cc t m c dng. Nu nhiu lm t m c dng bin thnh t m cm, nhng
vn nm trong tp con th t m sai c sa thnh t m dng ca tp con y (t
A a).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
a
A
B
6.4 Quan h gia kh nng chng nhiu ca m vi khong cch m nh nht:
Khang cch m gia hai t m i v j c nh ngha:
d ij = (X iK + X jK )mod 2
n
K =1
xiK :phn t th K ca t m i
x jK :phn t th K ca m j.
Vd: c hai t m:
10110
d ij = 0 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 11 ~ 3 d=3.
11101
th t m ny bin thnh t m
r d min 1
=
2
2
b nhiu lm mt i
trong qu trnh truyn tin. Nh vy tng d trong tin l 1 bin php tch cc
chng nhiu.
Mt t m c chiu di n c th vit:
n=m+K
m: phn t mang tin.
K: phn t d (kim tra).
Ty theo cu to tng loi m m tr s K khc nhau, K cng ln
kh
-i =S
Vi C : cu trc 1 t m.
Vy tng s t m trong mt nhm bng:
S
C
i =0
i
n
= Cn
i =0
2 m. C n
i =0
Ta c quan h: 2 n 2 m. C n S
i =0
Bin i:
S
2n
s
= 2 nm = 2 K Cn
m
2
i =0
Ly logarit 2 v ta c: K log 2 C n S
i =0
vy : K log 2
d 1
2
d 1
2
i =0
Cn
V=
V21V22 ...V2 n
L
Vn1Vn 2 ...Vnn
n=m+K
11011
110110
10101
101011
00010
000101
Vy di ca t m nhn c l: n=m+1.
Tng s cc t m c th nhn c l N= 2 n .
Trong ch c mt na N1 = 2 n1 l t m dng, cn na cn li N 2 = 2 n1 l t m
cm. Nu gi h s d l t s gia di ca t m n v s phn t mang tin m,
th i vi m kim tra chn ta c:
=
n m +1
1
=
= 1+
m
m
m
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
R: ma trn kt qu.
V d: pha thu nhn c t m F=11011
Ta thc hin php kim tra R:
1
1
R = F .H T = [11011]1 = 0
1
1
Kt qu kim tra bng 0. Chng t rng trong t m khng c sai (khng c sai bc
l)Nu kt qu 0 trong t m c sai.
Tng t c th xy dng m kim tra l, m ny cu to n gin, dng ni nhiu
t.
b) M c trng lng khng i:
L m c di cc t m nh nhau v s phn t 1 trong cc t m khng i.
M ny c th pht hin tt c cc sai tr trng hp sai i ln: c ngha l c
bao nhiu phn t 1 bin thnh 0 th cng c by nhiu phn t 0 bin thnh 1.
S t m dng c tnh nh sau: N l = C n l =
n!
l!(n l )!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
M C7 3
00011
1010100
00101
0101010
01010
1110000
Ch : m c ngha l di m.
Trng lng: c ngha l s phn t 1 c trong m.
pha thu c b phn tnh s phn t 1 trong t m. Nu s phn t 1 khng
bng trng lng ca m th t m sai.
M ny c tnh chng nhiu cao do pht hin c nhiu dng sai.
Nhc im: thit b m ha v dch m phc tp.
6.9 Cc loi m pht hin sai v sa sai:
Khi bc sa sai ln (S 2) th thit b phc tp. Thc t hay dng cc m c bc
sa sai S 2 : tc l c kh nng sa c 1, 2 ch sai trong t m.
1) M hming:
-M H c d min = 3 c th pht hin v sa tt c li sai bc 1 (r=1, s=1)
-M H c d min = 4 c th pht hin sa cha bc 2 (r =2) v sa sai bc 1 (S = 1).
thnh lp m H ta chn mt b m y c chiu di t m m phn t mang tin.
Thm vo K phn t d (kim tra) th c 1 t m H c di n=m+K.
Qu trnh m ha, dch m ca m H sa sai bc 1 nh sau:
-M ha: u tin xc nh K. Sai c th xut hin 1 trong cc phn t ca t m,
k c khng c sai trong t m. Ta c n+1 kh nng xy ra khi t m c truyn i.
y ta xt sai bc 1 l loi sai c th sa c.
