Derecho Internacional I

Arte.Homenaje.?
15/12/05 10:59 Page 1

Arte.Homenaje.? 15/12/05 10:59 Page 2
Co|occ|o C|ooc|as Soc|a|os uao|oaoos
[
]
El Derecho Internacional
en tiempos de globalizacin
homenaje
a C a r l o s F e b r e s P o b e d a
Libro

UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES
Autoridades Universitarias
R e c t o r
Lster Rodrguez Herrera
V i c e r r e c t o r A c a d m i c o
Humberto Ruiz Caldern
V i c e r r e c t o r A d m i n i s t r a t i v o
Mario Bonucci Rossini
S e c r e t a r i a
Nancy Rivas de Prado
PUBLICACIONES
VICERRECTORADO
ACADMICO
D i r e c t o r
Humberto Ruiz Caldern
C o o r d i n a c i n e d i t o r i a l
Luis Ricardo Dvila
A s i s t e n c i a e d i t o r i a l
Yelliza A. Garca A.
C o n s e j o e d i t o r i a l
Toms Bandes
Asdrbal Baptista
Rafael Cartay
Mariano Nava
Stella Serrano
Gregory Zambrano
COLECCIN
Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades
C o m i t e d i t o r i a l
Oscar Aguilera
Leonor Alonso
Daniel Anido
Luis Javier Hernndez
Rocco Mangieri
Christopher Birkbeck
Los trabajos publicados
en la Coleccin Ciencias Sociales
y Humanidades han sido
rigurosamente seleccionados
y arbitrados por especialistas
en las diferentes disciplinas.
COLECCIN
Ciencias Sociales
y Humanidades
Publicaciones
del Vicerrectorado
Acadmico
Tomo I: El derecho
Internacional Privado
Primera edicin, 2005
Universidad de Los Andes
Vicerrectorado Acadmico
Carlos Eduardo Febres Fajardo
Jorge Albornoz Oliver
Pedro Apolinar Rojas
Francisco Eudes Mujica B.
C o r r e c c i n :
Marina Olivera
C o n c e p t o d e c o l e c c i n y d i s e o :
Katali Alava
F o t o g r a f a d e p o r t a d a :
Archivo El Nacional
I m p r e s i n :
Editorial Venezolana C. A.
HECHO EL DEPSITO DE LEY
Depsito Legal: LF237200534055.A
ISBN: 980-11-0927-0
ISBN: 980-11-0928-9
Derechos reservados.
Prohibida la reproduccin total
o parcial de esta obra sin la
autorizacin escrita del autor
Av. 3 Independencia
Edicio Central del Rectorado
Mrida, Venezuela
viceacad@ula.ve
http://viceacademico.ula.ve
Impreso en Venezuela
Printed in Venezuela

UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES
Autoridades Universitarias
Rector
Mario Bonucci Rossini
Vicerrectora Acadmica
Patricia Rosenzweig
Vicerrector Administrativo
Manuel Aranguren Rincn
Secretario
Jos Mara Andrez
PUBLICACIONES
VICERRECTORADO
ACADMICO
Direccin editorial
Patricia Rosenzweig
Coordinacin editorial
Vctor Garca
Coordinacin del Consejo editorial
Roberto Donoso
Consejo editorial
Rosa Amelia Asuaje
Pedro Rivas
Rosalba Linares
Carlos Baptista
Tomasz Surez Litvin
Ricardo Rafael Contreras
Produccin editorial
Yelliza Garca A.
Produccin libro electrnico
Miguel Rodrguez
Primera edicin digital 2011
Hecho el depsito de ley
Av. 3 Independencia
Edificio Central del Rectorado
Mrida, Venezuela
publicacionesva@ula.ve
publicacionesva@gmail.com
www2.ula.ve/publicacionesacademico
Los trabajos publicados en esta Coleccin han
sido rigurosamente seleccionados y arbitrados por
especialistas en las diferentes disciplinas

Carlos Eduardo Febres Fajardo ( c oor di na dor )
To m o I
El Derecho Internacional Privado
[
]


|sto osuozo co|oct|vo oo coac|o |oto|octua| sobo
o|vosos toas oo Derecho Internacional Pblico y
Derecho Internacional Privado en homenaje al profesor
Carlos Febres Pobeda, ocooo coo sou|oao cu|os
oo ca|os, aoctos, sat|sacc|ooos aaooc||ootos, oaa
coo ou|oo o oooac|ooos oo ooos|ooa|os
oocootos uo|vos|ta|os, oos oo|t| coo coo sus
oosoaozas tost|oo|os, oo o| oooc|o oo |a ,ust|c|a,
oo |os va|oos tascoooootos oo| |obo, coo |o
soo su ||botao, |ooaooz |oa|tao.


9
El Derecho Internacional... |osootac|o
|sto ||bo oooa,o a| L. Ca|os |obos |obooa os oo uoa ,us-
t|c|a |oo|scut|b|o. Su v|oa so |a caacto|zaoa oo su |oc||oac|o a| sov|c|o
o b||co, oo o| s autot|co oo |os soot|oos. Sov|oo ob||co coo oo|-
t|co, coo ab|oota||sta, coo |oto|octua| , oosoo |uoo, coo acao|-
co oocooto. a oo,aoo |uo||as |ooocoooas oo tooos |os ca|oos o-
co|oos, aosto oo |ocootab|os oooac|ooos oo aboaoos oocooto
ocuooo oo o| caoo oo| ouo|aco oo|t|co soc|a|.
|o o| b|to uo|vos|ta|o so oosooo o|oc|oa|ooto oo |as
ctooas oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo |oo|c|oa |oa|, tab|o
oo Soc|o|oa Coooa| oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| |b||co, tooas oo |a |a-
cu|tao oo Looc|o oo |a |o|vos|oao oo |os /ooos (||oa, Vooozuo|a). /
|a oa, oa||z cusos oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo |a |o|vos|oao
oo 3uooos /|os oo |a Coo|utooso oo |ao|o |oo|c|oa |oa| oo |as
|o|vos|oaoos oo 3o|oo|a |oa. Tooo o||o |o oot oo uoa taocto|a
ooosa va|aoa oo o| uooo acao|co.
Su |abo |oto|octua| |a s|oo ocoooc|oa |otooac|ooa|ooto. |s
|obo oo ooo oo |a Soc|ooao 3o||va|aoa oo| |cuaoo, oooso
|oooa|o oo |a |o|vos|oao oo u|to, |obo |oooa|o oo |a |scuo|a
oo |oo|c|oa |oa| oo |a |o|vos|oao oo |ao|o, |obo oo| |ao /o|-
cao |ost|tuto o Cooaat|vo |a., Coa| Cab|os, ||o|oa, |S/, |obo
coosoooo|ooto oo |a /soc|ac|o /oot|oa oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa|
|obo |oooa|o oos|oooto oo oos cooosos oo| |ost|tuto |soaoo-
|uso-/o|caoo oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| (||/L|). |s, aoos, |obo
coosoooo|ooto oo |a /caoo|a |ac|ooa| oo C|ooc|as |o|t|cas Soc|a|os

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oo Vooozuo|a, |oo|v|ouo oo ooo oo| Cooto oo |sto|a oo| |staoo |-
|oa |obo oo |a /caoo|a oo ||oa.
|o o| caoo oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo |a coot|bu|oo
coo uo s|o||cat|vo ooo oo atcu|os, oub||caoos oo ov|stas oac|ooa|os
otao,oas, oo oooaas, as coo oo va|os ||bos, a|uoos oo |os cua-
|os |ao s|oo ob,oto oo va|as ooo|c|ooos.
|| |oto|octua| |oooa,oaoo |a s|oo uo osc|to oo||,o oooso.
|osoo uoa out|oa caot|oao oo oub||cac|ooos oo ota ooo|o, ouos sus
|oou|otuoos |oto|octua|os abacao va|aoas oas oo| ooosa|ooto, oosoo
asuotos ab|oota|os oo|t|cos, |asta oo ooosa, ooooo |a oosao||aoo
uoa oba coos|stooto, os, ouos, oo oocas oa|abas, uo |oto|octua| uo oou-
caoo |os|oo.
|a ooc|o|oa vocac|o acao|ca, oocooto ,uo|ca oo| aosto
Ca|os |obos |obooa, su osooc|a| |oc||oac|o oo o| Looc|o |otooac|o-
oa| ||vaoo, a |o |ao oo su caoa ooosoa|, |oso| o| cootoo|oo oo osto
||bo |oooa,o osc|to oo oocootos o |ovost|aooos oo oba coosaaoa
oo o| oas, oo sus a|os oo| |ost|tuto |soaoo-|uso-/o|caoo oo Loo-
c|o |otooac|ooa| (||/L|), oo o|scou|os oosaoos oo |a ||usto |o|vo-
s|oao oo |os /ooos, ou|ooos tab|o abovaoo oo su sab|oua coo oo-
oso coo c|uoaoaoo oo oob|oao |ooaooz a tooa ouoba.
o, coo |a oooosa co|aboac|o oo |a |o|vos|oao oo |os /o-
oos, a |a ouo |o s|v| oo s oo c|ocuoota aos, coo oocooto auto|-
oao, oo oat|cu|a |a oo| V|coocto /cao|co, L. uboto |u|z, oo-
sootaos osto tost|oo|o oooooo oo aaooc||ooto oaa coot|bu| a
ouo oo o| t|ooo ooouo |a |uo||a |ooo|ob|o oo| |obo sooc|||o ,usto
ouo os Ca|os |obos |obooa.
|| cootoo|oo tot|co oo osto ||bo so o|v|oo oo oos aooos o-
as. Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| |b||co. |o a-
bas oa cootaos coo uo coo,uoto oo va||osos taba,os.

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Derecho Internacional Privado
Introduccin al estudio de la solucin jurisdiccional de las controver-
sias en la Comunidad Andina, o|aboaoo oo o| L. |o|ss Tocoo|s V|||ao-
a|, oooso oo |a |o|vos|oao oo |os /ooos (Vooozuo|a), o a|staoo
oo| T|buoa| Suooo oo ust|c|a oo Vooozuo|a actua| |a|staoo-|os|-
oooto oo| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa, |o cua| |o oa uoa
auto|oao osooc|a| oaa |ab|a oo| toa. |o osta |ovost|ac|o so |aco uo
|ootaoto o|oct|co oco|oo oo tooo |o ouo cooc|ooo a |a coac|o,
uoc|ooa|ooto b|to oo coootooc|a oo| T|buoa| /oo|oo oo ust|c|a.
La unicacin del Derecho Comercial Internacional, oo| L. S|to
Soc|oz |ooozo, oooso oo |a |o|vos|oao oo Caoaoa (|soaa) oo |as
uo|vos|oaoos oo Sao |otosbuo (|us|a), oo /oos (|a|s ||, |aoc|a) oo
|a abaoa, Cuba. /|| so ostuo|a o| a|caoco oo |a uo||cac|o |otooac|ooa|
oo| Looc|o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa|, ba,o |a oat|cu|a o |otoosaoto oos-
ooct|va oo| actua| ooooo oo |a |oba||zac|o.
La cooperacin judicial internacional y el orden pblico en la jurispru-
dencia Argentina, o|aboaoo oo |a La. /a||a ||oooo oo |at|oo||, oo-
osoa oo |as uo|vos|oaoos oo Cooba |oosa|a| S||o | (/oo
t|oa). So oa uoa |aoa oooa| sobo |a cooooac|o ooto |os |staoos os-
oocto a |a oa||zac|o o,ocuc|o oo c|otos actos oocosa|os, |os ouo oo-
a|ooto, t|ooooo a osta |ovost|oos oo uoa |oa oatua|oza to|to|a|,
oostacoooso o| cacto ocooc|ooa| oo| oooo ob||co oo osta ato|a.
En materia de calicaciones, reenvo y otros asuntos de Derecho In-
ternacional Privado, ooactaoo oo o| L. |uoo|o oooooz-3otoo, acu-
c|oso |ovost|aoo osc|to oo||,o, oooso oo |as uo|vos|oaoos Coota|
oo Vooozuo|a, Cat||ca /oos 3o||o |ooto v||a (Vooozuo|a). So aoa||za
o| |ootaoto o|c|| toa oo |as Ca|||cac|ooos oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa|
||vaoo, aoa||zaooo |as o|st|otas oostuas ooct|oa|os o| oooso aoo,o
ooat|vo ouo o|sto a o|vo| |otooac|ooa|, osa|taooo |a so|uc|o oaoa oo
|a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo Vooozuo|a oo +``8.
El Cdigo de Napolen y su inuencia en Amrica Latina: reexiones
a propsito del segundo centenario, oo| L. os Ca|os |oooooz |ozas,
catoot|co V|cooocaoo oo |o|ac|ooos |otooac|ooa|os oo |a |o|vos|oao
Coo|utooso oo |ao|o (|soaa) ab|to |otooac|ooa| oo |a CC|, C|/L|
Coto |soao|a oo /b|ta,o. || toto ooosa co o| oooo|oaoo
|ov||ooto coo||caoo va a |ocoooa uoa obsos|o oo |a s|stot|ca
ouo tao coosocuooc|as s|o oocooootos. || oooucto s acabaoo oo

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osto ov||ooto os o| Co|o C|v|| |aocs oo +80+, usua|ooto oooo|-
oaoo Co|o |aoo|oo|co. |o /|ca |at|oa, so coov|t| oo o| ooo|o
s s|o||cat|vo oaa |as oac|ootos oob||cas, a ouo oa ooc|b|oo coo
o| s|oo|o oo cotoza o|oo|tuo. Su |o|uooc|a oo so v|o aoctaoa oo |a
caoa oo| |oo|o |aoo|oo|co.
Consideraciones crticas sobre algunos temas de Derecho Internacio-
nal Privado, oo| L. os |oboto |aoco La |oosoca, catoot|co oo |a |o|-
vos|oao Sao |au|o (3as||) oo |a |o|vos|oao |ooooa oo ||sboa (|o-
tua|), |obo bas||oo oo| co|o|o oo b|tos oo |||CCS||, |aco uo
ao||s|s oooa| to|co sobo a|uoos toas osooc|a|os oo Looc|o |o-
tooac|ooa| ||vaoo, a oat| oo oosuouostos otooo||cos |us||os|-
cos. |oaca |as o|oooc|as ooto |as tao|c|ooa|os o|as o ooas oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, aouo||as ouo so|uc|ooao oo ooo o|oc-
to o |ooo|ato o| oob|oa o|aotoaoo. So |aco uo oosao||o ba,o |a |uz
oo |a oot|ca ,uo|ca, oo |a oo|t|ca ,uo|ca oosoo o| ou|o soc|o||-
co ||st|co-,uo|co. |o oat|cu|a, so ostuo|a |a tooa oo| |ooovo, |a too-
a oo |a Cuost|o |ov|a |os va|oos ooo|os oo |a o|a oo Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo.
Aplicacin Prctica de los Principios de UNIDROIT en el Sistema Vene-
zolano de Derecho Internacional Privado, oo |a La. Tat|aoa 3. |ao'o|t, oo-
osoa oo |a |o|vos|oao Coota| oo Vooozuo|a, o Subsocota|a oo /suo-
tos uo|cos oo |a C|/ |obo oo ooo oo |a /caoo|a oo C|oo-
c|as |o|t|cas Soc|a|os oo Vooozuo|a. |o su coot|buc|o taba,a sobo |a
ao||cac|o oo| soft law oo o| oa oo |a cootatac|o |otooac|ooa|, |ac|oo-
oo oas|s oo |a Lex Mercatoria a |a |uz oo |os o|oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T
oosao||a |os aotocooootos ||st|cos oo| |||L|C|T oo sus o|oc|o|os
o| b|to oo ao||cac|o oo |os |sos sus uoc|ooos, coo osooc|a| oo-
ooc|a a| Looc|o vooozo|aoo.

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Derecho Internacional Pblico
Algunas consideraciones sobre la historia de las relaciones del Per
con la Santa Sede, oo| L. uao os |uoa Saoto|a|a, oooso oo |a |oot||-
c|a |o|vos|oao Cat||ca oo| |o oos |otoouco oo |a tot|ca o|at|va a
|os asooctos bs|cos sobo |a oosooa||oao ,uo|ca |otooac|ooa| oo |a ||o-
s|a Cat||ca |a actuac|o oo |a Saota Sooo a oobo oo sta, ooo|oooo
osooc|a| oooo oo |os |o|c|os oo| s||o | o| ocoooc||ooto oo |a |o-
ooooooooc|a oouaoa.
Hacia una nueva talasopoltica en el Atlntico Sur. El mar presencial
Argentino, las islas atlnticas usurpadas por Gran Bretaa y un futuro mar pre-
sencial del MERCOSUR y de toda Amrica, osc|ta oo o| L /|ooo . ||zzo
|oo, oooso oo |as uo|vos|oaoos. |ac|ooa| oo |a |ataoza (||||),
|oo, oo| Sa|vaoo oo |a |oot||c|a |o|vos|oao Cat||ca /oot|oa Sao-
ta |aa oo |os 3uooos /|os, |obo oo ooo oo |a /caoo|a Argen-
tina oo /suotos |otooac|ooa|os oo |oo|c|oa |oooso, oos ||usta coo uo
taba,o v|ocu|aoo coo uoa c|aa |ot|a aso|ac|o o|v|oo|cac|o oaa
|os oasos |at|ooao|caoos oo|oa a| ocoooc||ooto oo uo utuo a
oosooc|a| oo s|o oo| |||CCS|| s|oo oo tooa /|ca, asu|oooo coo
uooaooto o| oooc|o oo |os ostaoos a| aoovoc|a|ooto oo |os ocu-
sos oosouoos.
Sistema poltico institucional del MERCOSUR, a cao oo |a La. /o|a-
oa Loz|o oo ||o, ooosoa oo |a |o|vos|oao |ac|ooa| oo Cooba (/-
oot|oa), ooo|ca su co|aboac|o a oo||caoos o| coo|o,o aco ,uo|co
oo|t|co-|ost|tuc|ooa| oo| |||CCS||. So |aco uo ocuooto oo |as oooc|a-
c|ooos |o|c|a|os ooto /oot|oa 3as|| oo| Tataoo oo |a /suoc|o. Ta-
b|o so |aco uoa o|o|o oo|t|ca-|ost|tuc|ooa| sobo o| oocoso utuo
so aoa||zao oo oota||o |os |ostuootos ,uo|cos |o|c|a|os v|ootos.
El principio de distincin en el Derecho Internacional Humanitario de
los combatientes y las personas civiles, oo |a La. otoos|a L. T. Cut|oz
|osso, catoot|ca oo |a |o|vos|oao oo 3uooos /|os (/oot|oa), oosao-
||a su aooto ,uo|co oo uo toa ouoca aotaoo, coo os o| oo |os coo-
||ctos aaoos, sus ||tos, o| ooos|to uooaoota| oo| Looc|o |otooa-
c|ooa| uao|ta|o, |a ootocc|o oo |as vct|as, |a azo oo so oo |a
v|ooc|a oo osos o|oc|o|os ooas, |o s ouo ouoca, ooto a |a ouo
oaoc|oa so |a ata||oao oo |os coo||ctos aaoos ouo |ao ooootaoo a
|as oac|ooos.

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Accin e inaccin del Consejo de Seguridad en el mantenimiento de
la paz y la seguridad internacionales, o|aboaoo oo o| L. Va|ooto 3ou
|aoc|, oooso oo |a |o|vos|oao oo Va|ooc|a (|soaa), oos o|aotoa uoa
so|o oo o|o|ooos ct|cas a| s|stoa oo |ac|ooos |o|oas, a sus o|oc|-
o|os ooas oo o|ac|o a| aotoo||ooto oo |a oaz |a sou|oao |oto-
oac|ooa|.
La proteccin del medio ambiente en el MERCOSUR. Realizaciones y
problemas pendientes, oo| L. |oosto . |o Cao, oooso oo |a |o|vos|-
oao oo Cooba (/oot|oa), oos |otoouco oo |a ooat|va ouo oo ato-
|a oo ootocc|o oo oo|o ab|ooto |ao aoootaoo |os |staoos oatos oo|
|||CCS||. || taba,o coot|ooo cooota|os oo o|ac|o a oov|s|ooos oo
ato|a oo ooooc|as ab|oota|os so o|o|ooa acoca oo |a |oot|tuo
coo |a ouo |os aoos |o|s|at|vos ooooo oo v|o |os |ostuootos aooo-
taoos.
Principios generales del Derecho Internacional Ambiental como fuen-
te normativa. El principio de precaucin, oo |a La Z|ata Loas oo C|ooot,
catoot|ca oo |a |o|vos|oao |ac|ooa| oo Cooba (/oot|oa), oosao-
||a |os o|oc|o|os oooa|os oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| /b|oota| coo
uooto ooat|va, |ac|oooo oat|cu|a oas|s oo o| o|oc|o|o oo |a |ocau-
c| o, o| ouo soo su a|ac|o so tooa caoa voz s oocosa|o ooto a
|a vu|ooab|||oao oo| ab|ooto.
A doctrina Bush das guerras preventivas e o sistema das Naes Uni-
das, oo| L. |oos C|aooo Soto, oooso oo |a |o|vos|oao |oooa| oo
|aaba (3as||), o|o|ooa o|aotoa ct|cas a |a oooo|oaoa Loct|oa
3us|, sobo |a uoa oovoot|va cootasta co so vu|ooao |os o|oc|-
o|os ooas oo |a Cata oo |as |ac|ooos |o|oas cuaooo uo||atoa|oo-
to so oo|oa |a uoza b||ca oo |as o|ac|ooos |otooac|ooa|os.
La proteccin del medio ambiente en el mbito internacional, oo| L.
os usto |u|z, catoot|co oo |a |o|vos|oao oo Va|ooc|a (|soaa), oos
aoota sus va||osos coooc||ootos sobo |a tot|ca ab|oota| |a oo-
tocc|o oo| ab|ooto oo o| b|to |otooac|ooa|, toas oo oos oo oa|-
o|taoto actua||oao, oaoos |os oosoou|||b|os ouo suo o| o|aoota. Tab|o,
so oosao||a |a ovo|uc|o ||st|ca oo oso |ao oocoso o|||oo a ooa
,uo|caooto |a ootocc|o oo| oo|o ab|ooto.
La doctrina del Derecho Internacional en Amrica Latina antes de la
primera conferencia Panamericana (Washington, 1889), oo| L. cto Cos
|so|o||, oooso oo |a |o|vos|oao oo |ootov|ooo (|uua) | |a|s-

