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DEFORMAII Deformaii elastice

b a l0
=
a'-a l'l 0 l = = a l0 l0 ,
b - b' , b

b a l

alungire specific liniar

t =

contracie specific transversal

e= E* E modul de elasticitate longitudinal efort unitar longitudinal

F l =E S0 l0

(modulul lui Young)

Hooke

= G* G modul de elasticitate transversal efort tangenial lunecare specific E, G, =

t

, G = E/2(1+)

Exemplu - OL 37 : e = 160 N/mm2 E = 2.1*105 N/mm2 G = 0.8*105 N/mm2 10-3 = 1 mm/m = 0.3 Deformaii plastice

r real
=
F , MPa S0

deformaie plastic

rupere

Diagrame de ntindere (Curbe caracteristice. Curbe efort - deformaie)

r conv. c(0,2) e(0,01) p(10)

Plastic (Ductile)

max

Cu, Al

A E

l * 100 l0

Beton Sticla Fonta

Casante (Fragile)

Curba caracteristic a unui oel moale

F = , MPa S0

E E

plas

E E
tot el r

E E

l * 100, % l0

Limita de proporionalitate - p, 10 Limita de elasticitate - e, 0.01 Limita de curgere - c, 0.2

Fluaj, curgere lent

Metode distructive de ncercare a materialelor. ncercri statice, dinamice i ciclice ncercri statice a) Rezistena la ntindere axial (traciune), (t,

Rt)

Rt =

Fmax S0 ,

MPa,

N mm 2

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S0

S0

b) Rezistena la compresiune (Rc)

Rc =

Fmax S0

c) Rezistena la ncovoiere static (Rnc)

F b h
R inc = M 3 F* l = W 2 b * h2 3 F*l 3.5 F * l = 2 2b* h 4 b * h2

R t = 0.59

d) Duritatea (Metoda Brinell)

l

F
F F = * D HB= A D - D 2 d2 2

ncercri dinamice a) Rezistena la compresiune prin oc

G h

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R c soc =

L G (h1 + h2 + ....... hn ) = = V V

G hi
i=1

, J / m3

b) Rezistena la ncovoiere prin oc (K)

b h G a

R1
KCVW /a/b =
0

R2

G*h W = , J / cm 2 S0 S0

, (W0 = 300 J)

ncercri ciclice a) Rezistena la oboseal (diagrama Whler)

t s n l
b) Rezistena la uzur (Ru) n
n (106 - 108)

n l

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Ru =

M M - M0 = , kg / m 2 S0 S0

Metode nedistructive de ncercare a materialelor. Avantage : nedistructiv Dezavantage : erori 50 - 10 % in situ soluii unice rapide i economice Metode mecanice Rezistana = f(duritate) a) Metode bazate pe amprent
Rc
d R c = Ct D
4

MPa

Ct = Cp*Cm*Cu
Rcx

dexp

d, mm

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b) Metode bazate pe recul Metode acustice Ultasunete = 20-200 Hz (40-100) ; v, t = f(Rc, defecte, E)
G E PROBA d R A C

Vs.c.= 5 000 m/s ; Vaer = 340 m/s Rezistena la compresiune

MPa

Rc

R c = a * e b*V

Rc = Rcx*Ct

Rcx

Defectoscopia
t V 0 exp
b

V, m/s

t1

t1 b = l* t 1 0

Modulul de elasticitate dinamic (Ed)

Ed = V 2 a

( 1 + )( 1 2 )
1

Metode atomice (X, gama) Defectoscopie radiologic

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I x = I 0 * e *x