Chn K sao cho c th phn bit c n+1 trng hp ni trn. m bo iu
, K cn tha mn bt phng trnh: 2 K n + 1
Quan h gia K v m trong m H nh sau:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
10
11
12
13
V tr ca cc phn t d:
thun tin cho vic pht hin sai th K nm cc v tr l bi ca 2 trong di t
m n. Tc l ti cc v tr 1, 2, 4, 8, Cc v tr cn li l cc v tr mang tin.
V d: m H c n=7 th v tr ca cc phn t mang tin v phn t d nh sau:
K1
K2
m4
K3
20
21
m3
m2
m1
22
V tr biu din h 2
Cc phn t ca m nhn
c
001
K1
010
K2
011
100
m3
101
m2
110
m1
111
m4
K3
m4
m3
m1
K2
m4
m2
m1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
m3
m2
m1
0011
0101
0111
Tng ng vi phn t ng v tr 1 ( K1 ) , v tr th 3 ( m4 ), v tr 5 ( m3 ), v tr 7
( m1 ).
-Nhn vo bng 1 ta xem ct th 1 ng vi cc phn t 1 trong ct ny, ta dng sang
phi, s tm c cc phn t tgia vo php kim tra 1.
-Php kim tra 2 gm cc phn t m s th t ca n vit h 2 c phn t 1 hng
2:
0010
0011
0110
0111
0110
0111
? ? 0 ? 001
Theo bng hai ta c:
-Php kim tra 1:
K1 + m4 + m3 + m1 = 0
(mod 2)
?+0+0+1=0
K1 = 1
K 2 + m4 + m2 + m1 = 0
?+0+0+1=0
K2 = 1
K 3 + m3 + m2 + m1 = 0
?+0+0+1=0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
10
K1
K2
m4
K3
m3
m2
m1
(s th t cc phn t)
K 3 + m3 + m2 + m1 = 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
K ng: F .H T = 0
F = [1100110]
Ma trn E c dng:
E = [0000010]
Vy F ' = F + E = [1100100]
Ma trn kim tra H c dng:
1
1
H (7 4) =
0
2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1
110
000
011
000
111
000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
Hy m ha thng bo 1011
Gii:
P ( x) = x 3 + x 2 + 1 1101
G ( x) = x 3 + x + 1 1011
Nhn
G ( x).x K :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
= 110 +
1101
1101
chia
Phn d : R( x) = x 2 100
Ta c t m chu k:
F ( x) = G ( x).x K + R( x)
= x 6 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 1011
{100
{
mgtin
du
[P(x )]mn
G ( x).x K
K 1
G ( x).x
= L
G ( x).x1
0
G ( x).x
[P( x)]47
1
0
=
0
1 0 1 0 0 0 a1
1 1 0 1 0 0 a2
0 1 1 0 1 0 a3
0 0 1 1 0 1 a4
m = 4
n = 7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
0110100
3 : a3
0011010
4 : a4
0001101
5 : a1 + a2
1011100
6 : a1 + a3
1110010
7 : a1 + a4
1100101
8 : a 2 + a3
0101110
9 : a2 + a4
0111001
10 : a3 + a4
0010111
11 : a1 + a 2 + a3
1000110
12 : a1 + a3 + a 4
1111011
13 : a1 + a 2 + a 4
1010001
14 : a2 + a3 + a4
0100011
15 : a1 + a 2 + a3 + a 4 1001011
Trong h 10
11
0111
1011
11
1101
13
10011
19
11001
25
11111
31
F ' ( x)
. Nu R(x)=0 t m l ng.