15
taoo oo |a Coto |otoao|caoa oo Looc|os uaoos, os uo toa ouo
ouoca oo,a oo tooo actua||oao coo |o os o| oocoso oo coostucc|o
ooct|oa|a oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| oo /|ca |at|oa, coo su s|o||cat|-
vo |oaoo a| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| |o|vosa|. So aoa||zao |os aootos oo |os
|otooac|ooa||stas |at|ooao|caoos oo osta coostucc|o su s|ou|a|oao.
Nuevo enfoque de las relaciones colombo-venezolanas. Perspectivas
a la solucin del diferendo martimo en el marco del Derecho Internacional y
el contexto global de negociacin, oo |os ooosoos |aoc|sco |uoos |u,|ca
3. |ooo C. /oo||oa |o,as, oo |a |o|vos|oao oo |os /ooos (Vooozuo|a),
os uo toa v|ocu|aoo coo o| ouovo oooouo oo |a o|ac|ooos co|obo-
vooozo|aoas oo o| aco oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o| ||aaoo cooto-
to |oba| oo oooc|ac|o, tot|ca sta, ouo ooocao a |o |ao oo |os |t|-
os cuaoota aos, oosoo |oa|os oo |a ocaoa oo |os 60 oo| oasaoo s||o
|asta |os o|oos c|oco aos oo| oosooto, |ac|oooo osooc|a| ooc|o, a
|a ao||a coo|o,a aoooa b||atoa| ooto abos oasos.
Reexiones en torno a los espacios geogrcos consagrados en
Constitucin venezolana de 1999, oo| L. /oo|o |. Sa|uo|o, oooso oo |a
|o|vos|oao Cat||ca /oos 3o||o (Vooozuo|a), oos ooco sus o|o|ooos
oo tooo a |os osoac|os oo|cos coosaaoos oo |a ouova Coost|tuc|o
vooozo|aoa oo +```, o| cootoo|oo oo su aooto so coocota a |aco uo
o|aust|vo ao||s|s oo |as o|soos|c|ooos coost|tuc|ooa|os oo |os atcu|os +0
++ |os cua|os |oc|uooo a|uoas oo||cac|ooos coo osoocto a |a coos-
t|tuc|o oo +`6+.|stas oo||cac|ooos t|oooo coo ooos|to ao||a |os
osoac|os soboaoos oo |a |oob||ca, ooo oo so oobo o|v|oa |a co|aboa-
c|o oo tooos |os oasos oaa oosova |a oaz.
Pueden Las Cortes Internacionales Crear Derecho? Dos Casos Pun-
tuales, oo| L. |aao| ||oto |av|a, |a|staoo oo |a Coto |otoao|caoa
oo Looc|os uaoos, oos oosoota coo o| oaoo oo oos casos ouo-
tua|os, c o, oos t|buoa|os |otooac|ooa|os |ao ocoo|oo |as at|buc|ooos
ouo |os |staoos o|octa o |oo|octaooto |os coo||ooo, oo s|oooo casos
ocooc|ooa|os, a ouo so ouoooo |a||a otos o,oo|os s|||aos. Cuost|o-
oa o| auto |a toooooc|a o| |oso ouo so coo s| ooc|s|ooos oo v|ocu|ao-
tos oo oatua|oza oo|t|ca, ootooooo coovot|so oo Looc|o, s|o azo o
uooaooto a|uoo.
La reclamacin sobre el territorio Esequibo y la Plataforma Deltana,
oo |a La. |sabo| 3aca|ao |o, o-ooosoa oo |a |o|vos|oao Coota|
oo Vooozuo|a o-asosoa oo |os ||o|sto|os oo| /b|ooto |o|ac|ooos
|to|oos oo Vooozuo|a, o|aotoa |as |o||cac|ooos oooo|t|cas oo |a oo-

16
sooc|a oo oooos caot|oaoos oo ocusos oo ||oocabuos asoos
o|stootos oo o| oa oo ostuo|o, ouo a| so otoaoas coocos|ooos oo
Vooozuo|a oo o| socto oo|taoo oo Cuaoa oo o| to|to|o |soou|bo, |a
vuo|to a oooo oo |a actua||oao v|ooc|a |a oc|aac|o Vooozo|aoa sobo
o|c|o to|to|o |o ouo ovootua|ooto ouo|oso so uoa so|uc|o oct|ca
a |a cootovos|a.
Derecho y tica ambiental y laboral en la era de la mundializacin,
oo| L. |aoc|sco |tuasoo, oooso oo |a |o|vos|oao Coota| oo Vooozuo-
|a. /oa||za |os oooc|os oo tocoa oooac|o ouo o|oo uoa acc|o oo
|a couo|oao |otooac|ooa|, taoto oo o| o|aoo oo |a ooat|va coo oo |a
|||taoc|a oo |os ov||ootos soc|a|os. |a baso oo uoa oo|t|ca oac|ooa| co-
|oooto oo ato|a ab|oota| |aboa| o|o as|oa|os a |os actoos co-
|oct|vos, oo osooc|a| a |as oao|zac|ooos oo |os oo|oaooos taba,aoo-
os a |os ouovos ov||ootos soc|a|os, uo oaoo| o|oo|a| oo o| o|soo,
oo |a o|occ|o oo |as o|o|oaoos, oo |a o,ocuc|o ova|uac|o oo osa oo|-
t|ca. |sta os |a baso oo| oosao||o oo uo Looc|o /b|oota| |aboa| caoaz
oo coot|bu| a| osooto oo o| oou|||b|o oco||co |uaoo, a |a ocoo-
c|||ac|o ooto oatua|oza oosao||o, a| o,oa|ooto oo |as cooo|c|ooos
oo v|oa oo taba,o a |a coooac|o oo uo ooo|o oooct|co oo
o|ac|ooos oo taba,o oo ost|o.
El concepto de minora religiosa en el ordenamiento jurdico Espa-
ol, oo| L. Ca|os |ooz ||ooas, catoot|co L|octo oo| |asto sobo
|otocc|o oo |os Looc|os uaoos oo| oooso 3,o /o, abos oo
|a |o|vos|oao oo /|ca| (|ao|o-|soaa). |stos autoos oosao||ao uo to-
a s|ooo cootovos|a| oo cua|ou|o soc|ooao ooooa, o| oo|oo a|
tata|ooto oo |as |ooas o|||osas, osooc|caooto oo o| ooooa|oo-
to ,uo|co osoao|. /otos oo |otoouc|so oo |o sustaot|vo oo| toa, |acoo
uoa o|ac|o oo |as asos oo |as ouo o| o|oc|o|o oo ||botao o|||osa |a
oasaoo oo o| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co osoao|, |asta su oo|o|t|va s
ao||a coosaac|o oo |a Coost|tuc|o oo +`8. |o |t|o, ooooooo oo
lege ferenda uoa oo|o|c|o oo |ooa o|||osa, |a cua| os v||oa oaa o|
ooooa|ooto ,uo|co osoao|, ooo |oso|aoa oo |os o|oc|o|os oo| Loo-
c|o |otooac|ooa|, |os cua|os, so oo,a b|oo c|ao, soo osootaoos oo o| Lo-
oc|o osoao|.
|a va|ooao oo |os toas tataoos o|toa |a actua||oao oo| Loo-
c|o |otooac|ooa|. |o osta ooca oo |oba||zac|o |a o|ooc|a oo uoa o-
a||zac|o oo |as o|as acuooos os |oosc|oo|b|o oaa o| o,oc|c|o o-
b||co o|vaoo oo |os oooc|os. Tooos |os Taba,os ouo coooao osto

17
||bo |oooa,o uooo co|aboac|ooos ooosaooto ootoaoas oo sus
autoos coo coot|buc|o a| |oooa,o ouo |otooac|ooa||stas oo o|vosos
oasos coo,uaoo su act|v|oao |oto|octua| oaa b|ooa uo |oooa,o a|
|aosto Ca|os |obos |obooa.
|o aoos oo |os ooosoos oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| |b||co
||vaoo, oo |os ostuo|aotos oo ostas as|oatuas, oo |as o|vosas uo|vos|oaoos
ooooo o|ctao ctooa |os autoos oo osto ||bo oo |os ooos|ooa|os oo|
Looc|o, oo |as o|ac|ooos |otooac|ooa|os oo |a ocoooa |otooac|ooa|,
oo,aos |a ova|uac|o oo |os aootos s|o||caoo oo osta oba co|oct|va.
Mrida, mayo de 2005


Moiss Troconis Villarreal
Sixto Snchez Lorenzo
Amalia Uriondo de Martinoli
Eugenio Hernndez-Bretn
Jos Carlos Fernndez Rozas
Jos Roberto Franco Da Fonseca
Tatiana B. Maekelt
[
]


21
Introduccin al estudio de la solucin jurisdiccional
de las controversias en la Comunidad Andina
Moiss Troconis Villarreal
I Los inicios
1. || /cuooo oo |otoac|o Subo|ooa|, oooo|oaoo o|c|a|ooto
/cuooo oo Cataooa, susc|to oo 3oot o| 26 oo ao oo +`6`, oo
v|ooc|a, oaa Co|ob|a, C|||o |o, oosoo o| +6 oo octubo oo| |so
a o, ostab|oca ouo, oo susc|taso o|scooaoc|as oo |a |otoootac|o o oo |a
o,ocuc|o oo| /cuooo, o oo |as Loc|s|ooos oo |a Co|s|o, coosooooa a
sta ||ova a cabo |os oocoo||ootos oo oooc|ac|o, buooos o|c|os, o-
o|ac|o cooc|||ac|o ouo uooo oocosa|os, ouo, oo oo oso|voso oo
ostas vas |a o|scooaoc|a, |os |asos ||obos oobao su,otaso a |os oo-
coo||ootos oov|stos oo o| |otoco|o oaa |a So|uc|o oo Cootovos|as,
susc|to oo /suoc|o, |aaua, o| 2 oo soot|obo oo +`6 (atcu|o 23).
2. |a Co|s|o, aoo |o oo| /cuooo, oo o| |o|aooto ouo
aoobaa oo su ||o |oooo oo Sos|ooos Co|oa|as, oo| 2+ a| 2S oo oc-
tubo oo +`6`, a tavs oo |a Loc|s|o |
o
6,
1
ooc|sa ouo |os oasos aoc-
taoos oo |a o|scooaoc|a oobao busca su so|uc|o a tavs oo oooc|a-
c|ooos o|octas. Lo oo a|caozaso |a so|uc|o, o oo so sta oac|a|, |a Co|-
s|o ooba |otooooo sus buooos o|c|os. Lo so |osu|c|ootos |os buooos
o|c|os, ooba o,oco su oo|ac|o oooooo u|as oo avoo||ooto.
1
uota oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa, Ordenamiento Jurdico del Acuerdo de Cartagena. Loc|s|ooos
+-`0, too +, ||a, |o|to|a| |o|voso, +`82, oo. ++-+S.
[
]

22
Lo so |ouctuosa |a oo|ac|o, ooba oos|oa uo co|t oo cooc|||ac|o
oaa |ovost|a |os |oc|os, oscuc|a a |as oatos o|t| uo |ooo coo
ooouostas oo so|uc|o. Y oo acasa |a cooc|||ac|o, |os oasos oo coo||c-
to oobao ocu| a| oocoo||ooto oo ab|ta,o ob||ato|o oov|sto oo o|
c|taoo |otoco|o oaa |a So|uc|o oo Cootovos|as, susc|to o| 2 oo soo-
t|obo oo +`6, oooo|ooto oaa ootoocos oo at||cac|o.
3. || /cuooo oovoa, ooto |os ocao|sos oaa a|caoza sus ob,o-
t|vos oo |otoac|o ocoo|ca oosao||o, o| ostab|oc||ooto oo uo |o-
aa oo ||boac|o |a |,ac|o oo uo /aoco| |tooo Coo, cua ota-
oa oov|a soa |a aoooc|o oo uo /aoco| |tooo |o|o Coo (at-
cu|o 3, ||toa|os c o). || |oaa oo ||boac|o, autot|co o |ovocab|o,
ootoooa |a o|||oac|o oo |os avooos oo |as ost|cc|ooos oo tooo
oooo ouo |oc|o|oao sobo |a |ootac|o oo |a uo|vosa||oao oo |os oo-
ouctos o||oa|os oo| to|to|o oo cua|ou|o |as ||obo (atcu|os ++
+S). |as ost|cc|ooos oobao |abo s|oo o|||oaoas, sa|vo ocooc|ooos, a
s taoa o| 3+ oo o|c|obo oo +`0 (atcu|o +6). Y |a oosavac|o
aaoco|a|a ooba a|caozaso, oo su tota||oao sa|vo ocooc|ooos, a s ta-
oa o| 3+ oo o|c|obo oo +`83 (atcu|o +S). /oos, |os |asos ||o-
bos so cooootao a oooo oo ao||cac|o uo /aoco| |tooo Coo,
a s taoa o| 3+ oo o|c|obo oo +`83.
4. S|o obao, |a oct|ca ovo| |a a|ta oo cuo|||ooto, oo oa-
to oo |os |asos ||obos, oo |as ob||ac|ooos oo|vaoas oo| |oaa oo
||boac|o oo| /aoco| |tooo |o|o Coo, o oo| /aoco| |tooo
Coo. Soo o| o|a|staoo |ooaooo ||bo |ostooo
2
oo | os | o|-
c|os oo| oocoso, uo oo||cab|o ao oo aco|oa |a |otoac|o a| |o,
uo ocoso oo oot||so oo o|ac|o coo |as oos|b|||oaoos oa|os , sobo
tooo, o| |oov|sto oat|co ooto|oo oo |as cooo|c|ooos ocoo|cas
oo |a sub-o|o oo |a ocaoa oo |os 0, ||c|ooo ouo |os cooo|sos |o|-
c|a|os osooc|a|ooto oo cuaoto a| soa|a|ooto oo o|azos oaa |as o|st|o-
tas otaoas oo |a |otoac|o osu|taao oo |oos|b|o cuo|||ooto j]
|os cooo|sos |otoac|oo|stas, oo v|tuo oo |as osooc|a|os c|cuostao-
c|as, caoc|ooo as oosoo uo o|oc|o|o oo |oza, coos|stooc|a ostab|||-
El Derecho Internacional... Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
2
||bo |ostooo, |ooaooo, El Tribunal Andino y la Solucin de Controversias, oo Tribunal de Jus-
ticia del Acuerdo de Cartagena. Memoria 1992, u|to, |oosoa|, +``3, o. 23S.

23
oao. Taoto os as ouo |as |sas ob||ac|ooos bs|cas coocotas, oactaoas
oo o| /cuooo oo Cataooa, |ao oob|oo so oo||caoas a |o |ao oo|
oocoso oo uoa so|o oo |otoco|os. |o oocto, |os |otoco|os susc|-
tos oo ||a (+`6) /oou|oa (+`8) tuv|ooo oo ob,ot|vo bs|co |a
ao||ac|o, oo oooa|, oo |os o|azos oo cuo|||ooto oo |os cooo|-
sos |o|c|a|os.
5. |os |ocuo|||ootos, ca|||caoos coo s|stot|cos ocuoo-
tos oo ||bo |ostooo
3
, o|ooo |ua a cootovos|as ouo oobao so ta-
taoas osuo|tas a tavs oo |a so|o oo oocoo||ootos oov|stos oo o|
/cuooo. / su ,u|c|o, ...ostos s|stoas |oo|octos cooo|c|ooaoos jso o|o-
o a |os oocoo||ootos oo oooc|ac|o, buooos o|c|os, oo|ac|o, cooc|-
||ac|o ab|ta,o], ut|||zaoos oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| oo sus o|oas
otaoas, oo osu|tabao aoocuaoos (oo |osu|c|ootos) a |as |ous|taoas o|oo-
c|as coo|o,|oaoos oo uo cooo|so |otooac|ooa| tao so|o oouo-
oo coo o| oo |a |otoac|o oo oasos oo oosa o| | o
4
. / ooos|to oo
|os oocoo||ootos oo cooc|||ac|o ab|ta,o, o| o-|a|staoo uo |oo-
oo
5
sost|ooo ouo so ovo|aoo |ooooaotos oo |oo|c|ootos. |oooo oo||ca
ouo o| ocao|so oo so|uc|o oo cootovos|as oo so acooo a |as oo-
cos|oaoos oo| cooto| oo |oa||oao oo uo oocoso oo |otoac|o, ouo o|
ooooa|ooto o|ta |ooob|oaooto o| cooto| oo |os actos oo |a Co|-
s|o oo |a uota, ouo uo uo oo ||a |a |otoac|o aoo|oa a |os ooco-
o||ootos oo |a /|/|C, ouo o| /cuooo oob| |abo |ost|tu|oo, oosoo o|
o|oo, uo s|stoa ,uo|c|a| ooo|o autooo
6
, ouo |a a|ta oo |a uoc|o
,uo|c|a| coot|bu ...a |a |ouo|oao coo ouo |os |staoos ||obos so |a-
b|tuaoo a |as oct|cas oo| |ocuo|||ooto...
7
, ouo, ...oo o| ca|oo |as-
ta ootoocos oco|oo... , so ||o a| coovooc||ooto oo ouo ...oa |oo-
s|b|o oo||ca uoa couo|oao oo Looc|o, coo os |a |otoac|o subo-
|ooa|, s|o uo aoo ,u|so|cc|ooa| a,ustaoo a su osooc|ca oa||oao, ouo
|otooucc|o a| ostuo|o... Moiss Troconis Villarreal
3
dem. o. 23S.
4
||bo |ostooo, |ooaooo, El Tribunal Andino de Justicia, oo Tribunal de Justicia del Acuerdo de
Cartagena. Memoria de 1989, u|to, +``0, o. 66.
5
|oooo, uo, Las dos etapas de la funcin jurisdiccional en el Pacto Andino, oo |ooo Tribu-
nal de Justicia del Acuerdo de Cartagena. Labores 1986, u|to, |oosoa|, +`8, o. +8.
6
dem. o. +`.
7
dem. oo. +8-+`.

24
aaot|co, oo ooo ooct|vo, o| osooto a| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co
8
. |o oto
toto, |oooo sost|ooo ouo, a| ova|uaso |a s|o||cac|o oo| aoo ,u|so|c-
c|ooa| oo| /cuooo, ooboo toooso oo cuoota |os cootooaos oo
|ocuo|||ootos acuu|aoos coo aoto|o|oao a +`8+, ouo ooc|saooto
so ooboo a| |oc|o oo |abo caoc|oo o| /cuooo oo |a uoc|o ,uo|c|a| aoto
|a cua| |ub|oao ooo|oo acuo| oootuoaooto |os |asos ||obos oaa
o|| o| osooto o| ostab|oc||ooto oo| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co.
9
6. Ta| ostaoo oo cosas cooou,o a ouo, oo su Soto |oooo |tao-
o|oa|o oo Sos|ooos, co|obaoo ooto o| 8 o| +8 oo o|c|obo oo +`+, |a
Co|s|o oo,aa coostaoc|a oo |a oocos|oao oo coa uo aoo ,u|so|c-
c|ooa| oaa o||| |as cootovos|as ouo susc|taso |a ao||cac|o oo| /cuo-
oo oo Cataooa, |as Loc|s|ooos |as |oso|uc|ooos, ocooooaa ouo |a
uota, aoo tco|co oo| /cuooo, oa||zaa |os ostuo|os oocosa|os oaa
o|soooo oo |os o|oootos oo ,u|c|o ouo oo|t|oao ou|a ocooo-
oac|ooos a |os Cob|ooos sobo |a coac|o oo| aoo ,u|so|cc|ooa| oo|
/cuooo. |o oocto, ||bo |ostooo |ooa ouo, a so||c|tuo oo |a uota, o|
|ost|tuto oaa |a |otoac|o oo /|ca |at|oa ||T/| ||zo uoa so|o oo
|ovost|ac|ooos sobo |a so|uc|o oo coo||ctos, o| cooto| oo |a |oa||oao
|a |otoootac|o uo|oo oo| Looc|o oo |as Couo|oaoos |uoooas, |a
/|/|C, o| |ocaoo Coo Cootoao|caoo o| C/TT, |uoo o|abo
uoa so|o oo taba,os sobo |a so|uc|o oo cootovos|as oo osouoas oo
|otoac|o cooooac|o.
10
7. Sobo |a baso oo ostos ostuo|os, |a uota oo| /cuooo oosoot uo
o|o |ooo, oo o|c|obo oo +`2, oo o| cua| ooouso coo|a o| coo-
to| oo |a |oa||oao a uo T|buoa| oo ust|c|a subo|ooa| ...a| ouo so ooboo
at|bu| coootooc|as oo aou|ac|o oo |as Loc|s|ooos oo |a Co|s|o |o-
so|uc|ooos oo |a uota ouo v|o|oo o| oooo ,uo|co oo| /cuooo, oo coos-
tatac|o saoc|o oo| |ocuo|||ooto oo |a ostuctua ,uo|ca oo| /cuo-
oo oo oato oo |os |asos ||obos , |oa|ooto, |a coootooc|a oo |o-
tooota, oo |a va oo,uo|c|a| |as ooas oo|vaoas oo |a ostuctua ,uo|ca
oo| /cuooo
11
.
8
dem. o. +`.
9
dem. o. +2+.
10
||bo |ostooo, || T|buoa| /oo|oo |a So|uc|o Op. cit., o. 233.
11
uota oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa. Documento J/AJ/29, S oo o|c|obo oo +`2.

25
8. |o +`+, |a uota oosoot uo ooocto oo Tataoo oo Coac|o
oo| T|buoa|. Los aos oosous, o| 30 oo octubo oo +`6, uo susc|to o|
|otoco|o oo ||a, oo||cato|o oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa (Loc|s|o
++), cuo ob,ot|vo o|oc|oa| uo |a ao||ac|o oo |os o|azos ostab|oc|oos
oaa o| cuo|||ooto oo| |oaa oo ||boac|o oaa |a ouosta oo ao||-
cac|o oo| /aoco| |tooo Coo. / oat| oo ,uo|o oo +`, |a uota
coovoc a oootos ubooaoota|os a ooosootaotos o|oo|ootooc|a-
|os oaa |a oooc|ac|o oo| Tataoo oo| T|buoa|. |o ao oosous, o| 2+ oo
ab|| oo +`8, uo susc|to o| |otoco|o oo /oou|oa, tab|o oo||cato-
|o oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa (Loc|s|o ++), cuo ob,ot|vo o|oc|oa| uo
|a ao||ac|o, oo uoos casos, |a ooucc|o, oo otos, oo |os o|azos oov|s-
tos oo o| /cuooo oo o| |otoco|o oo ||a, oo ato|a oo |oaa oo
||boac|o oo /aoco| |tooo Coo. || 8 oo aosto oo +`8, |os |o-
s|oootos so ouo|ooo oo 3oot ooc|aaoo |a |oostoab|o oocos|oao
oo o|soooo oo uo aoo u|so|cc|ooa| ouo cooto|o |a |oa||oao oo |as
ooas oaoaoas oo |a Co|s|o oo |a uota, o||a |as cootovos|as
sobo o| cuo|||ooto oo |as ob||ac|ooos oo |os |staoos ||obos o
|otoooto |os o|oc|o|os ouo coooao |a ostuctua ,uo|ca oo| /cuo-
oo, |ostuoooo ouo o| ostuo|o oo |a ato|a ooba cooc|u| coo |a sus-
c|oc|o, a| ao s|u|ooto, oo| Tataoo oaa |a coac|o oo| T|buoa| /oo|oo
oo ust|c|a.
12
|o ab|| oo +``, |os ooosootaotos oo |os |staoos ||o-
bos oosootaoo o| |ooo ||oa| sobo o| ooocto oo Tataoo.
II El Tratado
9. || 28 oo ao oo +``, |os o|oo|ootooc|a|os oo 3o||v|a, Co|o-
b|a, |cuaoo, |o Vooozuo|a susc|b|ooo oo Cataooa oo |oo|as, Co|o-
b|a, o| Tataoo ouo coa o| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa.
|o osa ocas|o, |os |os|oootos ocooooaoo ...|a uooc|a oo |a ootaoa
oo v|o oo| Tataoo ouo coa o| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo| /cuooo oo Ca-
taooa ouo os uoa ooostac|o oo| a|to o|vo| oo aouoz ostab|||oao
ouo aoou|ooo |as |ost|tuc|ooos oo| S|stoa /oo|oo coost|tuo |a o|o-
a ooo|ooc|a |at|ooao|caoa ouo oota a| Looc|o oo |otoac|o oo uoa
12
||co |aot|||a, Ca|o, Documentos bsicos de la integracin andina. 2 oo. u|to, Coooso |ac|o-
oa|, +`8+, o. 2+S.

