Nutritional Composition of Breast Milk

Human Milk Facts

Isotonic Solution
milk and plasma are of similar ion concentration

Designed to protect infants chronic childhood diseases.

T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and epithelial cells aid in protection

Two forms of breast milk are colostrum and mature milk.

Lactogenesis
Lactogenesis is the production of human milk.
Three phases:
Lactogenesis I, II, III

Colostrum in Human Milk

Thick, yellow fluid Produced during lactogenesis II (2-3 days after birth) Provides 58-70 cal/100 ml High in protein, electrolytes, sodium, potassium, chloride and vitamin A Low in fat and carbohydrate Lactobacillus bifidus factor

Mature Human Milk

Thin and watery texture Forms during lactogenesis III Provides 2,730-2,940 cal/L High in linoleic acid and cholesterol content for brain development High in fat content and lactose Docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) Long chain omega-3 fatty acids. Used for synthesis of brain tissues, central nervous system and eyes DHA and cholesterol not found in human milk substitutes

Mature Human Milk- PRO

Protein Low content Dependent on infants age Antiviral and antimicrobial effects Casein Major protein in mature milk Casein, calcium phosphate, and other ions such as magnesium and citrate is what makes milk appear white.

Mature Human Milk- CHO

Lactose Disaccharide of galactose and glucose. Dominant carbohydrate in human milk. Enhances calcium absorption. Other carbohydrates Monosaccharides Glucose Polysaccharides Contribute calories Stimulate the growth of bifidus bacteria in the gut Inhibit the growth of E. coli and other bacteria

Specific Nutrients in Human Milk

Human Milk Composition (per liter) Milk Component Lactose (g) Total protein (g) Fat% Calories Retinol (mg) Caretenoids (mg) Riboflavin (ug) Niacin (mg) Vitamin B6 (mg) Pantothenic acid (mg) Biotin (ug) Folate (ug) Vitamin B12 (ug) Vitamin C (mg) Vitamin D (microgram) Vitamin E (mg) Vitamin K (microgram) Calcium (mg) Phosphorus (mg) Magnesium (mg) Copper (mg) Iron (mg) Zinc (mg) Early Milk 20-30 16 2 0 2 2 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-12 2-8 250 120-160 30-35 0.5-0.8 0.5-1.0 8-12 Mature Milk 67 9 3.5 2730-2940 0.3-0.6 0.3-0.6 400-600 1.8-6.0 0.9-0.31 2-2.5 5-9 80-140 .5-1.0 100 0.33 3-8 2-3 200-500 120-140 30-35 0.2-0.4 0.3-0.9 1-3

Change in Milk Composition During Feeding

Foremilk
Released first Higher in carbohydrate Lower in fat

Hindmilk
Resembles cream Higher in fat Lower in carbohydrate Released 10-20 minutes into the feeding

Milk Supply and Demand

First month postpartum
About 2.5 cups per day of milk is produced

4-5 months postpartum

About 3 cups produced per day

Variations in milk production

1.8-5 cups per day for women nursing one infant Infant weight, caloric density of milk and infants age contributes infants demand for milk.

Related Hormones
Oxytocin
This hormone causes the alveoli to contract and lets the milk flow. This is called the let down reflex

Prolactin
This hormone uses the alveoli to take the nutrients from the bloodstream and make it into milk.

http://www.breastfeedingpartners.org/about _breastfeeding/aagstobaby.html

BENEFITS OF BREAST MILK MOTHER-BABY

Benefits of breast milk to the baby

Breast milk and human colostrum are made for babies and is the best first food Easily digested and well absorbed Contains essential amino acids Rich in essential fatty acids Better bioavailability of iron and calcium

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Benefits of breast milk (contd.)

Prevents under five child deaths Protects against infections Prevents allergies Better intelligence Promotes emotional bonding Less heart disease, diabetes and lymphoma

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Protection against infection

1. Mother infected

2. WBC in mothers body make antibodies to protect mother

4. Antibody to mothers infection secreted in milk to protect baby

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3. Some WBCs go to breast and make antibodies there

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Benefits to mother
Helps in involution of uterus Delays pregnancy Decreases mothers workload, saves time and energy Lowers risk of breast and ovarian cancer Helps reduce weight faster

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Benefits to family and society

Contributes to child survival
Saves money

Promotes family planning

Environment friendly

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Procedures of breast feeding

 What is effective breastfeeding?

A baby that breastfeeds effectively cues (shows readiness) for feedings, is in a good feeding position, latches-on (attach) deeply at the breast, and moves milk forward from the breast and into his/her mouth.

 Feeding cues To feed effectively, a baby has to wake up and let his/her mother know that he/she wants to eat often enough in 24 hours. Watch your baby and begin breastfeeding when you see him/her demonstrating any of these feeding cues: licking rooting bobbing the head against the mattress or your neck/shoulder bringing hands to face or mouth squawking crying - Crying is a late feeding cue, and many babies have difficulty latching once they become frustrated and begin to cry.

 Feeding positions It will be easier for your baby to accomplish latch-on if he/she is snugly in a good position for feeding. The most common feeding positions include the following: cradle - the baby is held in the crook/elbow area of the arm on same side as breast to be used for feeding; mother supports breast with opposite hand; baby's body is rolled in toward mother's body so they are belly-to-belly. cross-cradle - baby's head is supported by the hand opposite the breast to be used for feeding; mother supports breast with hand; baby is rolled in toward mother's body belly-to-belly.

 football/clutch - baby's head is supported by the hand on the same side as breast to be used for feeding; baby's body is supported on a pillow and tucked under the arm on the same side as breast to be used for feeding. side-lying using modified cradle - in this position, the baby lies next to the mother with mother's and baby's bodies facing each other. If a pillow under your arm is uncomfortable, try placing your baby in the crook of your arm. This way, you will not be likely to roll over on the baby should you doze off. This position also keeps the baby's head at a good angle to bring baby and breast together, with the baby's head higher than his/her tummy, which can be helpful for babies who are more likely to spit up.

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