P( x)
F ( x) 1111100
111
=
= 1001 +
P( x)
1101
1101
0111110
1010
= 100 +
1101
1101
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
3:
chia
0011111
101
= 10 +
1101
1101
1001111
1
= 110 +
1101
1101
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
CHNG 7:
KNH LIN LC
Rt = Ro 1 + t 0
Ro : in tr 0 0 C
: h s n .
cu = 0,0039
thp = 0,0046
L = 4. ln + K . .10 4
r
a: khong cch 2 si ( cm )
r: bn knh si
( cm )
K: h s k n nh hng ca hiu ng mt
ngoi
in dung ca dy 2 si:
C=
.10 6
36. ln
a
r
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
C=
.10 6
18. ln
2h
r
Trong : : hng s in mi
K =1
2
R + jL
G + jC
G: in dn.
L
C
Nu dy ng:
ZS = 600 900
Khi truyn nng lng trn ng dy ngi ta cn ch n tng tr sng ZS. V khi
tha mn:
ZS = Zti
Th tng tr u vo:
Z vo =
U vo
= ZS .
I vo
Lc ny ng dy truyn nng lng t cao nht cho ta hiu sut truyn cao nht,
nu khng s c hin tng phn x sng: sng cui ng dy s tip tc i n
u ng dy v sinh ra nhiu.
Mt thng s quan trng ca ng dy l h s lan truyn
= + j =
(R +
Trong :
: h s suy gim.
jL )(G + jC )
v1
I
1 P
= ln 1 = ln 1 .
v2
I 2 2 P2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
= 10 log
P1
I
v
= 20 log 1 = 20 log 1 db
P2
I2
v2
Trm
BA 1
Trm
BA 2
Cng
hng 1
Cng
hng 2
Lc
Lc
Trm
lin lc
Trm
lin lc
trong :
S(t): tn hiu c truyn.
x(t): tn hiu nhn c.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
Chng 8:
1 0
(1 - p)
0 1
p
p
0 0
(1 p)
0 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
n 1
n 1
P (1) = C n P 1 (1 P) n 1
Vy xc sut t m c i = 1 n ch sai l:
n
PS + PN = C n P 1 (1 p ) n i (4)
i
i =1
i = d min
i
n
P i (1 p ) n i
2m
2n
2 m : s t m ng.
2 n : s t m trong b m y khi chiu di t m l n.
2m
2n
1
2
nm
1
2K
P (i d min )
P (i d min )
P (i d min )
Hay c th vit:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
1
2K
i = d min
i
n
P i (1 P )
n i
(5)
xc.
8.2 Truyn tin c lp li: ( HT c knh thun )
y l 1 phng php nhm nng cao cxc. 1 thng bo truyn i a ln ( vi a l
mt s chn trc ).
Tr s a ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:
n gin chn a = hng s.
Thut ton truyn tin ny n gin, d thc hin, ch thc hin c trong knh
thun, khng c knh ngc.
Nhc: khi khng c nhiu hay cng nhiu thp th tc truyn tin l chm. V
lc ny khng c sai hay sai rt t.
Thut ton truyn tin c lp li gm 2 cch:
-Khng tch ly
-C tch ly.
+Khng tch ly: l sau mi ln nhn tin, pha thu tin hnh kim tra tin ng
hay sai ( c th dng m pht hin sai, hay m pht hin sai v sa sai ). Nu pht
hin ra sai th tin c xa i v pha thu ch tip nhn tin lp li. Nu tin nhn l
ng th truyn n cho ngi dng tin v nhng ln lp li tin tip theo l d.
+Ta thy rng sai thng xy ra 1 s phn t trong t m, cn cc phn t cn li l
ng. tn dng phn tin trong cc p t ng ca t m, ngi ta dng thut ton
lp li c tch ly. Khi ny s ln lp li a thng chn l s l. Cc tin b sai khng
b xa i m c ghi li sau khi nhn tin ca ln lp li cui cng, pha thu tin
hnh nhn t m theo tng phn t theo nguyn tc a s.
V d: 3 ln lp li, pha thu nhn c 3 t m :
1000100
+ 1111101
1010001
1010101
P l xc sut nhn ng
PS l xc sut nhn sai
trn.
2
Pa = p + PS P + PS P + ... + PS
2
= P (1 + PS + PS + ... + PS
a 1
a 1
Pa = P .