26
|ostaoc|a ,u|so|cc|ooa| o |otoootat|va j...] Coo |a coac|o oo |a uoc|o
,u|so|cc|ooa|, o| /cuooo oo Cataooa a|caoza o|oo|tuo |ost|tuc|ooa|, oa-
|a su oosooa||oao ,uo|ca |otooac|ooa|, su ooo|a autoooa |a oo-
aoooc|a oo sus ob,ot|vos, aoos ocao|sos.
13
10. Susc|to o| Tataoo, |os |staoos ||obos oocoo|ooo a su aoo-
bac|o at||cac|o. S|o obao, o| |ostuooto oo at||cac|o oo Vooo-
zuo|a oo uo oooos|taoo oo |a Socotaa oo |a Co|s|o s|oo |asta o| +`
oo ao oo +`83, oo |o ouo, oo cooo|oao coo o| atcu|o 3 oo| Ta-
taoo, sto oot oo v|ooc|a oo osa oc|a. |o ota oato, |a Co|s|o aoo-
b , oo oc|a +` oo aosto oo +`83, coo uooaooto oo |a coootooc|a
oov|sta oo o| atcu|o ++ oo| Tataoo, o| |statuto oost|oaoo a o|sc|o||oa o|
uoc|ooa|ooto oo| T|buoa| |os oocoo||ootos ,uo|c|a|os a sou|so aoto
| . |uoo, |as ost|ooos oo| Cob|ooo oo| |cuaoo ||c|ooo oos|b|o ouo o|
T|buoa|, cua sooo os |a c|uoao oo u|to, so |osta|aso o |o|c|aso su uoc|o-
oa|ooto o| oa S oo oooo oo +`8+. ||oa|ooto, o| ooo|o aoo ,u|s-
o|cc|ooa|, sobo |a baso oo |a coootooc|a oov|sta oo o| atcu|o ++ oo|
Tataoo, o|ct su |o|aooto |otooo o| +S oo azo oo +`8+, cuo ob,o-
to uo oosao||a |as o|soos|c|ooos oo| |statuto.
11. |o o| oobu|o oo| Tataoo ouo coa o| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo|
/cuooo oo Cataooa, |os Cob|ooos ocooocoo ouo ...os |oo|sooosab|o
aaot|za o| cuo|||ooto ost|cto oo |os cooo|sos oo|vaoos o|octa
o |oo|octaooto oo| /cuooo... , ouo ...|a ostab|||oao oo| /cuooo oo
|os oooc|os ob||ac|ooos ouo oo | so oo|vao ooboo so sa|vauaoa-
oos oo uo aoo ,u|so|cc|ooa| oo| s a|to o|vo|, |ooooooo|ooto oo |os
Cob|ooos oo |os |asos ||obos oo |os otos aoos oo| /cuo oo
coo caoac|oao oo ooc|aa o| Looc|o Couo|ta|o, o||| |as cootovo-
s|as ouo su,ao oo| |so o |otooota|o uo|ooooto.
12. |o oocto, o| Tataoo coa o| T|buoa| coo aoo o|oc|oa| oo|
/cuooo (atcu|o 6), |otoaoo oo c|oco |a|staoos ouo ozao oo o|o-
oa |oooooooooc|a oo o| o,oc|c|o oo sus uoc|ooos (atcu|o ), |o at|bu-
o coootooc|a oc|us|va oaa coooco oo |as cootovos|as ouo su,ao
coo ot|vo oo |a ao||cac|o oo| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo| /cuooo, oo-
13
dem. o. 2S.

27
||b|oooo ooosaooto a |os |asos ||obos sooto ta|os cootovo-
s|as a t|buoa|os, s|stoas oo ab|ta,o o oocoo||ootos o|st|otos oo |os
cootoo|aoos oo o| Tataoo (atcu|o 33).
13. |o |o ouo cooc|ooo a |os ocao|sos oo so|uc|o oo |as cooto-
vos|as oov|stos oo o| atcu|o 23 oo| /cuooo, ouo |oc|uao |a su,oc|o
oo |os |asos ||obos a| oocoo||ooto oo ab|ta,o ob||ato|o oov|sto
oo o| |otoco|o oaa |a So|uc|o oo |as Cootovos|as, susc|to oo /suo-
c|o o| 2 oo soot|obo oo +`6, o| Tataoo |||ta su uso a |as cootovo-
s|as ouo su,ao ooto uoo oo |os |asos ||obos ota oato cootatao-
to oo| Tataoo oo |ootov|ooo ouo oo soa |obo oo| /cuooo (atcu-
|o 33).
14. || T|buoa| oo| /cuooo t|ooo cacto ooaoooto o| Tataoo
ouo |o coa |o at|buo |as s|u|ootos coootooc|as.
|o o|o |ua, |a oo ooc|aa |a ou||oao oo |as ooc|s|ooos oo |a
Co|s|o oo |as |oso|uc|ooos oo |a uota o|ctaoas coo v|o|ac|o oo |as
ooas ouo |otoao o| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo| /cuooo, |oc|uso oo
oosv|ac|o oo oooo, cuaooo ta|os ooc|s|ooos oso|uc|ooos soao |ou-
oaoas oo cua|ou|oa oo |os |asos ||obos, |a Co|s|o, |a uota o |as
oosooas oatua|os o ,uo|cas a ou|ooos aou||as |os osu|too ao||cab|os
|os causoo oo,u|c|o (atcu|os + +`).
|o souooo |ua, |a oo ooc|aa o| |ocuo|||ooto, oo oato oo
|os |asos ||obos, oo |as ob||ac|ooos oaoaoas oo |as ooas ouo |oto-
ao o| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo| /cuooo. || o,oc|c|o oo |a acc|o aoto
o| T|buoa| oosuoooo o| oosao||o oo uo oocoo||ooto aoto |a uota ouo,
|ou|saoo oo sta o oo o| oc|ao oo uo |as ||obo, cooouco a |a
o|s|o oo uo o|ctaoo ot|vaoo. S| o| oocoo||ooto |a s|oo |ou|saoo
oo |a uota, o| o|ctaoo |a s|oo oo |ocuo|||ooto o| |as ||obo oo-
s|sto oo |a coooucta ouo |a s|oo ob,oto oo obsovac|ooos, aou||a ooo
so||c|ta o| ooouoc|a|ooto oo| T|buoa|. Y s| o| oocoo||ooto |a s|oo
|ou|saoo oo o| oc|ao oo uoo oo |os |asos ||obos, o| o|ctaoo |a
s|oo oo |ocuo|||ooto o| |as ||obo oos|sto oo |a coooucta ob,oto
oo| oc|ao, |a uota oobo so||c|ta o| ooouoc|a|ooto oo| T|buoa|. |o
su ooocto, o| |as oc|aaoto ooo oba motu proprio aoto o| T|buoa|
(atcu|os 23 2+). S| |a sootooc|a ooc|aa o| |ocuo|||ooto, o| |as ||o-
bo ouooa ob||aoo a aooota |as oo|oas oocosa|as oaa su o,ocuc|o
oooto oo |os tos osos s|u|ootos a su oot||cac|o. Lo oo cuo||so osta

28
ob||ac|o, o| T|buoa|, |uoo oo uo oocoo||ooto sua|o, ooto|oa |os
||tos oooto oo |os cua|os |os oos |asos ||obos oooo ost|o|
o susooooo |as voota,as oo| /cuooo ouo booo|c|oo a| |as ||obo
o|so (atcu|o 2S). |a sootooc|a so ov|sab|o oo o| T|buoa|, a oot|c|o
oo oato, s| o| ocuso so uooa oo uo |oc|o ouo, ooscoooc|oo oo o| ocu-
ooto oaa |a oc|a oo oooo|c|o oo aou||a, |ub|oso ooo|oo |o|u| ooc|-
s|vaooto oo o| osu|taoo oo| oocoso (atcu|o 26).
|| Tataoo ooc|sa ouo, oaa su cuo|||ooto, |as sootooc|as oo|
T|buoa| oo oou|ooo oo |oo|oac|o o oo oooutu oo o|ouoo oo |os
|asos ||obos (atcu|o 32).
|o cuaoto a |as oosooas oatua|os o ,uo|cas ouo osu|too aoc-
taoas oo sus oooc|os oo o| |ocuo|||ooto oo uo |as ||obo, o| Ta-
taoo so |||ta |o|c|a|ooto a at|bu||os o| oooo oo oba a| oocto aoto |os
T|buoa|os oac|ooa|os coootootos, oo cooo|oao coo o| osooct|vo
Looc|o |otooo (atcu|o 2).
|o toco |ua, o| T|buoa| t|ooo at|bu|oa coootooc|a oaa |oto-
oota |as ooas ouo |otoao o| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo| /cuooo, coo
o| |o oo asoua su ao||cac|o uo|oo oo o| to|to|o oo |os |asos
||obos (atcu|o 28). Lo| c|taoo ooooa|ooto oabao oato ootoo-
cos o| /cuooo oo Cataooa, sus |otoco|os o |ostuootos ao|c|ooa|os,
o| Tataoo oo Coac|o oo| T|buoa|, |as ooc|s|ooos oo |a Co|s|o |as
oso|uc|ooos oo |a uota (atcu|o +). |a so||c|tuo oo |otoootac|o |a oo
oovoo| oo uo uoz oac|ooa| ouo cooozca oo uo oocoso oo ouo ooba
ao||caso o| ooooa|ooto oo| /cuooo, so acu|tat|va u ob||ato|a
soo ouo |a sootooc|a a o|cta soa suscoot|b|o o oo oo ocusos oo o|
Looc|o |otooo (atcu|o 2`). |o tooo caso, o| uoz oac|ooa| oobo aooo-
ta |a |otoootac|o oo| T|buoa| (atcu|o 3+).
|o ota oato, cabo oooo oo o||ovo ouo os oo o| Tataoo ouo
coa o| T|buoa| ooooo so ostab|oco |a ao||cab|||oao o|octa oo |as ooc|s|o-
oos oo |a Co|s|o, sa|vo ouo su toto o|soooa su |ocoooac|o a| Loo-
c|o |otooo, (atcu|o 3) oo |as |oso|uc|ooos oo |a uota (atcu|o +).
15. |uosto oo v|ooc|a o| Tataoo o |o|c|aoo o| uoc|ooa|ooto oo| T|-
buoa|, |a o|oa ooaooa uo |otoouc|oa oo uo oat|cu|a o| 2+ oo ooo-
o oo +`8+, ooo oo uo ao|t|oa oo a|ta oo coootooc|a oo| aoo
,u|so|cc|ooa|. / o||a s|u|ooo otas tos, ou|aoas tab|o oo oat|cu-
|aos, oo ao|t|oas oo a|ta oo ou|a|zac|o. |a ou|ota |a sota oo uo-
oo ao|t|oas oo tataso oo acc|ooos oo |ocuo|||ooto ooto oat|cu-

29
|aos. |a o|oa ooaooa oo ou||oao uo |otoouc|oa o| 22 oo azo oo
+`8S, |o uo coota uoa oo |as |oso|uc|ooos oo |a uota.Y |a o|oa oo-
v|oooc|a oo |otoootac|o oo,uo|c|a| uo o|ctaoa o| 3 oo o|c|obo oo
+`8.
14
III La reforma del tratado
16. |o cab|o, a oosa oo |as ooouoc|as coota |os |asos ||obos,
oo coosta ouo |a uota |ub|oso o|t|oo ootoocos o|ctaoo a|uoo oo |o-
cuo|||ooto.Taooco coosta ouo, oo ooocto oo |a uota, |os oasos |o |u-
b|osoo ooaooaoo aoto o| T|buoa|. |o su oato, |as oosooas oatua|os
,uo|cas, o|oc|oa|os aoctaoas oo sus oooc|os, caocao oo |o|t|ac|o oa-
a o,oco o|octaooto, oo ooocto oo aou||a, |a acc|o oo |ocuo|||oo-
to, o| T|buoa| caoca oo coootooc|a oaa coooco a su osoocto.
15 16
17. |stas c|cuostaoc|as, ooto otas, coocu|ooo oaa ouo o| T|bu-
oa|, a| ao s|u|ooto oo su ouosta oo uoc|ooa|ooto, ooov|oa |a oo-
a oo| Tataoo. || |a|aooto /oo|oo aco| |a |o|c|at|va , oo su V |oo-
oo oo Sos|ooos Co|oa|as, co|obaoo ooto o| ++ o| +6 oo o|c|obo oo
+`8S, ocoooo |a ooa a |os |asos ||obos, coo o| ob,oto oo
ao||a |as osoas oo coootooc|a oo| T|buoa| oo| /cuooo, v|sta |a ooco-
s|oao oo ...ao||a ooza o| cooto| ,u|so|cc|ooa| oo| oocoso oo |oto-
14
T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa, Jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia del Acuer-
do de Cartagena. 1984-1988. Vo| |, 3uooos /|os, 3|L-||T/|, +``+, oo. ++2+.
15
|oooo, uo, oo. c|t., oo. S3-S+.
16
|o o||o, cuaooo o| T|buoa| o|ct |a o|oa sootooc|a ooo|t|va oo |ocuo|||ooto, aoooas o|
30 oo octubo oo +``6, oostac, v|sto ouo o| |a uota o| |os oasos |obos |abao o,oc|oo
acc|o a|uoa oo |ocuo|||ooto |asta ootoocos, ouo oo ta|os c|cuostaoc|as ...oo oooa
|ab|aso oo ouo uoc|ooaa uoa tuto|a ocaz oo oooosa oo |os |ot|os |otoosos couo|ta-
|os o| uo cooto| sobo o| cuo|||ooto oo |as ob||ac|ooos oooc|os oo|vaoos oo| oo-
coso oo |otoac|o oaa ou|ooos, coo |os oasos |os oat|cu|aos |sos, coost|tuoo |os
o|oc|oa|os ootaoo|stas oo |a |otoac|o... . T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa.
|ocoso +-/|-`6. Cacota Cc|a| oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa | 23+ oo| 2+ oo oov|obo oo
+``6.

30
ac|o subo|ooa|, a ouo oo oato su actua| c|s|s os oob|oa a| |ocuo||-
|ooto oo |as ooooac|ooos oo| /cuooo.
17
18. || T|buoa|, oo su oato, oo oboo oo +`86, oosoot uo |ooc-
to oo |otoco|o |oo||cato|o oo| Tataoo, oo| cua| oaoo oato |as
s|u|ootos ooouostas. +- |oa acc|o ooou|a oo ou||oao, accos|b|o a
cua|ou|o oosooa, coota |as ooc|s|ooos oo |a Co|s|o |as |oso|uc|ooos
oo |a uota, cuaooo tooao a|caoco oooa|. 2- /cc|o oo ou||oao coota |as
|sas ooas, cuaooo soo oo a|caoco oat|cu|a, oo caboza oo ou|oo
oouosto tooo |ot|o |otos. 3- /cc|o oo |ocuo|||ooto oo caboza
oo |os oat|cu|aos, oo coota oo uo |as ||obo, oov|a uoa |ostaoc|a
ao|o|stat|va aoto |a uota. +- /cc|o oo |os oat|cu|aos oo oaos oo-
,u|c|os oovoo|ootos oo| a| uoc|ooa|ooto oo sov|c|os ob||cos couo|-
ta|os, o causaoos oo |os uoc|ooa|os oo |a |otoac|o. S- |acu|ta a |as
oatos, oo |os oocosos oo |os cua|os so susc|to |a cuost|o oo,uo|c|a|, oaa
acuo| o|octaooto aoto o| T|buoa|. 6- |acu|ta a| T|buoa| oaa sov| oo
b|to ooto |os oao|sos oo| /cuooo ooto oat|cu|aos, oo cooto-
vos|as o|ac|ooaoas coo o| Looc|o Couo|ta|o. - /o||a |a acc|o oo
|ocuo|||ooto a |as o|s|ooos oo ouo |ocuao |os oao|sos oo| /cuo-
oo (acc|o oo |oact|v|oao). 8- Coootooc|a oaa ooc|aa |a cooat|b|||-
oao, oo uo caso oaoo, ooto o| Looc|o |otooo oo uo |as ||obo o|
Looc|o Couo|ta|o. `- Coovot| oo ob||ato|a oaa |a uota |a acu|tao
ouo |o t|ooo oaa |o|c|a |a acc|o oo |ocuo|||ooto coota uo |as
||obo. +0- Coootooc|a oaa coooco oo cootovos|as su|oas oo
cootatos co|obaoos oo |os |asos ||obos o oo |os aoos couo|-
ta|os, oo o,ocuc|o oo ooas oo| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo| /cuooo. ||
T|buoa| oosoot uo ooocto oo at|cu|aoo uo ooocto oo toto |oa|
uo||caoo, |oc|uoooo |as aoto|oos ooas.
18
17
Proyecto de Protocolo Modicatorio del Tratado de Creacin del Tribunal de Justicia del Acuerdo de
Cartagena, +`86, oo T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa. Memoria 1991, u|to,
+``3, o. +`3.
18
Informe sobre la situacin actual del Tribunal de Justicia del Acuerdo de Cartagena enviado a los
representantes de los Pases Miembros y a los rganos comunitarios por el Presidente del Tribu-
nal, oo T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa. Memoria de 1989, u|to, +``0, o. +02.

31
19. |o o| b|to osooc|co oo |os |ocuo|||ootos oo |os |asos ||o-
bos, |as ooouostas ostabao o|||oas, oo |o o|oc|oa|, a |a coosocuc|o oo
oos ob,ot|vos. o|oo, coovot| oo uo oobo o| oooo oo |a uota oo
oba a tavs oo |a acc|o oo |ocuo|||ooto, souooo, otoa |o|t|-
ac|o a |os oat|cu|aos oaa o,oco o|c|a acc|o, oo ooocto oo |a uo-
ta, uoa voz aotaoo o| oocoo||ooto ao|o|stat|vo oov|o.
20. S|o obao, o| |oocto oo uo ob,oto oo atooc|o oo oato oo
|os |asos ||obos.
21. || +2 oo ao oo +`8 uo susc|to o| |otoco|o oo u|to, oo|-
|cato|o oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa (Loc|s|o 236), v|ooto oosoo o| 2S
oo ao oo +`88. || c|taoo |otoco|o, oo |o o|oc|oa|, ao|a |os ob,ot|vos
oo| /cuooo, |os ooaas acc|ooos oo cooooac|o ocoo|ca soc|a|
|a coootooc|a oo |a Co|s|o oo |a uota, o|sc|o||oa |os ooaas oo
oosao||o |ooust|a|, aooocua|o, ao|ooust|a| oo |oaostuctua s|ca,
oo o| aco oo| |oaa oo ||boac|o, ooc|sa |a so|o oo oo|oas
oc|u|oas oo| coocooto ost|cc|ooos oo tooo oooo, |otoouco |as c|u-
su|as oo oac|o s avooc|oa oo tato oac|ooa|, ooc|aa ouo o| |o-
aa oo ||boac|o so autot|co o |ovocab|o ouo coooooo,
sa|vo ocooc|ooos, |a uo|vosa||oao oo |os ooouctos, oaa ||oa ooos|-
vaooto a su ||boac|o tota|, at|buo a |a Co|s|o |a coootooc|a oo
|,a |os o|azos |as ooa||oaoos oo ao||cac|o oo| /aoco| |tooo Co-
o, ot|oooo o| |oo oo |as c|usu|as oo sa|vauao|a. |o |o ouo coo-
c|ooo a |a so|uc|o oo cootovos|as, oosc|bo ouo |as ouo su,ao coo
ot|vo oo |a ao||cac|o oo| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo| /cuooo so su,ota-
o a |as ooas oo| Tataoo ouo coa o| T|buoa| (atcu|o 23).
22. |os oas 2` 30 oo oov|obo oo +``0, s oo cuato aos oos-
ous oo oosootaoo o| |oocto oo |otoco|o |oo||cato|o oo| Tataoo
oo| T|buoa|, so co|ob o| |V Cooso,o |os|oooc|a| /oo|oo, oo | |os |o-
s|oootos ooc|o|ooo, ooto otos ouotos, oooo oas|s oo |a oocos|oao
oo| cuo|||ooto oo| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co couo|ta|o, oaa |o cua|
ooco|oooao a| Cooso,o /oo|oo oo ||o|stos oo |o|ac|ooos |to|oos
a |a Co|s|o oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa, |a coooac|o oo uoa Co|-
s|o oo /|to ||vo| ouo o|aboo uoa ooouosta oaa so oo|o|oa, a s ta-
oa o| 3+ oo azo oo +``+. L|c|a ooouosta ooo |oc|u| o|oootos
oaa ooa, s| uoo o| caso, o| Tataoo oo Coac|o oo| T|buoa| oo us-

32
t|c|a oo| /cuooo oo Cat aooa . |a Co|s|o so ouo| |os oas +`
20 oo azo oo +``+ o|ov uo |ooo oo o| cua| oostac ouo |a acc|o
oo |ocuo|||ooto coost|tua uo ocao|so o|caz oaa aaot|za |a o,o-
cuc|o oo |os cooo|sos oo|vaoos oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa, ouo
|o ouo coosooooa oa ouo |a uota |a o,oc|oso.
19
23. |o obstaoto, oo o| V Cooso,o |os|oooc|a| /oo|oo, co|obaoo |os
oas + +8 oo ao oo +``+, |os |os|oootos acooaoo |ocooooa a|
Cooso,o /oo|oo oo ||o|stos oo |o|ac|ooos |to|oos ouo ov|so o| Tata-
oo oo Coac|o oo| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa, too|oo-
oo oo cuoota, oaa ta| oocto, |as suoooc|as oo oo||cac|o oosootaoas
oo a|uoos |asos ||obos, |a Co|s|o oo /|to ||vo| o| ooo|o T|bu-
oa|. || T|buoa| o|so uo ouovo |oocto |o soot| a |a coos|ooac| o
oo |os Cob|ooos oo |os |asos ||obos oo |os aoos oo| /cuooo.
||oa|ooto, oo o| V| Cooso,o |os|oooc|a| /oo|oo, co|obaoo o| + oo o|c|o-
bo oo +``+, |os |os|oootos o|sous|ooo |ostu| a| Cooso,o /oo|oo oo
||o|stos oo |o|ac|ooos |to|oos, oaa ouo coovoouo oo o| o|o t|-
osto oo +``2, a uoa |ouo|o oo ||oo|ootooc|a|os coo |as a| oaoo
susc|oc|o oo uo |otoco|o |oo||cato|o a| Tataoo oo Coac|o oo| T|-
buoa| /oo|oo oo ust|c|a. |o oocto, |a |ouo|o oo ||oo|ootooc|a|os so
co|ob ooto |os oas +6 +8 oo azo oo +``2, ooo oo o||a oo so a|cao-
z coosooso sobo |a tota||oao oo |as oo||cac|ooos ooouostas.
20
24. |s oo tos aos oosous, oo aosto oo +``S, so coov|oo oo uo
|oocto oo |otoco|o |oo||cato|o oo| Tataoo. |o soot|obo oo| |s-
o ao, o| Cooso,o |os|oooc|a| /oo|oo oocoooo a uoa ouova |ouo|o
oo ||oo|ootooc|a|os |a taoa oo a,usta o| |oocto oo |otoco|o |oo||-
cato|o a |a ostuctua |ost|tuc|ooa| oo| S|stoa /oo|oo oo |otoac|o ouo
so ostaba o|soaooo.
25. |o azo oo +``6 so aoob, ouaoto o| V|| Cooso,o |os|oooc|a|
/oo|oo, o| |otoco|o oo Tu,|||o, oo||cato|o oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa
(Loc|s|o +06), oo v|ooc|a oosoo 3 oo ,uo|o oo +``. |o | so coa |a Co-
19
Reformas al Tratado de Creacin del Tribunal de Justicia del Acuerdo de Cartagena. |o.T|buoa| oo
ust|c|a oo| /cuooo oo Cataooa. Memoria 1992, u|to, |oosoa|, +``3, oo. +6-+.
20
dem. oo. +-+8.