1 PS
1 PS
(6)
Tng t ta c:
a
PNa = PN
1 PS
1 PS
(7)
PSa = PS .a
(8)
V ta c:
Pa + PSa + PNa = 1
a=
Pa 1 PS
=
P
1 PS
(9)
Khi a hu hn:
a=
1
1 PS
(10)
m m 1 PS
= .
na n 1 PS a
(11)
Khi a hu hn:
R=
m
(1 P)
n
(12)
T y ta thy rng tng R phi gim n, gim PS . Ta thy rng khi c m phn t
mang tin bit, nu dng m c n nh th kh nng chng nhiu km. Do xc
sut pht hin sai PS tng ln. V th khng th ng thi gim n v PS .
8.4 Thut ton truyn tin lp li dng trong h thng c knh ngc quyt nh:
Ngy nay h thng truyn tin c knh ngc c dng rng ri. Nh c knh
ngc m pha thu c th bo cho bn pht bit trc tnh trng ca cc tin nhn c.
H thng truyn tin c knh ngc c chia lm 2 loi:
-Loi 1: HTTT c knh ngc tin tc. Trong h thng ny sau khi nhn tin, pha thu
truyn tin theo knh ngc v cho pha pht. Bn pht i chiu tin pht i v
tin nhn tr v theo knh ngc. Nu 2 tin trng nhau th pha pht gi i tn hiu
ng v pha thu truyn tin sang b phn dng tin. Trong trng hp ngc li,
pha pht gi i tn hiu sai pha thu xa tin va nhn c v ch nhn tin nhc
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
NT
Knh
thun
M ha
iu
ch
Dch m
ngc
Gii iu
ch ngc
Knh
ngc
Gii
iu ch
Dch
m
iu ch
ngc
M ha
ngc
Nh c knh ngc m pha thu c th bo cho pha pht bit c tin c nhn l
ng hay sai. Trong thc t, knh ngc ch cn truyn i 2 tn hiu biu hin ng
hay sai, hoc l ch cn truyn 1 tn hiu ng, cn nu khng nhn c tn hiu
th c ngha l tn hiu nhn c l sai v cn lp li.
n gin cho thit b dch m ngi ta thng dng m pht hin sai.
Ta c biu thc:
a
Pa = P
PSa = p S
1 PS
1 PS
a
II
II
1 - pS
I
1 - pS
pS
pS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
I
a-1
I
a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
T m thng vo
Cng
Mod2
k ghi
Ghi
Pht xung
01001
T m kim tra
chn
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
0100
Cng
mod 2
X0
X1
Mod
cng 2
G(x)
X2
K1
X3
X4
K2
H
Mch m thi gian
Qu trnh trnh to m chu k nh sau:
Cho t mG(x).
Nhn
G ( x).x K
Chia
G ( x).x K
c phn d R(x)
P ( x)
M chu k
F ( x) = G ( x).x K + R( x)
G ( x).x K
. Sau n nhp, qu trnh chia kt thc
P( x)
X0
F(x)
X2
X3
Cc ghi phn d
Mod
2
X0
Mod
2
X1
X2
G(x)
K1
X3
X4
D1
D3
R1
R2
R3
D2
D5
D4
D6
R1
110
R2
101
R3
011
R1 R2 R3
Gi s t m nhn c l 110, c 2 xung a vo R1 ' ' v R2 ' ' . Bnh thng R' R"
nn thc t khng c dng qua R' .
Khi c 2 xung vo R1 " vR2 " D1 D2 D3 D4 kha c dng qua R1 ' v ta ly c in p
ra trn ng vi thng bo A. Cn D5 D6 vn thng nn khng c dng qua R2 ' vR3 '
nn khng c thng bo B v C. ng vi t m khc cng tng t
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
CHNG 10:
10.1 t vn :
C s l thuyt ca h truyn tin l l thuyt truyn tin. hiu r l thuyt truyn
tin, cn hiu r l thuyt xc sut v l thuyt hm ngu nhin.
L thut ny ra i t nhng nm 20 30 ca th k 20.
Nm 1928: nh bc hc M Hatly cho ra biu thc logarit o lng tin tc.