33
uo|oao /oo|oa, coo uoa oao|zac|o subo|ooa| coo oosooa||oao
,uo|ca |otooac|ooa| (atcu|o +8), |otoaoa oo |os |staoos ||obos
|os aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos oo| S|stoa /oo|oo oo |otoac|o (atcu|o S),
so ostab|oco |a cooos|c|o oo| S|stoa (atcu|o 6) so at|buo cooo-
tooc|a a caoa uoo oo sus aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos (atcu|os ++ a +6), so
ooo|aza |a uota oo |a Socotaa Coooa|, , oo |o o|at|vo a| |oo oo
so|uc|o oo cootovos|as, ooc|aa ouo o| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a os o| aoo
,u|so|cc|ooa| oo |a Couo|oao, ouo su |oo ost coost|tu|oo oo o|
/cuooo, o| Tataoo oo Coac|o sus ootoco|os oo||cato|os, ouo
t|ooo su sooo oo |a c|uoao oo u|to, |cuaoo (atcu|os +0 ++).
|o oso V|| Cooso,o |os|oooc|a| /oo|oo so o|to |a o|ooc|a oo
a,usta o| |oocto oo |otoco|o |oo||cato|o oo| Tataoo oo| T|buoa| a
|a ostuctua oo| S|stoa. |oa||zaoos |os a,ustos, o| 26 oo ao oo +``6 so
susc|b| o| |otoco|o |oo||cato|o oo| Tataoo, oooo|oaoo tab|o
|otoco|o oo Coc|ababa (Loc|s|o +2). || + oo ,u||o oo| |so ao
oot oo v|ooc|a uoa bovo ooa oo| |statuto oo| T|buoa| (Loc|s|o
3`+). |uoo oo |as aoobac|ooos at||cac|ooos oo |o, o| |otoco|o
oot oo v|ooc|a o| 2S oo aosto oo +```.
26. |o o| b|to oo |as acc|ooos oo ou||oao oo |ocuo|||ooto, |as
o|oc|oa|os oo||cac|ooos uooo |as s|u|ootos.
|a acc|o oo ou||oao ooo so o,oc|oa oooto oo |os oos aos
s|u|ootos a |a oc|a oo ootaoa oo v|ooc|a oo |a Loc|s|o, oo |a |oso|u-
c|o o oo| Coovoo|o, |a |o|t|ac|o oo |as oosooas oatua|os o ,uo|cas
oaa o||o ooooooo o|caooto oo ouo o| ob,oto oo |a |ouoac|o aoc-
to sus oooc|os sub,ot|vos o sus |otoosos |ot|os (atcu|os +` 20).
|| T|buoa|, a oot|c|o oo |a oato ooaooaoto, oov|o a|aoza-
|ooto s| |o coos|ooa oocosa|o, ooo ooooa oo|oas cauto|aos s| |a
o,ocuc|o oo |a Loc|s|o, oo |a |oso|uc|o o oo| Coovoo|o, cua ou||oao |u-
b|oso s|oo ooouoc|aoa, causao o ouo|oo causa a| ooaooaoto oo,u|c|os
|ooaab|os o oo o|c|| ooaac|o oo |a sootooc|a oo|o|t|va (atcu|o 2+).
|o o| b|to oo osta acc|o, o| |otoco|o |ocooo o| ocao|s-
o oo |a ooouoc|a oo |oao||cab|||oao oo ||oa||oao oo |a ooa couo|ta-
|a oo su coosu|ta a| T|buoa|. |o oocto, oo | so oov ouo, auoouo |ub|o-
so vooc|oo o| o|azo oaa o,oco |a acc|o oo ou||oao, cua|ou|oa oo |as oa-
tos, oo uo ||t||o oo cuso aoto o| uoz oac|ooa|, ooo so||c|ta a sto |a
|oao||cab|||oao a| caso oo uoa Loc|s|o, |oso|uc|o o Coovoo|o, oo coos|-
ooa ouo |o|oo o| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo |a Couo|oao. || uoz oa-

34
c|ooa| oobo coosu|ta a| T|buoa| acoca oo |a |oa||oao oo| |ostuooto
ooouoc|aoo susooooo o| oocoso |asta oc|b| o| ooouoc|a|ooto
coosoooo|ooto, o| cua| so oo ao||cac|o ob||ato|a oo |a sootooc|a oo
aou| (atcu|o 20).
|o cuaoto a |a acc|o oo |ocuo|||ooto, |a Socotaa Coooa|
oo |a Couo|oao tooo o| oobo oo o,oco|a cuaooo o| o|ctaoo ot|-
vaoo ouo ooouoc|o, oo o| oocoo||ooto ao|o|stat|vo oov|o, soa oo
|ocuo|||ooto, o| |as ||obo, cua coooucta |aa s|oo ob,oto oo
obsovac|ooos, oos|sta oo o||a (atcu|o 23).
Cuaooo |a ooouoc|a oo |ocuo|||ooto aoto |a Socotaa Cooo-
a| soa ou|aoa oo uo |as ||obo coota oto, |as ost|ooos oo| a-
oo o,ocut|vo toooo oo ob,oto |a subsaoac|o oo| |ocuo|||ooto, oo
ooo ouo |a o|s|o oo| o|ctaoo, oooto oo |os ou|oco oas s|u|ootos a|
vooc||ooto oo| o|azo oo osouosta oo| |as ||obo, osta suooo|taoa a
ouo oo so |aao obtoo|oo osu|taoos oos|t|vos (atcu|o 2+).
|as oosooas oatua|os o ,uo|cas oooo ou|a |a ooouoc|a
aoto |a Socotaa Coooa| , |uoo oo aotaoo o| oocoo||ooto ao|o|s-
tat|vo oov|o, o,oco |a acc|o aoto o| T|buoa|, s| o| |ocuo|||ooto oo|
|as ||obo aocta sus oooc|os, caso ouo o| aoo o,ocut|vo oo o|ta
o| o|ctaoo o oo o,oza |a acc|o oooto oo| o|azo, o ouo o| o|ctaoo ouo
o|ta oo soa oo |ocuo|||ooto. || o,oc|c|o oo |a acc|o aoto o| T|buoa|
oo ust|c|a oo |a Couo|oao oc|u| ouo o| oat|cu|a ouooa acuo| oo |a
|sa causa aoto o| T|buoa| |ac|ooa| coootooto (atcu|o 2S).
|| T|buoa|, a oot|c|o oo |a oato ooaooaoto, oov|o a|aoza-
|ooto s| |o coos|ooa oocosa|o, ooo ooooa |a susooos|o oov|s|ooa|
oo |a oo|oa oosuotaooto |oactoa, s| sta causa o ouo|oa causa, a|
ooaooaoto o a |a Subo|o, oo,u|c|os |ooaab|os o oo o|c|| ooaac| o
(atcu|o 28).
|a sootooc|a oo |ocuo|||ooto ouo o| T|buoa| o|cto, oo o| su-
ouosto oo ouo |a acc|o |aa s|oo o,oc|oa oo uoa oosooa oatua| o ,u-
o|ca, coost|tu| ttu|o |oa| su|c|ooto oaa ouo sta ouooa so||c|ta a| ,uoz
oac|ooa| |a |oooo|zac|o oo |os oaos oo,u|c|os coosoooo|ootos (at-
cu|o 30).
27. |o ota oato, o| |otoco|o |otoouco o| ocao|so oo| ocuso
oo o|s|o o |oact|v|oao oaa o| suouosto oo ouo o| Cooso,o /oo|oo oo
||o|stos oo |o|ac|ooos |to|oos, |a Co|s|o o |a Socotaa Coooa| so
abstooa oo cuo|| uoa act|v|oao a |a ouo |os ob||uo ooosaooto o|

35
oooo ,uo|co oo |a Couo|oao, |o at|buo coootooc|a a| T|buoa| oaa
coooco ooc|o| a su osoocto (atcu|o 3), aoos, |o at|buo cooo-
tooc|a oaa coooco ooc|o| |as cootovos|as |aboa|os ouo so susc|too
oo o| sooo oo |os aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos oo| S|stoa /oo|oo oo |otoa-
c|o (atcu|o +0), oaa coooco ooc|o|, oo va oo ab|ta,o, oov|o
acuooo oo |as oatos, |as cootovos|as oo|vaoas oo |a |otoootac|o o
ao||cac|o oo cootatos, coovoo|os o acuooos susc|tos ooto |os aoos
o |ost|tuc|ooos oo| S|stoa, o ooto stos tocoos, as coo oaa cooo-
co ooc|o| oo| |so ooo |as cootovos|as oo|vaoas oo |a |otooo-
tac|o o ao||cac|o oo cootatos oo cacto o|vaoo, oo aouo||os oo sus
o|oootos o|sc|o||oaoos oo o| oooo couo|ta|o (atcu|o 38).
||oa|ooto, o| |otoco|o suo|o |a o|soos|c|o ouo oov o| uso
oo| oocoo||ooto ostab|oc|oo oo o| atcu|o 23 oo| /cuooo oo Catao-
oa oaa |as cootovos|as ouo so susc|too ooto uoo oo |os |asos ||o-
bos ota oato cootataoto oo| Tataoo oo |ootov|ooo, , oo su |ua,
acu|ta a |os |asos ||obos, as coo a |os aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos oo|
S|stoa /oo|oo oo |otoac|o, oaa sootoso a| |oo oo| Tataoo oo
sus o|ac|ooos coo tocoos oasos o uoos oo oasos (atcu|o +2).
28. || 2S oo ,uo|o oo +``, oas oosous oo |a ootaoa oo v|ooc|a oo|
|otoco|o oo Tu,|||o, uo susc|to o| |otoco|o oo Suco, oo||cato|o oo|
/cuooo oo Cataooa (Loc|s|o S63), oo v|ooc|a oosoo o| ++ oo ab|| oo
2003. |sto |t|o |ostuooto acu|ta a |a Co|s|o oaa aooba uo a-
co oooa| oo o|oc|o|os ooas oost|oaoas a |oa |a ||boac|o oo|
cooc|o |otasubo|ooa| oo sov|c|os (atcu|o `), ostab|oco, oo o| b|-
to oo |a cooooac|o ocoo|ca soc|a|, uoa so|o oo ooaas oaa
ob,ot|vos oo oosao||o soc|a| (atcu|o +30), |ocoooa |a |ua oo |os
||obos /soc|aoos (atcu|o +36), , sobo tooo, |otoouco, a tavs oo
uoa ||oa L|soos|c|o Taos|to|a, o| s|u|ooto |oo osooc|a| oaa o|
|o. |o at|buo coootooc|a a |a Co|s|o oaa oo|o| |os t|oos oo|
|oaa oo ||boac|o a so ao||caoo a| cooc|o ooto o| |o |os
oos |asos ||obos, coo o| ob,oto oo |oa o| o|ooo uoc|ooa|ooto
oo |a Zooa /oo|oa oo ||bo Cooc|o a s taoa o| 3+ oo o|c|obo oo|
ao 200S, o|o a| c|taoo |as ||obo oo |a ob||ac|o oo ao||ca o|
/aoco| |tooo Coo |asta ouo |a Co|s|o ooc|oa |os o|azos ooa-
||oaoos oaa |a |ocoooac|o oo| |o a| c|taoo ocao|so. |o |o oos,
acu|ta a |a Co|s|o, a tavs oo ota L|soos|c|o Taos|to|a, oaa osta-
b|oco uo coouso ocao|so ab|ta|.

36
29. V|stas |as ooas |otoouc|oas oo o| |otoco|o oo Tu,|||o, oo|-
|cato|o oo| /cuooo, oo o| |otoco|o oo Coc|ababa, oo||cato|o
oo| Tataoo oo Coac|o oo| T|buoa|, o| 22 oo ,uo|o oo 200+ uo aooba-
oa |a ooa oo| |statuto oo| T|buoa| (Loc|s|o S00), v|ooto oosoo o| 28
oo ,uo|o oo| |so ao , oo osto ot|vo, o| T|buoa| aoob, o| +8 oo
ao oo 200+, |a ooa oo su |o|aooto |otooo.
IV El orden jurdico sustancial
30. || /cuooo oo |otoac|o Subo|ooa| |a |ost|tu|oo uo oooo ,u-
o|co oo aoo uooaoota|, oost|oaoo a o|sc|o||oa uo oocoso oo |otoa-
c|o ouo t|ooo oo ob,ot|vo |t|o o| o,oa|ooto oo |a ca||oao oo v|oa
oo |os |ab|taotos oo |a Subo|o. |o o||o so coos|ooa, tab|o oo o|
b|to oo |a |otoac|o subo|ooa|, ouo o| /cuooo os |a ooa coost|-
tuc|ooa| oo |os |staoos ||obos oo |os aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos oo| S|s-
toa, ouo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa os uoa Couo|oao oo Looc|o, oo tao-
to ouo sus aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos, as coo |os |staoos ||obos, osto
soot|oos a| cooto| oo |a cooo|oao oo sus actos o|s|ooos coo o|
oooo oo| /cuooo oo |otoac|o.
31. |os cootoo|oos o|oc|oa|os oo| /cuooo soo |os s|u|ootos. oo o|-
o |ua, ostab|oco sus ob,ot|vos |os ocao|sos oaa a|caoza|os (Cao-
tu|o |), oo souooo |ua, |a oao|zac|o oo| S|stoa /oo|oo oo |otoac| o
|a coootooc|a oo caoa uoo oo sus aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos (Caotu|o ||),
oo toco |ua, |a o|sc|o||oa bs|ca oo |as ato|as ob,oto oo |otoac|o,
a tavs oo |a ou|ac|o oo sus ob,ot|vos osooc|cos oo |as oo|t|cas, oo-
aas, coovoo|os, oooctos, oo|oas acc|ooos oaa a|caoza|os (Cao-
tu|os ||| a V|).
32. || oooo ,uo|co uooaoota| oo| oocoso, coost|tu|oo oo osooc|a
oo o| /cuooo oo Cataooa o| Tataoo oo Coac|o oo| T|buoa|, os oo-
sao||aoo oo |as ooas oo|vaoas, soo |a ooooac|o oov|sta oo o|
|statuto oo| T|buoa| (atcu|o 2), ooas oo |as cua|os oao oato |as
Loc|s|ooos oo| Cooso,o oo ||o|stos oo |o|ac|ooos |to|oos oo |a Co-
|s|o, |as |oso|uc|ooos oo |a Socotaa Coooa| |os Coovoo|os ouo aooo-
too |os |asos ||obos ooto s oo o| aco oo| oocoso oo |otoac|o.

37
33. / ttu|o oo o,oo|o, |as ato|as oo| /cuooo ouo, oo o| b|to
oo |a |otoac|o ocoo|ca, |ao s|oo ob,oto o|oc|oa| oo ou|ac|o, soo
|as s|u|ootos.
|| |oaa oo ||boac|o oo b|ooos, cuo ooos|to os o|||oa
|os avooos |as ost|cc|ooos oo tooo oooo ouo |oc|oao sobo |a |-
ootac|o oo ooouctos o||oa|os oo| to|to|o oo cua|ou|o |as ||o-
bo (atcu|o 2) ouo, aoos, ooboo oza, oo o| to|to|o oo| |as ||o-
bo |ootaoo, oo uo tata|ooto oo ooos avoab|o ouo o| ouo so ao||-
ouo a |os ooouctos s|||aos oac|ooa|os (atcu|o S). |o |a Couo|oao
/oo|oa, |a Zooa oo ||bo Cooc|o ooto Vooozuo|a, Co|ob|a, |cuaoo
3o||v|a so ooocc|oo ooto |os aos +``2 +``3. |a |ocoooac|o oo|
|o |a s|oo aoua| (Loc|s|ooos +++ ++S), a oat| oo| 30 oo ,u||o oo
+``, , oo cooo|oao coo |a ||oa L|soos|c|o Taos|to|a oo| |oto-
co|o oo Suco, |a |ocoooac|o o|ooa oo| c|taoo |as ||obo so a|caoza-
, a s taoa, o| 3+ oo o|c|obo oo| ao 200S.
|| /aoco| |tooo Coo, oost|oaoo a |a coost|tuc|o oo |a
|o|o /ouaooa, cua ouosta oo ao||cac|o coost|tuo uo cooo|so
oo |os |asos ||obos, so oocuoota soot|oo a |os o|azos ooa||oa-
oos ouo ostab|ozca |a Co|s|o (atcu|o 8+). |o |a Couo|oao, o| /aoco|
|tooo Coo so |ost|tu o| 3+ oo oooo oo +``S, coo |a ootaoa oo
v|ooc|a oo |a Loc|s|o 30, oo |a cua| so oov|, aoos, uo tata|ooto
oooooc|a| oaa |cuaoo 3o||v|a, as coo |a oos|b|||oao oaa |os |asos
||obos oo oc|u| toooa|ooto oo su ao||cac|o uoa ||sta ao||a oo
suboat|oas |/|L||/. || ++ oo octubo oo 2002 so oooc| oo |a Co|-
s|o uo ouovo /aoco| |tooo Coo (Loc|s|o S3S), ouo ooba oota
oo v|ooc|a o| o|oo oo oooo oo 200+. S|o obao, |a Co|s|o |a
oostoaoo tos vocos su ootaoa oo v|ooc|a (Loc|s|ooos S6`, S S80).
|a |t|a oostoac|o |a s|oo oov|sta |asta o| +0 oo ao oo 200S.
|a Ca|||cac|o oo C|oo oo |as ocaocas, cuo ob,oto os aso-
ua ouo, |ootas so coost|tuo |a |o|o /ouaooa, |os booo|c|os oo |a
Zooa oo ||bo Cooc|o coosooooao o|caooto a |os ooouctos ouo
cuo|ao coo |os oou|s|tos oooa|os o osooc|cos soa|aoos oo |as o|as.
|o |a Couo|oao, |a ato|a so oocuoota ou|aoa oo o| /cuooo oo
Cataooa oo |as Loc|s|ooos ++6 (|oas |sooc|a|os oaa |a Ca|||ca-
c|o Cot||cac|o oo| C|oo oo |as |ocaocas) ++ (C|to|os |o-
coo||ootos oaa |a ||,ac|o oo |oou|s|tos |sooc|cos oo C|oo).
|| Losao||o /ooocua|o, ou|aoo oo |o o|oc|oa| oo o| S|sto-
a /oo|oo oo |ao,as oo |oc|os (Loc|s|ooos 3+ ++0) o| S|stoa

38
/oo|oo oo Sao|oao /ooocua|a (Loc|s|o S+S), cuos |ostuootos soo
|as ooas sao|ta|as |tosao|ta|as, |as ooas oac|ooa|os sao|ta|as |to-
sao|ta|as |osc|tas oo o| |o|sto Subo|ooa|, |as ooas oac|ooa|os sao|-
ta|as |tosao|ta|as oo ooooc|a, o| |o|sto Subo|ooa| oo ooas oa-
c|ooa|os sao|ta|as |tosao|ta|as, |os oo|sos o oocuootos |to zoo-
sao|ta|os oaa |ootac|o, as coo |os cot||caoos |to zoosao|ta|os
oaa oootac|o ooootac|o. || S|stoa os oosao||aoo aoos oo
uoa so|o oo ooas, coo |a o|at|va a| o|sto cooto| oo o|au|c|oas
ou|cos oo uso aco|a (Loc|s|o +36).
|a Coootooc|a Cooc|a|, oo cuo |oo oao oato |as
ooas oaa oovoo| o coo| |as o|stos|ooos oo |a coootooc|a ooo-
aoas oo oct|cas ost|ct|vas oo |a ||bo coootooc|a (Loc|s|o 28S, ooo-
o|ooto oo ooa), oo oct|cas oo ouo|o oo |ootac|ooos oo oo-
ouctos o||oa|os oo |asos ||obos oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa (Loc|s|o
+S6), oo oct|cas oo subvooc|ooos oo |ootac|ooos oo ooouctos o|-
|oa|os oo |os |asos oo |a Couo|oao (Loc|s|o +S).
|a |oo|ooao |oto|octua|, oo |a cua| oao oato o| ||oo
Coo oo |otocc|o a |os Looc|os oo |os Cbtootoos oo Va|ooaoos
Voota|os (Loc|s|o 3+S), o| ||oo Coo sobo Looc|o oo /uto
Looc|os Coooos (Loc|s|o 3S+), o| ||oo Coo sobo /ccoso a
|os |ocusos Coot|cos (Loc|s|ooos 3`+, +23 ++8) o| ||oo Coo
sobo |oo|ooao |ooust|a| (Loc|s|o +86).
|| Cooc|o oo Sov|c|os, ou|aoo a tavs oo| aco oooa| oo
o|oc|o|os ooas oaa |a ||boa||zac|o oo| cooc|o oo sov|c|os oo |a
Couo|oao /oo|oa (Loc|s|o +3`), o| |ovoota|o oo |oo|oas |ost|ct|vas
oo| Cooc|o oo Sov|c|os (Loc|s|o S+0) , oo ato|a oo taosooto,
ou|aoo o|oc|oa|ooto oo |as ooas sobo Taosooto |u|t|ooa| (Lo-
c|s|ooos 33+ 3`3), Taosooto |otooac|ooa| oo |asa,oos oo Caotoa
(Loc|s|o 3`8), Taosooto |otooac|ooa| oo |ocaocas oo Caotoa
(Loc|s|o 3``) Taosooto /oo (Loc|s|o S82). |o ato|a oo to|oco-
uo|cac|ooos, |as ooas ouo ou|ao o| |ocoso oo |otoac|o ||boa||-
zac|o oo| Cooc|o oo Sov|c|os oo To|ocouo|cac|ooos oo |a Couo|oao
/oo|oa (Loc|s|o +62) |as L|soos|c|ooos sobo |t|||zac|o Cooc|a| oo|
|ocuso b|ta |soocto oo |os |asos ||obos oaa o| |stab|oc||ooto,
Cooac|o |o|otac|o oo S|stoas Sato||ta|os (Loc|s|o +`). Y oo
ato|a oo oooa, o| |aco Coooa| oaa |a |otocooo|o subo|ooa| oo
s|stoas o|ct|cos o |otocab|o |otacouo|ta|o oo o|oct|c|oao (Loc|-
s|o S36).