Nm 1933: nh bac hc Nga Kachenhicp cho ra nh lut Kachenhicp v kh nng
phn tch 1 tn hiu lin tc thnh nhng tn hiu gin an vi ph hn ch.
Nm 1940: nh bc hc Shenon (M) + Kachenhicp chng minh cht ch cc nh
l c bn v l thuyt truyn tin.
10.2 Tin tc, thng bo, tn hiu:
-Tin tc: l hiu bit mi v 1 s kin hay 1 s vt no m ngi ta nhn c do
tc ng tng h gia ngi nhn tin v mi trng xung quanh.
-Thng bo: l 1 dng biu din tin tc: bi vit, li ni, hnh nh, s liu. Trong
thong bo c cha nhiu tin tc.
-Tn hiu: l 1 qu trnh vt l no ( m, quang, in, ) dng phn nh thng
bo. Tn hiu l vt mang tin tc i xa.
Trong o v K xa thng dng 2 dng tn hiu truyn:
+Tn hiu xoay chiu: i = I m .sin(t + )
(1).
F (t ) = Ao + AK cos( Kt + k )
(2)
K =1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
2
: tn s gc.
T
k: gc pha ban u ca iu ha bc K.
T: chu k ca hm F(t).
K: 1, 2, 3,
Tn s ca iu ha bc 1 f1 bng nghch o ca chu k T:
f1 =
1
(3).
T
Tn s ca diu ha bc K:
f K = K . f1 .
truyn ht nng lng, cn tn hiu hnh tam gic th gn 1 na nng lng b tn tht,
do tn hiu thu c s b mo nhiu. (nng lng ca tn hiu t l vi din tch
gii hn bi hnh bao ca ph tn hiu vi trc honh ).
Nh vy tn hiu hnh chhung l tt nht. Nhng thit b to ra xung hnh chung
phc tp. Nn trong thc t hay dng xung ch nht. T hnh ta thy: 0
: nng
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
x ( Kt )
K =0
1
c ngha l:
2 fm
sin 2f m (t Kt )
.
2 . f m (t Kt )
Trong k: bc ca hm iu ha.
Hm x(t) tng t hm x(t).
V hm
sin x
c gi tr =1 ti x=0, ngoi gi tr ra, hm tt rt nhanh hm lin
x
tc.
Ban u tng ng vi tp cc hm iu ha c bin ln nht bng gi tr tc thi
ca hm lin tc ti cc thi im cch nhau t =
Nh vy: nu chn t =
1
.
2 fm
1
. Th c th khi phc li x(t) t x(t).
2 fm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
1
( cng thc Harley ).
P ( xi )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
I ( xi ) = log a P( xi )
P( xi ): xc sut xy ra s kin xi .
Biu thc trn tha mn cc iu kin yu cu nn c gi l lng tin ring ca xi .
Tng qut: mt ngun thng bo x thng c cc thnh phn x1 , x 2 ,..., x n vi cc xc
sut tng ng P( x1 ), P( x 2 ),..., P( x n ) . Vy lng tin tc trung bnh ca ngun thng
bo s bng:
n
I ( x) = P( xi ) log a P ( xi )
i =1
1
.
n
Th :
1
1
I ( x) = n . log a = log a n . Lc ny lng tin tc t gi tr ln nht.
n
n
1
ng kh nng vi
2
s kh nng n = 2 .
Lng tinca th nghim bng:
I ( x) = log 2 2 = 1 .
H ( x) = P ( xi ) log a P ( xi ) .
i =1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
H ( x) = P ( xi ) log 2 P ( xi ) .
i =1
N c c tnh sau:
-Entropi l 1 s thc, hu hn, khng m v 0 P( xi ) 1 .
-Entropi ca thng bo hon ton c xc nh s =0.
R rng rng: nu bit trc s kin xy ra th xc sut ca s kin = 1, cn xc
sut cc s kin khc = 0, tc l
P ( x1 ) = 1
P ( x 2 ) = P ( x3 ) = ... = P( x n ) = 0
H ( x) = P( x1 ) log 2 P ( x1 ) + P ( xi ) log 2 P ( xi ) .
i=2
S hng u = 0, v log 2 1 = 0 .