39
|a |oa||zac|o Tco|ca, cuo s|stoa t|ooo oo ob,oto ac|||ta
o| cooc|o |otasubo|ooa|, a tavs oo |a o,oa oo |a ca||oao oo |os
ooouctos sov|c|os, oo |a o|||oac|o oo |as ost|cc|ooos tco|cas a|
cooc|o, oo cuo |oo ,uo|co oao oato o| S|stoa /oo|oo oo
|oa||zac|o, /coo|tac|o, |osaos, Cot||cac|o, |o|aootos Tco|cos
|oto|oa (Loc|s|ooos 36 ++`), o| |ocoooc||ooto acootac|o oo
cot||caoos oo ooouctos ouo so cooc|a||coo oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa
(Loc|s|o S06), |a /oo|zac|o oo |o|s|ac|ooos oo ato|a oo ooouctos
cost|cos (Loc|s|o S+6), |as L|oct|cos oaa |a o|aboac|o, aoooc|o
ao||cac|o oo |o|aootos Tco|cos oo |os |asos ||obos oo |a Cou-
o|oao /oo|oa a o|vo| couo|ta|o (Loc|s|o S62).
|| ||oo oo /ouaoas, oo| cua| oao oato |as ooas o|at|-
vas a |a Loc|aac|o /oo|oa oo| Va|o (Loc|s|o 3`), |a |oooc|atua
|/|L||/ (Loc|s|ooos 38+, S0 S0), o| Tos|to /ouaooo |otooac|ooa|
(Loc|s|o +), |a /s|stooc|a |utua Cooooac|o ooto |as /o|o|sta-
c|ooos /ouaooas oo |os |asos ||obos oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa (Loc|-
s|o +8), |a Va|oac|o /ouaooa (Loc|s|o S2+), o| Va|o oo /ouaoa oo |as
|ocaocas |ootaoas (Loc|s|o S+), o| /aoco| |otoaoo /oo|oo (Loc|-
s|o S2) o| ||oo /oo|oo sobo Cooto| /ouaooo (Loc|s|o S+).
|as |ovos|ooos, o|sc|o||oaoas oo o| ||oo Coo oo Tata-
|ooto a |os Cao|ta|os |tao,oos sobo |acas, |atootos, ||cooc|as
|oa|as (Loc|s|o 2`+), oo o| ||oo |o|oo oaa |oosas |u|-
t|oac|ooa|os /oo|oas (Loc|s|o 2`2).
Y |a |o|t|ca ||sca|, oo |a cua| oa oato o| ||oo oaa ov|ta
|a Lob|o T|butac|o oovoo| |a |vas|o ||sca| (Loc|s|o S8), as coo
|a /oo|zac|o oo /sooctos Sustaoc|a|os |ocoo|oota|os oo |os
|ouostos T|oo Va|o /oaoo (Loc|s|o S``) |a /oo|zac|o oo |os
|ouostos T|oo So|oct|vo a| Coosuo (Loc|s|o 600).
Losc|to oac|a|ooto o| oooo sustaoc|a| oo |a |otoac|o oco-
o|ca oov|sta oo o| /cuooo oo Cataooa, oosao||aoo a tavs oo
Loc|s|ooos, stas a tavs oo |oso|uc|ooos, oocooo oa cuoota oo |a va
,u|so|cc|ooa| ostab|oc|oa oaa |a so|uc|o oo |as cootovos|as ouo oo|voo
oo su |otoootac|o ao||cac|o.

40
V Los mbitos de competencia del tribunal
34. || Tataoo oo| T|buoa|, oo||caoo oo o| |otoco|o oo Coc|a-
baba, coa o| ooto coo aoo ,u|so|cc|ooa| oo |a Couo|oao (atcu-
|o S), |o at|buo coootooc|a oaa oba coo |otooto suooo oo|
ooooa|ooto couo|ta|o (cuost|o oo,uo|c|a| oo |otoootac|o), as co-
o oaa aaot|za su obsovaoc|a oo oato oo |os |asos ||obos (ac-
c|o oo |ocuo|||ooto) oo |os aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos oo| S|stoa /o-
o|oo oo |otoac|o (acc|o oo ou||oao, ocuso oo o|s|o o |oact|v|oao,
acc|o |aboa|).
35. || |statuto, oo su oato, oo|oo a| T|buoa| coo o| aoo ,u|s-
o|cc|ooa| suoaoac|ooa| oo |a Couo|oao, |ost|tu|oo oaa ooc|aa o| Loo-
c|o /oo|oo oaa asoua su ao||cac|o o |otoootac|o uo|oo oo |os
|asos ||obos, oo sa|vauao|a oo |os |otoosos couo|ta|os oo |os
oooc|os oo |os c|taoos |asos (atcu|o +).
/ coot|ouac|o, oaoos cuoota oo osuoo oo |os b|tos oo
coootooc|a oo| T|buoa|.
Interpretacin prejudicial
36. || oooso 3ac|a|uoo oostaca ouo os |o|oooto a tooo oooo
,uo|co |a |ooa oo su uo|oao, ooouo |a uo|oao os aaota oo |a |ua|oao,
|a |ua|oao os uoo oo |os va|oos suoo|oos oo tooo oooo. |a uo|oao oo|
oooo o|o ouo, oo su b|to to|to|a| oo va||ooz, so ||ovo a cabo |a
|otoootac|o ao||cac|o uo|oo oo sus ooas. /s, o| ooooa|ooto
,uo|co oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa oou|oo so |otoootaoo ao||caoo uo|-
ooooto oaa so o| |so oo tooos |os |staoos ||obos. |ocout
oostacaba ouo |a o|ooa aou|a oo |a Couo|oao oo oa s|o uoa |sa
ooa coo, s|oo o|c|a ooa |otoootaoa ao||caoa oo |a |sa
aooa oo tooa |a otoos|o oo uo |so to|to|o oo |os T|buoa|os oo
tooos |os |staoos ||obos. Y Cata|aoo, a ooos|to oo |a |otoac| o
ouoooa, aovota ouo |aba s|oo oo||oso ao|t| oo |os |staoos
||obos |otoootac|ooos o|vosas oo oato oo |as ,u|so|cc|ooos oac|o-
oa|os j...] o| Looc|o Couo|ta|o so oosoob|aa |ooo|ataooto oo tao-
tos s|stoas o|oootos cuaotos oooc|os oac|ooa|os o|stoo. |sto |oso,
ouo os ao||osto, ouo |ub|oso ||ou|oaoo oooto |as ootoos|ooos oo uo|-

41
oao oo ou|ac|o ooo|as oo uo ocaoo coo suoaoac|ooa|, os |o ouo
so |a |otootaoo oc|u| coo |a ou|ac|o oo |a tco|ca oo,uo|c|a|
21
.
37. |uosto ouo o| ooooa|ooto couo|ta|o so oosoovuo|vo coo
oato oo| ooooa|ooto oac|ooa| oo |os |staoos ||obos, |a |ua a
ouo, oo o| cuso oo uo oocoso oooo|ooto aoto o| T|buoa| |ac|ooa|, so
|ovoouo so o|oa |a ao||cac|o oo uoa ooa couo|ta|a, o ouo o| ,uoz
motu proprio aov|ota su oot|oooc|a. |o ostos casos, coosooooo a| T|bu-
oa| |ac|ooa| ,uza sobo |a ao||cab|||oao , oo su caso, |aco ao||cac|o oo
|a ooa couo|ta|a, ooo so |a ost|aoo oocosa|o ouo uo o|co t|bu-
oa| aaot|co |a uo|o|oao oo su |otoootac|o, coo o| |o oo asoua |a
ao||cac|o uo|oo oo aou||a. |aa o||o so t|ooo ostab|oc|oo uo ocao|s-
o oo cooooac|o ,uo|c|a| ooto o| T|buoa| oo |a Couo|oao |os t|bu-
oa|os oac|ooa|os, cua| os o| oo |a coosu|ta oo,uo|c|a|. |o v|tuo oo osto
ocao|so, coo oostaca |a ,u|souoooc|a ouoooa, o| T|buoa| |ac|ooa|
o| T|buoa| oo |a Couo|oao osto ||aaoos a coot|bu|, oo o| b|to oo
sus osooct|vas coootooc|as, a |a o|aboac|o oo uoa oov|oooc|a ouo aso-
uo |a ao||cac|o uo|oo oo| ooooa|ooto couo|ta|o oo o| |oto|o
oo |os |staoos ||obos
22
. Losoo o| ou|o oo| T|buoa| oo |a Couo|oao,
so tata oo oovoo oo uo aooo a| T|buoa| |ac|ooa|, oo su taoa oo ao||-
ca o| ooooa|ooto couo|ta|o a |a causa soot|oa a su coooc||ooto,
oo |a va oo oovoo oo cotoza o| s|o||caoo a|caoco oo |a ooa co-
uo|ta|a.
38. Y so tata oo uo ocao|so oo cooooac|o o|octa, tooa voz ouo
|a |o|c|at|va oo acuo| a| T|buoa| oo |a Couo|oao oaa so||c|ta, oo|aoto
s|o|o o|c|o, |a |otoootac|o oo |a ooa couo|ta|a, coosooooo o|ca-
ooto a |os uocos oac|ooa|os, s| b|oo |a |o|c|at|va, oo uoos casos acu|tat|va
oo otos ob||ato|a, ouooo so |ou|saoa oo |as oatos. |a coosu|ta so
ob||ato|a, soo o| Tataoo, oo tooos |os oocosos oo ouo |a sootooc|a, oo
o|ca o |t|a |ostaoc|a, oo uoo suscoot|b|o oo ocusos oo o| Looc|o
|otooo (atcu|o 33), os ooc|, cuaooo |a cuost|o oo |a ao||cab|||oao oo |a
ooa couo|ta|a a oo ouo|oo so ob,oto oo ov|s|o oo su |otooo|o.
21
3ac|a|uoo, |a|aoo. |a ust|c|a Couo|ta|a. |stuo|o s|stot|co totos ooat|vos bs|-
cos. |ac|a| |oos, |o|c|ooos uo|cas S./., |ao|o, +``S.
22
T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |as Couo|oaoos |uoooas. sootooc|a oo o| asuoto Schwarze, +6/6S.

42
Lo cuo|| |a so||c|tuo coo |os oou|s|tos ostatuta|os, o| T|buoa|
|a ao|t| oovoo a su osoocto, |uoo oo uo oocoo||ooto oo coo-
tooc|oso, a,ooo a |a |o|c|at|va oo |as oatos, oo|aoto uoa oov|oooc|a oo
ouo so |||ta a ooc|sa o| cootoo|oo a|caoco oo |a ooa couo|ta|a
oo|oa a| caso coocoto. |o ost ooosaooto oo||b|oo a| T|buoa| oo
|a Couo|oao |aco |otoootac|o, oo osta va, oo| ooooa|ooto ,uo|-
co oac|ooa| oo |os |staoos ||obos, s|o oo,u|c|o oo |a acu|tao ouo oo-
soo oaa |aco ooooc|a a |os |oc|os oo |a causa, oo so o||o |oo|sooosa-
b|o a |os ooctos oo |a |otoootac|o so||c|taoa (atcu|o +26 oo| |statuto).
39. L|ctaoa |a oov|oooc|a |otoootat|va taos|t|oa a| aoo ,u|s-
o|cc|ooa| so||c|taoto, sto oobo acoo|a oo |a sootooc|a ouo ooouoc|o
acoca oo |a causa soot|oa a su coooc||ooto. So tata oo uo oobo oo-
v|sto oo uo tataoo |otoaoto oo| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co uooaoota| oo
|a Couo|oao /oo|oa, cua| os o| Tataoo oo Coac|o oo| T|buoa| oo us-
t|c|a. Y ouosto ouo |os t|buoa|os oac|ooa|os coost|tuoo oato oo|ca
uoc|ooa| oo |os |staoos ||obos, o| |ocuo|||ooto oo osto oobo coos-
t|tuo uoa |oacc|o oo| oooo couo|ta|o |outab|o a| |staoo ||obo.
|o o| |statuto oo| T|buoa| so oov ooosaooto o| oooc|o oo |os |sta-
oos ||obos oo |os oat|cu|aos oo o,oco |a acc|o oo |ocuo|||oo-
to cuaooo o| uoz |ac|ooa|, ob||aoo a oa||za |a coosu|ta, so abstooa oo
|aco|o, o cuaooo, oa||zaoa sta, ao||ouo uoa |otoootac|o o|oooto a |a
soa|aoa oo o| T|buoa| oo |a Couo|oao (atcu|o +28).
|a Socotaa Coooa| oo |a Couo|oao |a o|t|oo o|ctooos
oo |ocuo|||ooto oo oos ocas|ooos, a causa oo |a ooat|va, oo oato oo
uocos oac|ooa|os, a ou|a aoto o| T|buoa| |a coosoooo|ooto so||c|tuo
oo |otoootac|o oo,uo|c|a|. |o oocto, oo su |oso|uc|o ++, oo| + oo o|-
c|obo oo +``8, |a Socotaa Coooa| o|t| o| L|ctaoo S+-`8 coota
o| Cob|ooo oo |a |oob||ca oo| |cuaoo, oo |a v|o|ac|o oo |os atcu|os
S, 28, 2` 3+ oo| Tataoo ouo coa o| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a, oo v|tuo oo |a
ooat|va oo |a Coto Suoo|o oo Cuaaou||, Sa|a u|ota, a ta|ta |a
coosoooo|ooto so||c|tuo oo |otoootac|o oo,uo|c|a|, a oosa oo su
cacto ob||ato|o. Y oo su |oso|uc|o +S`, oo| S oo o|c|obo oo 2000,
|a Socotaa o|t| o| L|ctaoo 38-2000 coota o| Cob|ooo oo |a |oo-
b||ca oo| |o, oo |a v|o|ac|o oo| atcu|o 33 oo| Tataoo oo Coac|o oo|
T|buoa|, oo azo oo |a ooat|va oo |a Coto Suooa oo ust|c|a, Sa|a oo
Looc|o Coost|tuc|ooa| Soc|a|, a susooooo o| oocoo||ooto ta|ta
|a so||c|tuo oo |otoootac|o.

43
Lo ota oato, |a Coto Suooa oo ust|c|a oo| |cuaoo, oo su
Sa|a oo |o Cootooc|oso /o|o|stat|vo, v|stos |os ocusos oo casac|o
o,oc|oos coota sootooc|as oo |os T|buoa|os L|st|ta|os oo |o Cootooc|o-
so /o|o|stat|vo, a causa oo oo |aboso ooo|oo |a |otoootac|o oo,u-
o|c|a| a| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |a Couo|oao, ooc|a |a ou||oao oo tos
oocosos su ooos|c|o a| ostaoo oo ou|ac|o oo |as so||c|tuoos
coosoooo|ootos (Sootooc|as o|ctaoas oo |os oooo|ootos `+-``, oo| 26
oo soot|obo oo 2000, 0`-2000, oo| 2` oo ao oo 200+, +`S-00, oo|
3+ oo aosto oo 200+).
Accin por incumplimiento
40. |o t|oos oo| oooso |oo|a, so tata oo uo oo|o oocosa|
oo cooto| oo |a |oa||oao couo|ta|a, a tavs oo uo cooto| ob,ot|vo oo
|a o,ocuc|o, oo oato oo |os |staoos ||obos, oo sus ob||ac|ooos
cooo|sos couo|ta|os
23
41. Coo so |a o|c|o, caoa |staoo ||obo t|ooo o| oobo oo cu-
o|| coo ta|os ob||ac|ooos cooo|sos, |ooooooo|ootoooto oo ouo |os
otos |staoos o |os aoos oo |a Couo|oao cuo|ao o oo coo |os suos,
aoos, oo ouoooo aooota uo||atoa|ooto oo|oas oo sa|vauao|a, uoa
oo |os suouostos oocoo||ootos oov|stos oo o| /cuooo oo Cataooa.
42. So oot|oooo oo |ocuo|||ooto |a coooucta oo| |staoo ||obo
ouo soa coota|a a| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo |a Couo|oao, oo a|ta a
|a o,ocuc|o oo |as ob||ac|ooos cooo|sos oaoaoos oo o|c|o ooo-
oa|ooto cootaoos oo su cooo|c|o oo |obo oo |a Couo|oao,
b|oo a tavs oo |a saoc|o oo ooas |otooas coota|as a| oooo cou-
o|ta|o, b|oo oo|aoto |a a|ta oo saoc|o oo ooas |otooas oost|oaoas a
|a obsovaoc|a oo| c|taoo ooooa|ooto, b|oo oo v|tuo oo |a oa||zac|o
oo cua|ou|o acto u o|s|o, oo||boaoo o oo, ouo so ooooa a| ooooa-
|ooto oo ooooc|a o ouo o||cu|to u obstacu||co su ao||cac|o (atcu|os
23 oo| Tataoo oo Coac|o oo| T|buoa| +0 oo su |statuto).Tab|o ca-
bo coos|ooa o|s|o |a to|oaoc|a oo uoa ooa |otooa |ocooat|b|o
coo |as ob||ac|ooos cooo|sos couo|ta|os.
23
|oo|a Cooz|oz, Ca|os, oo Looc|o |ocosa| Couo|ta|o, o|||oo oo |/||C, |o-
oaooo ot a|. T|aot |o 3|aoc|, Va|ooc|a, |soaa, 200+.

44
43. |as ob||ac|ooos cooo|sos ouoooo osta oov|stos oo oo-
as oo| Looc|o ||a|o o oo| Looc|o Socuooa|o, oo|va oo |os o|o-
c|o|os oooa|os oo| Looc|o Couo|ta|o o coost|tu|so oo |a |oo,ocu-
c|o o |a o,ocuc|o |ocoocta o |osu|c|ooto oo |as sootooc|as oo| T|buoa|
oo ust|c|a oo |a Couo|oao.
44. || o,oc|c|o oo |a acc|o oosuoooo o| aota|ooto oo uoa aso
oov|a. |sta aso, o|sc|o||oaoa oo o| |o|aooto oo |ocoo||ootos /o|-
o|stat|vos oo |a Socotaa Coooa|
24
, os oo cacto ao|o|stat|vo ost
oao|zaoa oaa coosou| o| ostab|oc||ooto oo| oooo ,uo|co |o|o|oo,
a tavs oo |a cosac|o vo|uota|a oo o| |ocuo|||ooto, oo oato oo| |sta-
oo ||obo |oacto, oo sus ob||ac|ooos cooo|sos couo|ta|os.
45. |a Socotaa Coooa| oo |a Couo|oao ouooo |o|c|a |a |ovost|a-
c|o oo o|c|o, o oo oc|aac|o oo uo |staoo ||obo o oo uoa ooso-
oa oatua| o ,uo|ca aoctaoa oo sus oooc|os. || |o|aooto oo |ocoo|-
|ootos /o|o|stat|vos o|sc|o||oa |os oou|s|tos a cuo|| o| oocoo|-
|ooto a sou| cuaooo oo|a oc|aac|o oo oato.
46. S| |a Socotaa Coooa| oocuoota ouo |os oou|s|tos oo |a so||c|-
tuo osto cuo||oos, o ost|a, oo o|c|o, a |a |uz oo |a |ooac|o o|sooo|-
b|o, ouo o| |staoo ||obo ouo|oa osta |ocu|oooo oo |ocuo|||ooto
oo sus ob||ac|ooos cooo|sos couo|ta|os, |o oooo oo coooc||oo-
to oo |a aootua oo |a |ovost|ac|o , oooto oo |os o|oz oas |b||os
s|u|ootos a o|c|a aootua, |o oova uoa |ota oo Cbsovac|ooos, oo |a cua|
|ooot||ca o| |oc|o oosuotaooto coost|tut|vo oo| |ocuo|||ooto, |as oo-
as couo|ta|as oosuotaooto |o|o|oas, |a ocaoca aoctaoa oo o|
|oc|o oo ouo so tato , s| uoo o| caso, |a |oso|uc|o ouo |aa ca|||caoo
o| |oc|o coo coost|tut|vo oo avaoo o ost|cc|o a| cooc|o. /oo-
s, |o |oo|ca uo o|azo ouo oo oobo ocooo oo sosoota oas oaa ouo o
cootostac|o a |as obsovac|ooos ou|aoas. |a |ota oo Cbsovac|ooos
c|cuosc|bo oo osta aooa o| ob,oto oo| ovootua| ||t||o utuo aaot|-
za o| osooto a| o|oc|o|o oo| cootao|cto|o. |o o||o, so tata oo uoa o-
a||oao osooc|a| cua a|ta ouooo cooouc| a |a |oao|s|b|||oao oo |a acc|o
24
Loc|s|o +2S oo| Cooso,o /oo|oo oo ||o|stos oo |o|ac|ooos |to|oos oo| ++ oo o|c|obo
oo +``.

45
s|, a causa oo |a a|ta oo coococ|o oo| |oc|o coost|tut|vo oo| oosuoto
|ocuo|||ooto, osu|ta oooscabaoo o| Looc|o a |a oooosa oo| |staoo
||obo.
47. |o cuaoto a| o|azo ouo so |,a oo |a |ota oo Cbsovac|ooos, |a So-
cotaa Coooa| oobo |,a uoo ouo soa azooab|o, os ooc|, aoaotaoo a |as
o|ooc|as oo| caso, oo oa ouo oo so oooscabo o| ooos|to oo| oo-
coo||ooto ao|o|stat|vo, cua| os oocua o| cuo|||ooto vo|uota|o,
oo oato oo| |staoo ||obo, oo sus ob||ac|ooos cooo|sos cou-
o|ta|os. /oos, |a Socotaa t|ooo ootostao o|scoc|ooa| oaa otoa |as
o oas ouo so||c|to o| |staoo ||obo ouo so oocuootoo auto|za-
oas oo o| |o|aooto, s| |otooota ouo ta|os ooas t|oooo oo ob,o-
to oooo |o a| |ocuo|||ooto, oaa ooa|as s| |otooota ouo su ob,oto
os o||ato|o.
48. |o |o ouo cooc|ooo a |a oosootac|o oo a|oatos coota |a |ota
oo Cbsovac|ooos oo oato oo| |staoo ||obo |outaoo, so tata oo
uo Looc|o ouo oobo aaot|za |a Socotaa Coooa|, ooo cuo o,oc|-
c|o ouooa a o|scoc|o oo su t|tu|a.
49. |oc|b|oa |a osouosta a |a |ota, o vooc|oo o| o|azo, |a Socotaa
Coooa| ou|a, oooto oo |os ou|oco oas s|u|ootos, uo o|ctaoo ot|-
vaoo sobo o| ostaoo oo cuo|||ooto oo |as ob||ac|ooos couo|ta|as
oo oato oo| |staoo ||obo. S|o obao, s| coos|ooa ouo o| |ocuo||-
|ooto os |aaoto, o|t| o| o|ctaoo a |a bovooao oos|b|o , a oat| oo
sto, |a Socotaa o o| |staoo ||obo aoctaoo oooo o,oco |a acc|o
aoto o| aoo ,u|so|cc|ooa| oo |a Couo|oao.
50. |uoa oo| suouosto oo |ocuo|||ooto |aaoto, s| o| |staoo
aooota uoa act|tuo oouooto, o sus a|oatos oo oosv|tao o| |oc|o coos-
t|tut|vo oo| oosuoto |ocuo|||ooto, |a Socotaa Coooa| o|cta|oa o|
|ocuo|||ooto oo o| o|azo |oo|caoo , soo |as c|cuostaoc|as oo| caso,
ooo coocooo a| |staoo uo ouovo o|azo oaa ouo |o oooa |o. || o|cta-
oo oobo so su|c|ootoooto ot|vaoo oaa ouo o| |staoo too cooo-
c||ooto ooc|so oo |as azooos ouo |o sustootao, , oo osooto a| Loo-
c|o oo oooosa oo| |staoo ||obo, oobo uooaso oo |as |sas azo-
oos bs|cas ouo aooaoo |a |ota oo Cbsovac|ooos, tooa voz ouo |os
ot|vos oo |a ooaooa oo ooboo o|o| oo |o osooc|a| oo |os |ovocaoos

46
oo o| oocoo||ooto ao|o|stat|vo oov|o. |o o||o, o| o|ctaoo ot|vaoo
coot|buo a ooc|sa o| ob,oto oo| ||t||o, a c|cuosc|to oo |a |ota oo
Cbsovac|ooos. |o oocto, soo o| |o|aooto oo |ocoo||ootos /o|-
o|stat|vos, |a Socotaa Coooa| oobo, a| |ua| ouo oo |a |ota oo Cbso-
vac|ooos, |ooot||ca o| |oc|o oosuotaooto coost|tut|vo oo| |ocuo||-
|ooto, |as ooas couo|ta|as oosuotaooto |o|o|oas, |a ocaoca
aoctaoa, |os ot|vos oo |os cua|os coos|ooa ouo o| |oc|o os coost|tu-
t|vo oo |ocuo|||ooto.
51. S|, oo oo|o|t|va, o| o|ctaoo os oo |ocuo|||ooto, o| |staoo
||obo oos|sto oo |a coooucta |oactoa, |a Socotaa oobo o,oco |a
acc|o coosoooo|ooto aoto o| T|buoa|. || |staoo ||obo aoctaoo oo-
o ao|o| a |a acc|o.
52. /|oa b|oo, s| |a |ovost|ac|o |a s|oo |o|c|aoa oo oc|aac|o oo
uo |staoo ||obo o oo uoa oosooa oatua| o ,uo|ca aoctaoa oo sus
oooc|os, |a Socotaa Coooa| oo o|to o| o|ctaoo oooto oo |os
sosoota c|oco oas s|u|ootos a |a oc|a oo |a oosootac|o oo |a oc|aa-
c| o, o s| o| o|ctaoo ouo o|to oo os oo |ocuo|||ooto, o s|, o|t|oo o|
o|ctaoo oo |ocuo|||ooto, oo o,oco |a acc|o oooto oo |os sosoota oas
s|u|ootos, o| |staoo ||obo o |a oosooa oatua| o ,uo|ca oc|aaoto
ooo o,oco|a.
53. |ocooo oo| as||so ouo, oo |ua oo o,oco |a acc|o aoto
o| aoo ,u|so|cc|ooa| oo |a Couo|oao, |as oosooas oatua|os o ,uo|-
cas aoctaoas oo sus oooc|os ouoooo oota oo o,oco|a aoto |os t|bu-
oa|os oac|ooa|os coootootos, oo cooo|oao coo o| Looc|o |otooo
oo| osooct|vo |staoo ||obo.
54. Y cabo oooo oo o||ovo ouo, a o|oooc|a oo| |oo ouoooo, o|
o,oc|c|o oo |a acc|o oo |ocuo|||ooto, oo oato oo |a Socotaa Cooo-
a| oo |a Couo|oao, oo oos|st| o| |staoo ||obo oo o| |ocuo|||oo-
to oo sus ob||ac|ooos, oo os ootostat|vo s|oo ob||ato|o , oo o| caso oo
ouo |a oc|aac|o |aa s|oo ou|aoa oo uo |staoo ||obo o oo uoa
oosooa oatua| o ,uo|ca aoctaoa oo sus oooc|os, |a acc|o, oo ooocto
oo |a Socotaa Coooa|, ooo so o,oc|oa oo stos.

47
55. |o o| oooo oocosa|, |a ooouoc|a oo v|o|ac|o oo| Looc|o a |a
Looosa ouo |aa ooo|oo ocu| oo |a aso oo| oocoo||ooto ao|o|sta-
t|vo oov|o coost|tuo uo ovooto |ootaoto, v|sta |a tascoooooc|a oo |a
ooc|s|o ouo ooc|aa o| |ocuo|||ooto oo uo |staoo ||obo, oo |o ouo
|a ooct|va v|o|ac|o oo aouo| Looc|o ouooo cooouc| a |a |oao|s|b|||oao
oo |a acc|o. |o cuaoto a| |to oo |a causa, o| T|buoa| o,oco uo cooto|
ao||o oo tooas |as c|cuostaoc|as oo| caso, s|o |||taso a |os t|oos oo|
o|ctaoo ot|vaoo. |o |o oos, o| acto oobo aoota ouoba o|ac|oo-
to oo ouo so |a |ocu|oo oo o| |ocuo|||ooto oo |a ob||ac|o o oo| co-
oo|so couo|ta|o.
56. |o |a acc|o oo |ocuo|||ooto, |os |staoos ||obos soo |os
o|cos su,otos oov|stos oo |o|t|ac|o oas|va. |o taoto, |a coooucta |-
outab|o ouooo so coosocuooc|a oo |a actuac|o |ooooooo|ooto oo cua|-
ou|oa oo sus aoos coost|tuc|ooa|os, oo ooo ouo |a ||oa||oao ouooo
oo|va oo actos, o|s|ooos o oct|cas |o|s|at|vas, ao|o|stat|vas o ,uo|-
c|a|os.
57. / ooos|to oo| |ocuo|||ooto ouo oo|vo oo |a actuac|o oo |os
aoos ,uo|c|a|os oo uo |staoo ||obo, o| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |as
Couo|oaoos |uoooas |a o|c|o. Cbsvoso |ua|ooto ouo |a ob||a-
c|o osu|ta, s| cabo, s |ocooo|c|ooa| oo o| caso oo ouo so voot||oo aoto
|os T|buoa|os oac|ooa|os asuotos o|ac|ooaoos coo |a ootocc|o oo ooo-
c|os at|bu|oos oo o| ooooa|ooto couo|ta|o a |os oat|cu|aos, a ouo
aou||os ooboo aaot|za su sa|vauao|a o|octa, |ooo|ata ooct|va
25
.
So oot|oooo ouo o| |oc|o coost|tut|vo oo| |ocuo|||ooto so coo|uaa
cuaooo o| T|buoa| oo| |staoo ||obo |aa caso o|so o |o|o,a oo||bo-
aoaooto |as o|soos|c|ooos oo| Looc|o Couo|ta|o, oo cuaooo so ta-
to oo |a co|s|o oo ooos ,uo|c|a|os.
58. |a acc|o so ta|ta a tavs oo| oocoo||ooto coo oosao-
||aoo oo o| |statuto oo| T|buoa|.
59. Coo obsova |a ooct|oa, |a oocos|oao oo aaot|za uoa tuto|a
,uo|c|a| ooct|va so |aco s acuc|aoto oo |a cootovos|a oo |ocuo||-
25
T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |as Couo|oaoos |uoooas, sootooc|a oo o| asuoto Johnston, 222/8+.

48
|ooto, a ouo o| o|ctaoo oo |a Socotaa Coooa| oo os v|ocu|aoto, o|
o,oc|c|o oo |a acc|o oo suto ooctos susooos|vos o| oocoo||ooto so
oosoovuo|vo oo o|azos o|at|vaooto oo|ooaoos
26
. /s, o| T|buoa| ouooo
o,oco ao||aooto su ootostao cauto|a, oo |o ouo, a oot|c|o oo |a oa-
to actoa, ouooo ooooa |a susooos|o oov|s|ooa| oo |a oo|oa oosuota-
ooto |oactoa, s| sta causa o ouo|oa causa a| ooaooaoto o a |a Sub-
o|o oo,u|c|os |ooaab|os o oo o|c|| ooaac|o.Tab|o ouooo |oo-
oo a| |staoo ||obo oostac|ooos osooc|cas, oo |aco o oo oo |aco,
coo o| ob,oto oo aaot|za |a o,ocuc|o oo |a sootooc|a coosoooo|ooto.
60. |o tooo caso, o| otoa|ooto oo |a oo|oa so |a||a cooo|c|ooaoo
a |a vo||cac|o oo |os oou|s|tos oo| periculum in mora oo| fumus boni iuris.
61. |a oo|oa cauto|a so otoa oo auto ot|vaoo, coota o| cua|
oo cabo ocuso a|uoo, su otoa|ooto ouooo so soot|oo a |a coost|-
tuc|o oo uoa |aoza oo oo,uza |a ooc|s|o oo| T|buoa| sobo |a cuos-
t|o oo |to, |a oo|oa ouooo so oo||caoa o ovocaoa oo cua|ou|o
oooto, oo o|c|o o a |ostaoc|a oo oato, s| vaao |as c|cuostaoc|as, , oo
oo |,aso uo o|azo oo ouac|o, |a oo|oa, coo os oatua|, ouooa s|o
oocto a| ooc|o|so |a cuost|o oo |to
27
.
62. |a sootooc|a oo |to, ooc|aat|va oo| |ocuo|||ooto oov|sta
oo |a auto|oao oo cosa ,uzaoa, |oooo a| |staoo ||obo uoa ob||a-
c|o |oo|sooo|b|o oo osu|taoo
28
. |o oocto, o||a ob||a a| |staoo ||obo
|oacto a aooota |as oo|oas oocosa|as oaa su o,ocuc|o oo uo o|azo
oo ao oo oovoota oas |uoo oo |abo s|oo oot||caoa. Tooos |os a-
oos ob||cos oo| |staoo ||obo ouooao ob||aoos a coot|bu| oo o| os-
tab|oc||ooto oo| oooo couo|ta|o |o|o|oo, oo |o ouo osto ||aaoos,
oooto oo sus osooct|vos b|tos oo coootooc|a, a cooooa oo buooa
o oo |a o,ocuc|o oo |a sootooc|a, soa oo||caooo, oooaooo o oo,aooo
s|o ao||cac|o |os actos o ooc|s|ooos |otooas cootovot|oas, soa saoc|o-
oaooo |as ouo uooo oot|oootos, soa asouaooo |a ooct|v|oao oo |os
actos o ooc|s|ooos couo|ta|as. |s ooc|saooto |a oocos|oao oo asoua
26
|oo|a Cooz|oz, Ca|os, oo. c|t.
27
dem.
28
Ibdem.

49
|a ooct|v|oao oo| oooo couo|ta|o |a azo ouo ,ust||ca ouo o| T|buoa|
oocuooto oocosa|o ooouoc|aso oo ocas|ooos sobo o| |to oo |as
causas oo |as cua|os a so |a ouosto |o a| |ocuo|||ooto ooouoc|aoo, v|s-
to o| |otos oo ostab|oco |a baso oo |a osooosab|||oao oo ouo o| |staoo
||obo |a ooo|oo |ocu| coo coosocuooc|a oo ta| |ocuo|||ooto.
63. |a uoza o,ocut|va oo |a sootooc|a oo ouooo coos|ooaso ooos-
cabaoa ooouo o| T|buoa| oo ouooa o,ocuta|a o|octaooto, tooa voz
ouo, coo a so |oo|c, o| |staoo ||obo |oacto t|ooo o| oobo oo
cooooa |oa|ooto oo su o,ocuc|o.
64. || T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |as Couo|oaoos |uoooas |a soa|aoo
sobo o| oat|cu|a ouo. ...coosooooo a tooas |as auto|oaoos oo |os |sta-
oos ||obos, soao stas |as auto|oaoos oo| |staoo o |as auto|oaoos oo
uo |staoo oooaoo, o cua|ou|o ota auto|oao to|to|a|, asoua o| cu-
o|||ooto oo |as o|soos|c|ooos oo Looc|o Couo|ta|o oooto oo| b|-
to oo sus osooct|vas coootooc|as
29
. || T|buoa| |a ooc|saoo, aoos,
ouo osta ob||ac|o so ot|oooo a |a ooaac|o oo| oao su|oo oo |os
oat|cu|aos, soa cua| uoo |a auto|oao ouo, coo ao|o a| Looc|o oo|
|staoo, ooba |acoso cao oo o|c|a ooaac|o oo |ocuo|||ooto oo|
Looc|o Couo|ta|o
30
.
65. |o o| b|to oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa, so t|ooo ostab|oc|oo oo
oa ooosa ouo, cuaooo |a acc|o |aa s|oo o,oc|oa oo uoa oosooa
oatua| o ,uo|ca aoctaoa oo sus oooc|os, |a sootooc|a ooc|aat|va oo|
|ocuo|||ooto coost|tu| ttu|o |oa| su|c|ooto oaa ouo o| oat|cu|a
ouooa oc|aa |oooo|zac|o oo oaos oo,u|c|os aoto o| T|buoa| |a-
c|ooa|, oo o| ootooo|oo oo ouo, oo |ua oo o,oco |a acc|o oo |ocuo||-
|ooto aoto o| T|buoa| oo |a Couo|oao, |a ooo|oo o,oco|a aoto o| T|-
buoa| |ac|ooa| coootooto, tooa voz ouo |a tuto|a ,uo|c|a| ooct|va, oo |os
t|buoa|os oac|ooa|os, oo |os oooc|os oo |os oat|cu|aos ouo oo|vao oo|
ooooa|ooto suoaoac|ooa|, oa oato oo |as ob||ac|ooos oo |os |sta-
oos ||obos.
29
T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |as Couo|oaoos |uoooas, sootooc|a oo o| asuoto Alemania v. Comi-
sin, C-8/88.
30
T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |as Couo|oaoos |uoooas, sootooc|a oo o| asuoto Poule, 302/`.

50
66. || T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |as Couo|oaoos |uoooas |a oostacaoo
a osto ooos|to, oo o| asuoto oo |a Unin de Pequeos Agricultores, ouo
...|os aoos ,u|so|cc|ooa|os oac|ooa|os osto ob||aoos, oo tooa |a oo|-
oa oo |o oos|b|o, a |otooota ao||ca |as ooas oocosa|os |otooas ouo
ou|ao |a |otooos|c|o oo |os ocusos oo ooo ouo |as oosooas s|cas
,uo|cas ouooao |ouoa ,uo|c|a|ooto |a |oa||oao oo cua|ou|o oso|u-
c|o o oo cua|ou|o ota oo|oa oac|ooa| oo |a ouo |os ao||ouo uo acto
couo|ta|o oo a|caoco oooa|, |ovocaooo |a |ova||ooz oo o|c|o acto
31
.
/s||so, o| T|buoa| |a |oo|caoo ouo ...o| accoso a |as vas oocosa|os oa-
c|ooa|os oo ooo |acoso oo cooo|c|ooos ooos avoab|os ouo oaa |as
oc|aac|ooos uooaoas oo ooas |otooas taooco oo cooo|c|ooos ta-
|os ouo |aao prcticamente imposible o| o,oc|c|o oo |os oooc|os cooo|-
oos oo o| oooo ,uo|co couo|ta|o
32
. |o s|otooa coo osta o|ootac|o,
o| T|buoa| |a ooc|saoo, oo o| asuoto San Giorgio, ouo os |ocooat|b|o coo
o| Looc|o Couo|ta|o tooa ooa||oao oo ouoba cuo oocto soa |aco
oct|caooto |oos|b|o (coo |a ouoba oocuoota| ooat|va o |a oc|u-
s|o oo tooa ouoba ouo oo soa |a oocuoota|), o ocos|vaooto o|c||, |a
obtooc|o oo| oobo|so oo |a tasa o |a |oooo|zac|o oob|oa oo v|o|a-
c|o oo| Looc|o Couo|ta|o
33
.|o oo|o|t|va, |aa o| TC|, |os |staoos
|obos osto ob||aoos a aooota oo|oas oo o|cac|a su|c|ooto oaa a|-
caoza o| ob,ot|vo oo |as ooas couo|ta|as a |aco|o oo ta| aooa
ouo |as oosooas aoctaoas ouooao |ovoca ooct|vaooto |os oooc|os as
cooo|oos aoto |os t|buoa|os oac|ooa|os
34
. |o osta azo, oo |a sootooc|a
sobo o| asuoto Factortame, o| T|buoa| a| ouo ...s| o| ,uoz ouo cooo-
co o| ||t||o ost|a ouo oobo coocooo oo|oas oov|s|ooa|os so ooooo
a o||o uoa ooa oac|ooa|, ootoocos oobo oc|u| |a ao||cac|o oo |a oo-
a oac|ooa| ouo |o |o|oo coocooo oo|oas oov|s|ooa|os, a ouo ...|a
o|ooa o|cac|a oo| Looc|o Couo|ta|o so oocootaa coo|otaooto
o|s|ouoa s| uoa o|a oo Looc|o |ac|ooa| ouo|oso |ooo| a| ,uoz, ouo
coooco uo ||t||o o|oo oo o| Looc|o Couo|ta|o ouo oobo ooc|o|
sobo |a o|stooc|a oo |os oooc|os |ovocaoos sobo |a baso oo| Looc|o
31
C|taoa oo |aoas |ato, /aco|| ||o |ouoas, L|oo. |ost|tuc|ooos Looc|o oo |a
|o|o |uoooa, tocoa oo|c|o, |o|to|a| T|C|CS, |ao|o, 2002.
32
dem.
33
Ibdem.
34
Ibdem.

51
Couo|ta|o, acooa |as oo|oas cauto|aos ouo ootoooao aaot|za |a
o|ooa o|cac|a oo su ooc|s|o ,u|so|cc|ooa|
35
.
67. Caso ouo o| oat|cu|a o,oza |a acc|o oo ooaac|o, |as cooo|-
c|ooos oo |a osooosab|||oao soao |a o|stooc|a oo| oao, |a o|ac|o oo
causa||oao ooto o| oao |a coooucta oo |a oot|oao, |a oatua|oza ||oa|
oo sta
36
.
68. |a |oo,ocuc|o oo uoa sootooc|a oo |ocuo|||ooto, o su o,ocu-
c|o oac|a| o taoa, coost|tuo tab|o uoa v|o|ac|o oo |as ob||ac|ooos
couo|ta|as, oa |ua a |a aootua oo uo oocoo||ooto saoc|ooato|o
oo oosacato. |o oocto, s| oo coosta oo autos |a o,ocuc|o oo |a sootooc|a
oo oato oo| |staoo ||obo |oacto, o| T|buoa| ta|ta uo oocoo|-
|ooto sua|o, a| |oa| oo| cua|, |uoo oo o a |os |staoos ||obos oo
vo||ca o| oosacato, ooo ost|o| o susooooo, tota| o oac|a|ooto, |as
voota,as oo| /cuooo oo |otoac|o Subo|ooa| ouo booo|c|oo a| |staoo
||obo oouooto. |a saoc|o ooaooco |asta ouo so coostato ouo o|
|staoo ||obo |a oaoo cuo|||ooto a |as ob||ac|ooos |ouostas oo |a
sootooc|a.
69. |o |o oos, |as sootooc|as ouo so o|ctao oo |as causas oo |o-
cuo|||ooto ouoooo so ocu|oas oo ov|s|o, a |ostaoc|a oo oato, s| o|
ocuso so uooa oo a|o |oc|o ouo |ub|oso ooo|oo |o|u| ooc|s|vaooto
oo o| osu|taoo oo |a cootovos|a, s|ooo ouo ta| |oc|o |ub|oso s|oo oos-
coooc|oo oo o| ocuooto oo |a oc|a oo |a oooo|c|o oo |a sootooc|a.
70. || ocuso oo ov|s|o oobo so oosootaoo oooto oo |os oo-
voota oas s|u|ootos a |a oc|a oo| ooscub||ooto oo| |oc|o, o oooto oo|
ao s|u|ooto a |a oc|a oo ooouoc|a|ooto oo |a sootooc|a.
35
Ibdem.
36
T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |as Couo|oaoos |uoooas, sootooc|a oo o| asuoto Ltticke v. Comisin,
+/6`.