S hng th hai 0 khi P( xi ) 0 .
-Entropi s cc i khi xc sut xut hin cc thng bo l nh nhau, tc P( xi ) =
n
1
n
Lc ny H ( x) max = log 2
i =1
1
.
n
1
log 2 n .
n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
= P ( x1 ) log 2 P( x1 ) [1 P ( x1 )]log 2 [1 + P ( x 2 )]
P ( x1 ) = 0
P ( x2 ) = 1
P ( x1 ) = 1
hoc
Entropi t cc i khi P( x1 ) = P( x 2 ) =
P( x2 ) = 0
1
.
2
H(x)
P(x)
0
0.5
1
2
Gii:
n
H ( x) = P ( xi ) log 2 P ( xi )
i =1
Ta c :
= P ( xi ) log 2 P ( xi )
i =1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
log 2 q
T
, :
rng xung ( thi gian truyn 1 xung ), th trong thi gian T c th truyn c n xung:
n=
= S .T .
C = lim
=S v nh phn.
giy
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
b i t
giy
NP
K hiu giy
C ngha l trong knh nh phn, 1 k hiu (1 hay 0) ti a c th mang 1 lng tin
tc = 1 v nh phn ( bit ).
Nu u vo ca knh c ngun tin tc m Entropi trn 1 k hiu = dung lng ca
knh, th ngi ta bo rng ngun tin v knh ph hp nhau.
Nu dng lng knh ln hn tr s entropi trn 1 k hiu ca ngun tin th chng
khng ph hp nhau. Lc ny knh truyn cha c dng ht kh nng ca n.
Vy: Nu knh c kh nng thng lng C ( v NP/S ) cn ngun tin c entropi H (
v . NP/thng bo ) th tc trung bnh truyn tin trong knh khng th vt qu
C/H ( thng bo/S ) .
V d 1: 1 ngun c 2 tin A, B vi xc sut P(A)=P(B)=0, 5
Entropi ca ngun:
H = (0,5 log 2 0,5 + 0,5 log 2 0,5)
= 1 n v NP
thng bo
H biu th lng tin tc cha trong 1 thng bo ( A;B ) dng knh nh phn c C=1 v
NP/giy, vn tc trung bnh truyn tin:
C 1
= =1
H 1
thng bo/S
viNP
tbo
tbo
Vy:
H ( x) = (0,5 log 2 0.5 + 0,5 log 2 0,5) = 1
Nu P 0
C1
C n = 0, 5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
Cn = 0
P= 10 3
C n 1 ( Pn 0 C n 1 )
Tc truyn tin l thuyt ( thng lng ) c Shenon biu din 1 dng khc:
P
C = f log1 + th
Pn
viNP
f : di tn ca knh.
Pth
Pn
Gii:
K = 23 = 8
bo c to thnh t b ch ci .
Gii:
Lng tin tc ca 1 k hiu ca thng bo chnh = entropi ca b ch ci cho.
n
H = Pi log 2 Pi = (2 0,25 log 2 0,25 + 0,34 log 2 0,34 + 0,16 log 2 0,16 =
i =1
( )
A
A
H ( ) = P log 2
B
B
A
A
A
P + 1 P log 2 1 P
B
B
B
= (0,2 log 2 0,2 + 0,8 log 2 0,8) = 0,464386 + 0,257514 = 0,7219 bit
khiu
B
H = [0,0123 log 2 0,0123 + (1 0,0123) log 2 (1 0,0123)] = 0,095 bt
khieu .
A
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
: cng hng.
( ln/gi )
t=0
P(t) = 1
P(t) = 0.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============
: ( ln/gi )
tcp
t cp =
ln[P(t )]
Pht (t ) = Pi (t ) Pi (t ) 1
i =1
Pht = 1 [1 Pi (t )].
i =1
trong cc phn t song song, s phn t song song cng tng th tin cy ca h
thng cng tng.
tin cy ca h thng tin cy ca phn t.
Kt lun: c th xy dng cc s c kh nng c tin cy cao, trn c s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98
============== Khoa in B mn T ng ha ==============