52
Accin de nulidad
71. |a acc|o oo ou||oao os uo oo|o ,uo|co ostab|oc|oo oo o| o-
ooo couo|ta|o oaa aaot|za |a |oa||oao oo |os actos oo |os aoos
oo |a Couo|oao, oo |a va oo| cooto| oo su cooo|oao coo |as ooas
couo|ta|as ouo |os s|voo oo uooaooto.
72. || ob,oto oo |a acc|o os |a ooc|aato|a oo ou||oao oo| acto oo|
aoo oo so coota|o a Looc|o, |o ouo oosuoooo ouo so |aao cu-
o||oo |os oou|s|tos oo |o|t|ac|o, act|va oas|va, ouo so tato oo uo acto
suscoot|b|o oo so ooaooaoo oo va oo ou||oao, ouo so |aa coo|u-
aoo o| ot|vo oo |a v|o|ac|o oo| oooo couo|ta|o.
73. |a acc|o ouooo so o,oc|oa coota |as Loc|s|ooos oo| Cooso,o
/oo|oo oo ||o|stos oo |o|ac|ooos |to|oos oo |a Co|s|o oo |a Co-
uo|oao /oo|oa, coota |as |oso|uc|ooos oo |a Socotaa Coooa| coo-
ta |os Coovoo|os oo Coo|oootac|o |ooust|a| u otos ouo aoootoo |os
|staoos ||obos ooto s, oo o| aco oo| oocoso oo |otoac|o subo-
|ooa|, cuaooo |aao s|oo o|ctaoas |as Loc|s|ooos o |oso|uc|ooos, o co|o-
baoos |os Coovoo|os, coo v|o|ac|o oo |as ooas ouo oao oato oo|
oooo couo|ta|o, |oc|uso oo oosv|ac|o oo oooo (atcu|o + oo| Tata-
oo). Coo ouooo obsovaso, |os ot|vos oo ou||oao cuboo tooos |os
suouostos oo ||oa||oao. So oot|oooo ouo o| acto ocu|b|o |a oo so ob||-
ato|o, os ooc|, ouo ooso||ouo ooctos ob||ato|os oo |a osoa ,uo|ca
oo sus oost|oata|os, aoos, oo o|oc|o|o, |a oo so oo|o|t|vo oo oooa-
ato|o, os ooc|, ouo oco,a |a ao|ostac|o oo|o|t|va oo |a vo|uotao oo|
aoo.
74. |a acc|o ouooo so o,oc|oa oo cua|ou|o |staoo ||obo, s|o-
oo ouo o| acto cua ou||oao so ooouoc|a oo |aa s|oo aoobaoo coo su
voto a|at|vo, as coo oo o| Cooso,o /oo|oo oo ||o|stos oo |o|ac|o-
oos |to|oos, |a Co|s|o oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa o |a Socotaa Cooo-
a|. ||oa|ooto, |a acc|o ouooo so o,oc|oa oo oosooas oatua|os o ,u-
o|cas, s|ooo ouo o| acto cua ou||oao so ooouoc|a aocto sus oooc|os
sub,ot|vos o sus |otoosos |ot|os. || T|buoa| oo |a Couo|oao |a ooc|-
saoo ouo, a o|oooc|a oo| |otos |ot|o, o| Looc|o Sub,ot|vo oosuoo-
oo |a o|stooc|a oo uoa o|ac|o ,uo|ca oo cuo b|to o| t|tu|a oo| |oto-
s sustaoc|a|, tuto|aoo oo o| oooo ooat|vo, ocuoa uoa oos|c|o oo

53
voota,a ooto a oto su,oto ouo so |a||a ob||aoo a o,ocuta uoa oosta-
c|o o|||oa osooc|caooto a |a sat|sacc|o oo| |otos oo| o|oo.
75. |a acc|o ost soot|oa a uo o|azo oo caouc|oao, tooa voz ouo
oobo so o,oc|oa oooto oo |os oos aos s|u|ootos a |a oc|a oo ootaoa
oo v|ooc|a oo| acto ouo so cootov|oto, s|o obao, s| oo uo ||t||o aoto
uo T|buoa| |ac|ooa| so cuost|ooa, a cuo||oo o| o|azo oo caouc|oao, |a va-
||ooz oo uoa Loc|s|o, |oso|uc|o o Coovoo|o o|at|vo a| c|taoo ||t||o, so
so||c|ta ouo ta| ooa o acto soa oo,aoo s|o ao||cac|o, o| ,uoz oobo coo-
su|ta sobo su |oa||oao a| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a susooooo o| oocoso |as-
ta ouo sto so ooouoc|o. |o osto caso, o| T|buoa| oot||ca |a coosu|ta a
|os |staoos ||obos, a| Cooso,o oo ||o|stos oo |o|ac|ooos |to|oos,
a |a Co|s|o oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa a |a Socotaa Coooa|, stos
o|sooooo oo uo o|azo oo to|ota oas oaa oosoota a|oatos u obsova-
c|ooos osc|tas, |uoo oo |o cua| o| aoo ,u|so|cc|ooa| so ooouoc|a so-
bo |a |oa||oao o ||oa||oao oo |a ooa o oo| acto oo cuost|o.
76. |a acc|o oo ou||oao so ta|ta oo o| oocoo||ooto coo
ostab|oc|oo oo o| |statuto oo| T|buoa|. |o o| cuso oo o|c|o oocoo||oo-
to, o| T|buoa|, a oot|c|o oo |a oato actoa oo |a ooaooa, oov|o a|ao-
za|ooto s| |o coos|ooa oocosa|o, ooo o|cta oo|oas cauto|aos , oo
oat|cu|a, ooooa |a susooos|o oov|s|ooa| oo |a o,ocuc|o oo| acto cua
ou||oao so ooouoc|a. S| o| acto os oo ooctos oooa|os, basta ouo o| T|-
buoa| coos|ooo prima facie |a o|stooc|a oo| fumus boni iuris. Y s| o| acto os
oo ooctos oat|cu|aos, so oocosa|o, aoos, ouo |aa ouoba oo |os
oo,u|c|os |ooaab|os o oo o|c|| ooaac|o ouo |a o,ocuc|o oo| acto cau-
so o ouo|oa causa a| acto.
77. |o caso oo o||so a|aoza|ooto, soa cauc|o, aaota oo ooo-
sa oo souos o ava| baoca|o, o| |so tooo oo ob,oto aaot|za |a
ooaac|o oo |os oo,u|c|os ouo, ovootua|ooto, causo |a susooos|o oo|
acto, s| |a sootooc|a oosost|a |a acc|o.
78. || T|buoa| ooo ooc|aa |a ou||oao tota| o oac|a| oo| acto oo-
aooaoo, |,a |os ooctos oo |a sootooc|a oo o| t|ooo soa|a o|azo
oaa ouo o| aoo auto oo| acto aoooto |as o|soos|c|ooos oo o,ocuc|o
oo sootooc|a ouo uooo oocosa|as. || acto aou|aoo oo ooo so ooo-

54
ouc|oo oo ou|oo |o o|ct, a ooos ouo, oosous oo |a sootooc|a, |aao oo-
saoaoc|oo |os uooaootos oo |a ou||oao.
79. || ooouoc|a|ooto oo uoa sootooc|a oosost|ato|a oo |a acc|o
oo ou||oao oo |o|oo ouo, a |a |uz oo ot|vos o|st|otos, so cootov|ota oo
ouovo sobo |a |oa||oao oo| acto, oo o,oo|o, a tavs oo |a ocooc|o oo
||oa||oao. S|, oo cab|o, o| T|buoa| ooc|aa coo |ua |a acc|o, o| acto ouo-
oa ot|aoo oo| ooooa|ooto couo|ta|o |a sootooc|a sut| ooctos
erga omnes.
Recurso por omisin o inactividad
80. |oo cuaooo |o ouo so ooouoc|a oo os |a ||oa||oao oo| acto oo|
aoo couo|ta|o s|oo o| |ocuo|||ooto oo su ob||ac|o oo o|cta|o,
|a oto oo|o a tavs oo| cua| o| T|buoa| oo |a Couo|oao ouooo |aco
cosa o| |ocuo|||ooto
81. |o oocto, o| cooto| ,u|so|cc|ooa| oo |a |oa||oao oo |a coooucta
oo |os aoos oo| S|stoa soa |ocoo|oto s| oo o|st|oso uo oo|o oo-
cosa| oost|oaoo a cooto|a |a |oa||oao oo sus o|s|ooos coota|as a| o-
oooa|ooto ,uo|co oo |a Couo|oao. |s o| caso oo| ocuso oo o|s|o
o |oact|v|oao, cuo ob,oto os oooo |o a |a o|s|o oo |os aoos oo| S|s-
toa cuaooo |a o,ocuc|o oo |a act|v|oao coost|tua uoa ob||ac|o |ouos-
ta oo oa ooosa oo o| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co couo|ta|o. Lo coos-
tataso |a o|s|o ||oa| oo |a act|v|oao, |o ouo coosooooo os cooo|o
a| aoo oaa ouo |a o,ocuto.
82. S|o obao, o| o,oc|c|o oo| ocuso ost suooo|taoo a| cuo||-
|ooto oo uo oou|s|to oo ao|s|b|||oao. ouo o|oo so oou|oa oo| a-
oo, oo osc|to, o| cuo|||ooto oo |a ob||ac|o, os ooc|, |a o,ocuc|o oo
|a act|v|oao o|t|oa. |o so |oo|ca o|azo oaa ou|a o| oouo||ooto, oo
|o ouo |a oootuo|oao ouooa a o|scoc|o oo| |otoosaoo. S| oooto oo |os
to|ota oas s|u|ootos oo so accooo a| oouo||ooto, o| su,oto |o|t|aoo
ooo o,oco o| ocuso aoto o| T|buoa| oo |a Couo|oao (atcu|os 3
oo| Tataoo +3+ oo| |statuto). Cabo ootoooo ouo osto o|azo oobo
cootaso oosoo |a oc|a oo ouo o| aoo oc|ba o| oouo||ooto. Cabo
ootoooo |ua|ooto ouo o| ocuso so |oao|s|b|o s| so coostata ouo o|
aoo |aba o|ctaoo a |a oov|oooc|a so||c|taoa.

55
83. || oouo||ooto ooo so ou|aoo o| ocuso ooo so
o,oc|oo coota |a o|s|o o |a |oact|v|oao oo| Cooso,o /oo|oo oo ||o|s-
tos oo |o|ac|ooos |to|oos, oo |a Co|s|o o oo |a Socotaa Coooa|
oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa, oo oato oo ostos |sos aoos, o oo cua|-
ou|oa oo |os |staoos ||obos, o oo oosooas oatua|os o ,uo|cas aoc-
taoas oo o| |ocuo|||ooto oo sus oooc|os sub,ot|vos o oo sus |otoosos
|ot|os (atcu|os 3 +` oo| Tataoo, +2` +30 oo| |statuto). So oo-
t|oooo ouo |os c|taoos aoos oo| S|stoa so oocuootao |o|t|aoos s|o
oocos|oao oo ooosta |a o|stooc|a aoctac|o oo uo |otos osooc|-
co. Y o| ocuso ooo osta o|||oo coota |a a|ta oo ooouoc|a|ooto oo
o|soos|c|ooos oo cacto oooa| o oo cacto oat|cu|a.
84. Looto oo |os to|ota oas s|u|ootos a |a ao|s|o oo| ocuso, o|
T|buoa|, sobo |a baso oo |os aotocooootos oo| caso, oo |a oocuootac|o
tco|ca o|stooto oo |as oo||cac|ooos oo| aoo |outaoo, o|cta |a
oov|oooc|a coosoooo|ooto. S| oo o||a ooc|aa |a o|s|o o |a |oact|v|oao,
o| T|buoa| oobo ooc|sa |a oa, ooa||oao o|azo oo| cuo|||ooto
oo |a ob||ac|o (atcu|os 3 oo| Tataoo +33 +3+ oo| |statuto).
Accin laboral
85. || Tataoo oo Coac|o at|buo tab|o a| T|buoa| coootooc|a
oaa coooco oo |as cootovos|as |aboa|os ouo so susc|too oo o| sooo oo
|os aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos oo| S|stoa (atcu|o +0). || |statuto oo| T|bu-
oa| ooc|sa ouo so tata oo |as cootovos|as ouo, o||oaoas oo uoa o|a-
c|o oo taba,o, so susc|too ooto |os aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos oo| S|stoa
/oo|oo oo |otoac|o sus osooct|vos uoc|ooa|os o oo|oaoos, oo coo-
o|oao coo o| Coovoo|o oo Sooo ouo osu|to ao||cab|o (atcu|o +36).
86. Soo o| |statuto oo ooooc|a, so oocuootao |o|t|aoos oaa
o,oco |a acc|o |aboa|, a |os |oos oo oc|aa o| cuo|||ooto oo sus oo-
oc|os |aboa|os, |os uoc|ooa|os o oo|oaoos ouo tooao o |aao too|oo
o|ac|o |aboa| coo cua|ou|oa oo |os aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos oo| S|stoa
(atcu|o +3). S|o obao, o| o,oc|c|o oo |a acc|o so oocuoota suooo|-
taoo a| oou|s|to |oo|sooosab|o oo ouo o| acto ouobo |abo ou|aoo
oot|c|o o|octa a su oo|oaoo sobo |os |sos oooc|os |aboa|os ouo
oc|aa oo sooo ,uo|c|a|, oo |abo obtoo|oo osouosta oooto oo |os
to|ota oas s|u|ootos, o |abo obtoo|oo uoa ouo |o uo tota| o oac|a|oo-

56
to oosavoab|o. /oos, |a acc|o oosc|bo a |os tos aos oosoo o| |oc|o
o acto causaoto oo |a oc|aac|o (atcu|o +3`).
87. / |a cootovos|a |aboa| so ao||ca o| oocoo||ooto coo o|sc|-
o||oaoo oo o| |statuto oo| T|buoa|, sa|vo ouo, |uoo oo |a cootostac|o oo
|a ooaooa, o| T|buoa|, s| ost|a ouo |os oooc|os oovuo|tos oo |a cooto-
vos|a soo suscoot|b|os oo taosacc|o, coovoca a |as oatos a uoa au-
o|ooc|a oo cooc|||ac|o , caso oo oo |oaso sta, oooooo |as u|as
oo acuooo ouo ost|o ,ustas. Tab|o |as oatos oooo, oo cua|ou|o os-
taoo oo| oocoso, ooooso oo acuooo so||c|ta a| T|buoa| ouo coovoouo
uoa auo|ooc|a oo cooc|||ac|o (atcu|o +38).
88. |o |a sootooc|a, o| T|buoa| oobo ao||ca |os o|oc|o|os oooa|os
oo| Looc|o |aboa| ocoooc|oos oo |a Cao|zac|o |otooac|ooa| oo|
Taba,o, as coo |os o|oc|o|os couoos a |os |staoos ||obos.
Potestad arbitral
89. ||oa|ooto, o| Tataoo oo Coac|o at|buo coootooc|a a| T|bu-
oa| oaa oso|vo, oo va ab|ta|, |as cootovos|as ouo |os oat|cu|aos
acuoooo sooto a su coooc||ooto, a causa oo |a |otoootac|o o ao||-
cac|o oo cootatos oo cacto o|vaoo ouo so oocuootoo o|oos oo o|
ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo |a Couo|oao /oo|oa (atcu|o 38).
90. /s||so, o| T|buoa| t|ooo coootooc|a oaa oso|vo, oo va
ab|ta|, |as cootovos|as ouo so susc|too ooto |os aoos o |ost|tuc|ooos
oo| S|stoa, o ooto stos tocoos, a causa oo |a |otoootac|o o ao||-
cac|o oo cootatos, coovoo|os o acuooos ouo so co|oboo ooto o||os,
cuaooo |as oatos as |o acuoooo (atcu|o 38).
91. || |auoo ooo so oo oooc|o o oo oou|oao, soo |o acuoooo
|as oatos, so ob||ato|o o |oaoo|ab|o, coost|tu| ttu|o |oa| su|c|ooto
oaa so||c|ta su o,ocuc|o oo caoa |staoo ||obo, oo cooo|oao coo
|as o|soos|c|ooos oo |a |o |otooa ao||cab|o (atcu|o 38).

57
VI La efectividad de la tutela
92. asta o| +0 oo o|c|obo oo 200+, o| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a |aba o|c-
taoo S8 sootooc|as oo causas oo |ocuo|||ooto oo |as ob||ac|ooos
cooo|sos oo|vaoos oo| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co couo|ta|o. |os |asos
||obos ooaooaoos oo ostas causas uooo |os s|u|ootos. |cuaoo oo
+8 casos, Vooozuo|a oo + casos, Co|ob|a oo +3 casos, |o oo 8 casos
3o||v|a oo 2 casos.
93. |o +S oo |as S8 sootooc|as, o| T|buoa| ooc|a o| |ocuo|||ooto
oo oato oo| |as ||obo ooaooaoo (.S8), oo 6 ooc|a ouo o|
|ocuo|||ooto oo so |aba coosuaoo (+0.3+), oo S ooc|a |a |oao|-
s|b|||oao oo |a ooaooa (8.62), oo 2 oooo|ootos ocu| o| oos|st||oo-
to oo |a acc|o (3.++).
94. |o cuaoto a |os |oc|os oosuotaooto coost|tut|vos oo |ocuo||-
|ooto, so obsova ouo coosoooo|ooo a |as s|u|ootos ato|as. oo 3
casos (63.`), |os |oc|os ostuv|ooo o|ac|ooaoos coo o| |oaa oo
||boac|o, oo ` casos (+S.S+), coo |a |oo|ooao |ooust|a|, oo 8 casos
(+3.`), coo o| /aoco| |tooo Coo, oo 3 casos (S.+), coo |a a|ta
oo ao||cac|o oo| o|oc|o|o oo oo o|sc||oac|o, oo + caso (+.2), coo
|a Coootooc|a Cooc|a|.
95. |oouoc|aoas |as sootooc|as ooc|aat|vas oo |ocuo|||ooto, o| T|-
buoa| |ubo oo ab|, |asta o| 30 oo ,uo|o oo 200+, uo tota| oo 3` oocoo|-
|ootos sua|os oo oosacato. |o 22 oo |os c|taoos oocoo||ootos, |os
|asos ||obos ooostaoo aoto o| T|buoa| |a o,ocuc|o oo |as sootoo-
c|as sto ac||v |os osooct|vos oooo|ootos. |o ++ oo |os casos, o| T|-
buoa| |ubo oo |oooo saoc|ooos ouo ao osto v|ootos, |o ouo oo s|-
o||ca ouo |aao s|oo ao||caoas oo |os |asos ||obos. Y oo S oo |os
casos, |os |asos ||obos o|oc|o|ooo oo o| oosacato oo |as sootooc|as
37
.
37
Cooz|oz oo Tocoo|s, ||s. taba,o |oo|to, 200S.

58
La unicacin del Derecho Comercial Internacional
I Un juego de palabras y una realidad contradictoria,
a modo de introduccin
1. ||o Vo|', o|o |o|c|, o|o |oc|t. |sto uo o| |to ba,o o| cua| so os-
t |a coo||cac|o a|oaoa oo o| s||o |, ta| coo ocoo |. Z|o-
aoo
1
. |o ooscootaoo, uo o| |so ouo oo|t| su uo||cac|o oo|t|ca.
|o |a oa oo |a |oba||zac|o, acaso oobaos ooaooco o| o|o |ac|a |a
uo||cac|o |otooac|ooa| oo| Looc|o Cooc|a| coo uo os|oao oaoc|oo.
|a oot|ca oo |a |oba||zac|o oos oosoa o| oob|||ta|ooto oo| |staoo
, oosoo |uoo, |a |ooo|ooao oo |os |oo|os oo ostos a|boos oo| s||o
|, a| ooos oo |os |oo|os co|oo|a|os oo |a coocooc|o ooc|ooo|ca
ouo taoto auo a |a uo||cac|o oo /|oao|a, aos|osa oo |ocoooaso, auo
taoaooto, a| ooato co|oo|a|. Laoo ouo |o ouo |ooa oostuo oo-
toas os oo ouosta |oa o| ocaoo, ou|zs ouosto |oa ouo|oa so ||o
Vo|', o|o |a't, o|o |oc|t. |oo oo ouosta coos|oa oo oaoco ooca,a
c||ooto o| ouob|o, a| ooos oo osa coocooc|o tao ooc|ooo|ca
sav|oaoa, ouos |a |oba||zac|o oos uosta ouo ooto a soo,aotos a|a-
oos oo oa|tac|o oo |a |ooot|oao oo uo ouob|o oo ooos|c|o a |os oos,
oo |a bsouooa oo |a cooso||oac|o oo| |staoo, ouosta oa so coosooo-
oo coo uoa a|ooa |oba|, oo ouo s a|| oo |a c|cu|ac|o oo |os o|ooo-
tos ooouct|vos, a| ooos oo| cao|ta|, |as ocaocas |os sov|c|os, o| auo
1
Vid. || Looc|o oaoo-|o|aoos su coot|buc|o a| Looc|o o|vaoo ouoooo, oo Estu-
dios de Derecho privado europeo, |ao|o, 2000, o. +0`
[
]

59
|a uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o... Sixto Snchez Lorenzo
oo |os oo|os oo couo|cac|o (|otooot) oo taosooto (|ac|ooos)
atooao osa saaoa |ooot|oao oo |os ouob|os, ooooo|os oo o|oootos
o|u|cu|tua|os. C|taos, ouos, a| ouob|o, s|ooo tao cocaoo oo |a
oac|o, ouooooos coo uo asot|co. ||o |a't, o|o |oc|t, ouo, auo-
ouo bovo, oo os ooco, coota |o ouo ouo|oa oaoco. |toso ouo o|
s|ou|oa os uoa oosoa b|oo v|sta oo |os uooaoota||stas ooo||boa|os oo
|a |oba||zac|o, ouos oaa o||os osto ooooo ooboa voo| acooaaoo
oo uoa oosou|ac|o, uto oo |a |ocaoac|oao oo| oooo oo|t|co ostab|oc|-
oo, uooaoota|ooto |os |staoos, oaa |oooo o s|ou|oa booo|c|aso
oo uo |otooto oo cooto| o o|aootac|o. |aa o||os, s coocto soa
aoaso a| ||o |at', 'o|o |oc|t o, s| ou|ooo, buscaooo uoa ao
aooa, 'o|o Vo|', o|o |a't, 'o|o |oc|t. |s c|oto ouo oaa uc|os uo-
oaoota||stas, auoouo s |ooouos o ||ooot|zaoos oo |a ouoza oo| ao-
||s|s ocoo|co, |a oosou|ac|o ou|zs oo soao tao ooct|va coo |a co-
ootooc|a ooto ooooa|ootos, ouo a| |o a| cabo oo os s ouo |a oos-
ou|ac|o a osca|a |otooac|ooa| o| oooto oo |a o|vos|oao ouo oo|ta
a |os ooooa|ootos uoa cooot|t|v|oao oaa atao bs|caooto cao|ta|,
coo |o cua| so oocaotaao oo uo 'o|o Vo|', o|o |a't, v|o|o |oc|to.
|o cabo ouoa oo ouo o| |a||azo oo ouosto |to oat|cu|a oaa
|a uo||cac|o |otooac|ooa| oo| Looc|o Cooc|a| so oos va coo||cao-
oo, auoouo s|aos cooooo oo ouo o| s ooo|c|o ouo|oa so ||o
|a't, o|o |oc|t. /| ooos, ou|z oooaos coovoo| oo ouo oo |a o|s-
cus|o acoca oo |a o|||oac|o oo o|o Vo|' (o |a s|o|o ooac|o. 'o|o
Vo|') ouo, oosoo |uoo, o|o |a't os |otao|b|o. |ooaos o|scut| s|
o| |oa t|ooo a|o soot|oo s| caoco oo uo o|oooto sub,ot|vo. oo ou
va|oo |os ocaoos |os oooc|os s| oo so cuootao coo |os ouob|os: |oo
os souo ouo oo osto ca|oo to|oaoos oo cooc|us|ooos subvos|vas
o |ooo||caooto oo||osas sobo tooo oaa |a ooo|a suoov|vooc|a
oo uo uooo coo ooosa|ooto ozosaooto uo||caoo jta| voz o|o
|a't, o|o Cooao'o, (')o|o (v|o|o) |oc|t(o):]. |s c|| cao oo |a tootac|o
oo sust|tu| o| o|oooto sub,ot|vo (o|o Vo|') ouo uo o| ootaoo|sta oo|
oscooa|o ooc|ooo|co (o|o |o|c|) oo |os ouovos ootaoo|stas oo| ouo-
vo oscooa|o. |as soc|ooaoos taosoac|ooa|os j.oo|o Coso||sc|atoo, 'o|o
Vo|', o|o |a't, (')o|o (v|o|o) |oc|t(o)]. /oato oo ovo|uc|ooa|o oo
ooasa, o| |oa os ooco c|ao caoco oo |a uoza ooos||b|ca o|
oou|||b|o ouo ooooc|ooa |a ooot|c|o oo| atcu|o oo o| t|oo|o ooc|-
ooo|co. ||o Vo|', o|o |o|c|, o|o |oc|t, ooo oo,a b|oo c|ao ouo o| vo-
oaooo oo|a so oocuoota oo |a suoov|vooc|a oo o|o |oc|t. || ouovo

60
aco oo uoa ocaoo |oba| oo|to o| aotoo||ooto oo uoa o|ua||-
oao oo oooc|os oac|ooa|os: |ooc|ooa |oc|uso o|c|a o|ua||oao o, a|
coota|o, oou|oo ocao|sos oo uo||cac|o a uoa osca|a |oba|: S| osto
|t|o os o| caso, |ab|oooo s|oo ooso|azaoo o| oooo oo |otovooc|o oo
|os |staoos, auoouo uoos s ouo otos, os azooab|o ouo soao |os |sta-
oos, |oo|v|oua|ooto o a tavs oo ocao|sos oo cooooac|o |otooa-
c|ooa|, ou|ooos ootaoo|coo o|c|a uo||cac|o coo |as |sas uootos
tco|cas ooat|vas oo| s||o |: || ,uoo oo oa|abas coo |a ouo |oos
|o|c|aoo osta oooooc|a oo ootoooo so uoa oa aab|o o| o||oa| oo
o|aotoa uoa cuost|o, s|oo ouo tata, s|o|oooto, oo oooo oo o||ovo,
acaso coo c|ota |ooa, ouo |a o|scus|o oo tooo a |a uo||cac|o |otooa-
c|ooa| oo| Looc|o Cooc|a| va uc|o s a|| oo uo oobato sobo
cuost|ooos oo tco|cas ooat|vas o |o|s|at|vas |a oo atoooaso a |as
ooaooas oocos|oaoos sobo tooo oo uoa soc|ooao ouova, oo uo a-
co ocoo|co, oo|t|co soc|a| o|voso a| oo| s||o |, ba,o cua |o|uoo-
c|a s|uo v|v|oooo ao |a c|ooc|a oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo.
2. || ,uoo oo oa|abas so coo,ua aoos coo uoa oa||oao coota-
o|cto|a. /oaootoooto, oo |a oa oo |a |oba||zac|o so ,ust||ca uoa oatu-
a| |oc||oac|o a |a oooosa oo |a uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo Coo-
c|a| a osca|a uo|vosa|
2
. L|c|a uo||cac|o |aba oo aocta oo oa o|oc-
ta o|oc|oa| a| Looc|o ||vaoo, a| ooos s| ocooocoos ouo o|
ooooo oo |a |oba||zac|o |aco ooooc|a o|oo|a| a |a uo||cac|o
oo| ocaoo, |a ||boa||zac|o oo |os |otocab|os cooc|a|os o| ||bo
tos|to oo |os o|oootos ooouct|vos. / uo ocaoo |oba| |aba oo
coosooooo uo Looc|o C|oba|. |o ota oato, ooooos ot|aoo-
to uo|oos a |a |oba||zac|o, coo |otooot |os oo|os uo|vosa|os oo co-
uo|cac|o, coao uo osoac|o ooo|aooto |otooac|ooa| ooooo so oosa-
o||ao o|ac|ooos ,uo|cas ouo o|c||ooto ouoooo so osuo|tas coo |as
v|o,as coocooc|ooos coo||ctua|os, asootaoas oo o| s||o oo| |staoo, oo o-
o| oo Sav|o.
|o |o oos, |a ooo|a |oba||zac|o coo ooooo ocoo|-
co soc|a| |a oovocaoo uo auooto ooooooc|a|, uc|o s ouo oo-
2
Vid. |. Stobo, C|oba||s|ouo oo \|tsc|at uoo |oc|tso|oz|o|oo oos \o|t.|tsc|atsoc|t,
Festschrift fr Bernhard Grofeld zum 65. Geburstag, o|oo|bo, |oc|t uoo \|tsc|at, +```,
oo. +.+6-+.+.

61
t|co, oo o| coc||ooto oo |as o|ac|ooos o|vaoas |otooac|ooa|os o
taosooto|zas, ouo oasao a so |a o|a, oo |ua oo |a ocooc|o, , oo u-
c|os b|tos a suooa cuaot|tat|vaooto a| ooo oo o|ac|ooos ,uo|-
cas ouaooto |otooas
3
.
|aoco, ouos, cootao|cto|o, ouo |as |ost|tuc|ooos |otooac|ooa|os
osooc|a|ooto (C|C) |aao ao|ostaoo taoto oosooc|o a |a vot|ooto
o|vaoa oo |a |oba||zac|o, o|caooto ooocuoaoas oo |as o|ac|ooos co-
oc|a|os oo o| aco ,uo|co ob||co o |otoostata| oo |a o|||oac|o oo
|as baoas a ooto|oaoos o|oootos ooouct|vos. |sta act|tuo |ov|taa a
ooosa ouo o|sto uoa |aootab|o a|ta oo cooc|ooc|a acoca oo co o|
Looc|o ||vaoo |stata| s coocotaooto su o|ua||oao oo o| oscooa-
|o |otooac|ooa| ouooo coost|tu| uoa baoa ocu|ta a |os |otocab|os,
oo ou oo|oa |a a|ta oo tuto|a oocosa| oo |os oooc|os ocoo|cos oo
|os oat|cu|aos ouooo oooo oo ootoo|c|o o| ooo|o ootooo|oo taoto
o s ouo |a ausooc|a oo uo acuooo u|t||atoa| oo |ovos|ooos. |o oa||-
oao, |a C|C oo oaoco o| oo aoocuaoo oaa osta taoa, su ostuctua
,uo|ca osooooo s b|oo a ou|a |as o|ac|ooos ocoo|cas ooto |sta-
oos
4
. |o o| oooo, osta oa||oao cootao|cto|a ouooo auoa a oo||ca ouo
|aao s|oo |as ooo|as |ost|tuc|ooos o|vaoas ou|ooos |aao asu|oo o|
ootaoo|so a |a |oa oo |otoota o|||oa ta|os baoas. uooa oo
sabo ou aoo oo |otos oa| o|sto oo |as |ost|tuc|ooos o|c|a|os, ou|-
oos so ocu|tao tas o||as, oo ouo uct||ouoo oa|ooto |ostuootos oo
ou|ac|o taosoac|ooa|os.
3
Vid. oo osto soot|oo . 3asooo., T|o |octs o C|oba||zat|oo oo ||vato |otooat|ooa| |a.,
Legal Aspects of Globalization, |a aa, ||u.o, 2000, o. S (vos|oo oo a|oo. Las |otooat|o-
oa|o ||vatoc|t |o ooo Zo|too oo C|oba||s|ouo, Festschrift fr Hans Stoll zum 75. Geburs-
tag, Tub|oa, |o| S|oboc', 200+, oo. ++0-+++).
4
Vid. |./. Lo ||uo| /soos|o, /|uoas toooooc|as ,uo|cas oo |a |oba||zac|o, oo Los nuevos
escenarios internacionales y europeos del Derecho y la Seguridad (Coleccin Escuela Diplomti-
ca, nm. 7), |ao|o, 2003, o. 6+, |o., || Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo aoto |a |oba||zac|o,
AEDIPr, t. |, 200+, oo. +6-+. Cf. /. T|ta, / C|a||ooo o t|o \o|o Taoo Cao|sat|oo
(To.aos a Tuo Taosoat|ooa| |a.), JWT, vo|. 2`, +``S/3, oo. 83-`0.

62
II Las fuentes tradicionales y la unicacin
del Derecho Comercial Internacional
Fuentes estatales
3. |oo oo |os ooctos oo |a |oba||zac|o ocoo|ca so o|oo a|
ooc||vo oo |as oos|b|||oaoos oo cooto| oo o| |staoo oo| ooo|o ocaoo
('o|o |o|c|:). || ocaoo, |a ocoooa oo su coo,uoto, oo,a oo so uo
ooooo oac|ooa|, oo soo,aoto oscooa|o |oba||zaoo |as ocoooas
so |otoo|ac|ooao |os s|stoas oo ootocc|o oo| ocaoo oac|ooa| o-
ouooao oo oo,u|c|o oo |os |otoosos oo| ooo|o |staoo oo su ocoooa.
/| asovoa ta| oocto, so t|ooo oosooto, aoto tooo, |as oo|oas ootocc|o-
o|stas ost|cc|ooos u obstcu|os a |os |otocab|os oo ocaocas, sov|-
c|os o cao|ta|os cootoo|aoas oo o| Looc|o |coo|co. |osu|ta coovo-
o|ooto, s|o obao, tas|aoa ostas o|o|ooos a| b|to oo| Looc|o ||-
vaoo.
/o|t|oo coo uo ouo oato ocoo|co, o| ocaoo |oba| os
uo oscooa|o ooooo oooao |os |otocab|os ooto oat|cu|aos. S| soo-
,aoto ocaoo oosoota uoa o|oos|o uoa oa||oao taosoac|ooa|, os oa-
b|o oouotaso o| soot|oo ouo t|ooo oooa coo uo |oo ,uo|co o|-
soaoo, oo sus uootos tco|cas ooat|vas, oaa |o ouo . C. |oooooz
|ozas |a oooo|oaoo coo ...o| osouoa ooo||boa| oo |as ocoooas
ostata|os
5.
S| oo o| aco oo |a suooostuctua oo| cooc|o |otooac|o-
oa|, |os ouovos o|oc|o|os octoos |ao suouosto uo ooso|aza|ooto oo |os
ooo|os autou|cos oac|ooa|os, os c|| ooosa ouo o| |oo ,uo|co oo
|as taosacc|ooos |otooac|ooa|os o|c||ooto ouooo sou| aoaoooso
oo |a ao||cac|o oo uoos Looc|os ostata|os oac|oos coocob|oos oaa |a
oa||oao ocoo|ca oo| s||o |.
|| azooa|ooto, s|o obao, oo os tao ov|oooto. Coota |o ouo
ouo|oa ooosaso, |a uo||cac|o oo c|otas o|as suooostuctua|os o ,u-
o|co-ob||cas oo| uoc|ooa|ooto oo| ocaoo osu|ta oo |a oct|ca s
act|b|o, coo oouostao |os oocosos ||ovaoos a cabo taoto oo o| a-
co oo |a |otoac|o uo|vosa| (C|C) coo oo o| ooo|o oo| o|ooa||so
(||). S|o obao, |a uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo o, |oc|uso, oo| Loo-
c|o |coo|co s o|o a| Looc|o ||vaoo (cooc|a||zac|o versus
5
Vid. Sistema del comercio internacional, |ao|o, Cv|tas, 200+, oo. 3`-+2.

63
oooucc|o) so uosta uc|o s oouooto a so uo||caoo, coo b|oo
a |as c|aas oouosta o| Looc|o Couo|ta|o. /oos, coo soa|a |. /.
oo ||uo| /soos|o, ...ooso a |o ouo oooa oosoooooso oo uoa aoo|-
ac|o s|o||sta, |a |oba||zac|o ocoo|ca oo va uo|oa coo cacto o-
ooa| a uoa ooo oosooc|a oo| |staoo, cuas coootooc|as oo ato|a
oo oooo ob||co, aaota oo |a ooo|ooao ooooac|o oo| ocaoo so
aot|oooo oo |o sustaoc|a| oo ocas|ooos osu|tao oozaoas
6
.
|o oa||oao, |os osu|taoos oct|cos oo |a uo||cac|o |otooac|ooa|
oo| Looc|o |ato|a| ao,a uo osu|taoo u oobo a| oa oo |o. /uo-
ouo |as c|cuostaoc|as vaao cab|aooo ooco a ooco, o |oc|uso ao|taos
|a ||otos|s oo uoa |oos|c|o oo o| utuo s o|o oo ooo|os
coo |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T sobo |os cootatos cooc|a|os |otooac|o-
oa|os oat|oooo s| so ou|oo oo |a ||otos|s ot|a, a sabo, oo su ao||ca-
c|o ou|a oo |ostaoc|as taoto ab|ta|os coo ,u|so|cc|ooa|os, oo ost
oo s oouotaso |asta ou ouoto |os |ostuootos oo uo||cac|o oo|
Looc|o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa| soo caoacos oo oosc|oo| oo |os Loo-
c|os ostata|os. Y, coo sou|oao, |a osouosta oo va a so tao cootuooooto
coo oo o| b|to oo| aco suooostuctua|. Coost|tuo uo buoo o,o-
c|c|o, oo osta o|occ|o, ootoooso oo co ,uoao ta|os Looc|os ostata-
|os oo |a o|o|ca ooo|a autooa oo |os ooo|os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T
4. || oooso ob,ot|vo oo |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T os ooooc|ooa
uo aco oo o|as ato|a|os ao||cab|os a |os cootatos cooc|a|os |oto-
oac|ooa|os, |oc|uso suo|| |as |auoas oo |a lex contractus o oo |os coovoo|os
|otooac|ooa|os oo Looc|o |o|oo ouo osu|too ao||cab|os
7
, ao oo
sov| coo ratio scripta o |o ooo|o oaa |a |o|s|ac|o ostata| o |otooa-
c|ooa| (|obu|o). S|o ouoa |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T soo uo coo,uoto
u coo|oto oo o|as sobo |os cootatos ocaot||os, ou|zs u suoo-
|o tco|caooto a cua|ou|o o|aootac|o oac|ooa|. |oo, a| aoo oo
|as ovootua|os |auoas ouo |os ||oc|o|os ouo|oao oosoota, os oab|o oo-
uotaso s| oo s |sos osoocto a |as cuost|ooos cootoo|aoas soo ca-
6
Vid. /|uoas toooooc|as... , loc. cit., op. cit., o. S8. Vid. as||so, oo| |so auto, || Looc|o
|otooac|ooa|... , loc. cit., oo. SS-S, . |o||o, C|oba||s|ouo uoo |otooat|ooa||s|ouo oos \|ts-
c|atsoc|ts- /us.|'uooo au o|o oat|ooa|o Cosotzobuo, ZSR, 2000, oo. 3+0-3+2.
7
|o o|ac|o coo o| Coovoo|o oo V|ooa vid. |as oo|ooos oo . 3asooo., T|o |octs... , loc. cit.,
o. , Las |otooat|ooa|o... , loc. cit., op. cit., o. ++2.

64
oacos oo uoc|ooa s|o ooooc|a a |os Looc|os ostata|os. || ooo|o at.
+.6 oo |os ||oc|o|os so o|oo a su |otoootac|o o |otoac|o oo oa
u ouoooto, ouos |as cuost|ooos oo tataoas |abo oo oso|voso oo
|o oos|b| o oo acuooo coo |os ooo|os ||oc|o|os. |o otaa, ouos, ouo
oo o| cooota|o a osto atcu|o so cootoo|o ooosaooto |a oooo-
c|a a uo Looc|o |ac|ooa| ouo s|va coo cauco oo |otoac|o os|oua|.
|o suouosto, |as oatos s|ooo t|oooo |a ||botao oaa sootoso a uo Lo-
oc|o |ac|ooa| ooto|oaoo coo o| |o oo ouo |otoo |as o|as oo |os ||o-
c|o|os. |oa ost|ou|ac|o oo osto soot|oo oooa ooosa. |sto cootato so |-
o oo |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T soo coo|otaoos oo |a |o oo| oas ,
o b|oo, |sto cootato so |otoootaoo o,ocutaoo oo acuooo coo |os ||o-
c|o|os oo |||L|C|T. |o tooo aouo||o ouo oo so oocuooto o|aoo oo |os
||oc|o|os so ao||ca |a |o oo| oas
8
.
Coosocuootoooto coo o|c|o o|oc|o|o, o| at. 2.+3 oota oo uo
c|to|o oo va||ooz oo| cootato cuaooo oo so ooc|sao cuost|ooos taooo-
c|a|os o socuooa|as ouo ouoooo so |otoaoas coo baso oo |os |oc|os o
oo o| Looc|o /o||cab| o
9
.
/o oo osta cauto|a oo|ca, sa|ta a |a v|sta os ouo |os |sos
||oc|o|os |oc|uoo |t|o|os ooooc|as a |os Looc|os ostata|os , oo a|u-
oos casos, autot|cas ooooc|as a ooas oo coo||cto. |o c|otos casos,
so tata oo cuost|ooos ouo ouooao uoa oo| b|to oo o|aootac|o oo
|os ||oc|o|os. /s, oo o|ac|o coo o| oocto ob||ato|o oo| cootato, o| at.
+.3 ...oo oo,uza |os ooctos ouo o| cootato ouooa tooo ooto a toco-
os ba,o o| Looc|o /o||cab| o
10
. |sta oc|us|o so ocuooa coo ocas|o
oo| tata|ooto oo| Looc|o oo |ost|tuc|o oo caso oo |ocuo|||ooto
(at. .3.6.). a| |ua| ouo |os otos atcu|os oo |os ||oc|o|os, o| at. .3.6
tata oo |as o|ac|ooos ooto |as oatos oo oo |os oooc|os ouo tocoas
oosooas ouooao |abo aoou||oo sobo |os b|ooos oo cuost|o. Lobo
ooto|oaso coooo a| Looc|o |ac|ooa| /o||cab|o s|, oo o,oo|o, uo
acoooo oo| cooaoo, o| soo|co oo |a ou|oba, o uo aoou|ooto oo buo-
8
|. +.
9
|. +8.
10
|. +0.

65
oa o ouoooo oooooso a |a ost|tuc|o oo |os b|ooos vooo|oos
11
. |ua|-
ooto, so oc|uoo |os suouostos oo ou||oao oo| cootato oo |ocaoac|oao,
a|ta oo |o|t|ac|o, |ooa||oao o ||oa||oao (at. 3.+)
12
. /s||so, |a va||-
ooz oo |as c|usu|as |ouoos a |a aou|ac|o tota| o oac|a| oo uo cootato
(at. 3.+), ta|os coo |as oo ab|ta,o, o|occ|o oo uoo o o|occ|o oo |a
|o ao||cab|o, oscaoao |ac|a o| Looc|o |ac|ooa|. ...|a ooa oo Looc|o
|otooo ouo osu|to ao||cab|o ooto|oa s| o|c|as c|usu|as coot|oao v|-
ootos a oosa oo |a aou|ac|o oo| osto oo| cootato
13
. C so ocuooa ouo
o| oocoo||ooto oo |oos|c|o oo uoa oooa||oao ,uo|c|a| (punitive dama-
ge) oo v|tuo oo| at. .2.+. so |o oo |a lex fori
14
.
|o otas ocas|ooos, o| Looc|o |ac|ooa| os tataoo coo uo o|o-
ooto oo |oc|o ouo auoa a |otooota o |otoa o| soot|oo oo a|u-
oos ||oc|o|os, coo||oooo a |a coooucta oo |as oatos uoa o|st|ota s|o||-
cac|o a tooo oo| ooo|o ,uo|co oac|ooa| oo ouo acostuboo a ooo-
a. |o o,oo|o, o| at. 2.+ susc|ta |a cuost|o oo oo ou oo|oa |a |,ac|o
oo uo o|azo ouooo |o||ca uo |oo|c|o |ovocab|||oao tc|ta. / ta| oocto,
|os ||oc|o|os soa|ao ouo ...s| o| ooooto oooa oooto oo uo s|stoa ,u-
o|co ooooo o| soa|a|ooto oo uo o|azo so coos|ooa uo |oo|c|o oo |ovo-
cab|||oao, so oosuo ouo a| soa|a uo o|azo o| ooooto t|ooo o| ooos|-
to oo aotooo|a |ovocab|o ouaoto oso o|azo. S|, oo ota oato, o| oo-
ooto oooa oo uo s|stoa ,uo|co ooooo o| soa|a|ooto oo uo o|azo
oaa |a acootac|o oo coost|tuo |oo|c|o su|c|ooto oo |ovocab|||oao, oo
11
|. 20.
12
Soa|a o| cooota|o a osto oocooto. |sto atcu|o oo,a c|ao ouo oo tooa |a ato|a oo |a
|ova||ooz oo| cootato cootoo|aoa oo |os s|stoas ,uo|cos oac|ooa|os so |oc|uo oo o| b|-
to oo |os ||oc|o|os. |s o| caso coocoto oo |a a|ta oo caoac|oao oo |as oatos, a|ta oo |o|t|-
ac|o, |ooa||oao o ||oa||oao. |a coo|o,|oao |o|oooto a cuost|ooos o|at|vas a| ostaoo oo
|as oosooas, ooosootac|o oooo ob||co, coo as tab|o o| o|voso tata|ooto ouo
oc|boo ostas cuost|ooos oo |os ooooa|ootos oac|ooa|os acooso,ao su oc|us|o oo| b|to
oo ao||cac|o oo |os ||oc|o|os. |o coosocuooc|a, ato|as coo |a va||ooz oo |os actos ultra
vires , |a |o|t|ac|o oo uo aooata|o oaa ob||a a su aooaoto, |a |o|t|ac|o oo |os
ao|o|staooos oaa ob||a a |a soc|ooao o| cootoo|oo ||oa| o |ooa| oo |os cootatos
coot|ouao s|oooo ato|as ou|aoas oo |a |o ao||cab|o.
13
|. `2.
14
|. +`3.

66
|o oooa| oo so at|bu| a| ooooto |a |otooc|o oo aotooo |a oota
|ovocab|o ouaoto o|c|o o|azo
15
. Lo |ua| ooo, |a cootoo|ac|o oos-
ooct|va oo| ooo|o s|stoa oac|ooa| ost oo |a baso oo |a caacto|zac|o
coo sooos|vas oo c|usu|as oo o|occ|o oo |o ao||cab|o o oo uoo ouo
so coot|oooo oo |os o,oo|os ouo ||ustao o| at. 2.20
16
. / su voz, |os ooc-
tos sobo |a va||ooz oo| cootato oo |os suouostos oo |oos|b|||oao |oa|
sobovoo|oa (at. 3.3) oooooooo o|octaooto oo s| ...coooo a| Loo-
c|o ba,o o| cua| so |a o|ctaoo |a oo||b|c|o, sta t|ooo o| ooos|to oo
|ova||oa o s|o|oooto oo |ooo| o| cuo|||ooto oo| cootato
17
. Lo
oa ao||osta, o| oo oo Looc|o (at. 3.+) so ooc|sa a |a |uz oo
uo ooooa|ooto ostata|, su |oc|oooc|a os ao oo o| t|co otooo
...oob|oo a ouo |as oooac|ooos |oo|v|oua|os ouoooo voso aoctaoas oo
uo s|stoa ,uo|co otao,oo coo o| cua| uoa oo |as oatos oo so oocuoo-
ta a|||a|zaoo
18
. || Looc|o |stata| coo |oc|o ooto|oaoto aoaoco
as||so a| va|oa |a o|||ooc|a oo |as oatos oo |a obtooc|o oo auto|za-
c|ooos ob||cas a tooo oo| at. 6.+.++. |a oato ouo oobo so||c|ta |a auto-
|zac|o oobo toa tooas |as oo|oas oocosa|as oaa obtooo|a, ooo
oo os osooosab|o o| so ob||a a obtooo o|c|a auto|zac|o. L|c|a oato
ost ob||aoa a otoa tooos |os ocusos o|sooo|b|os coooo a|
Looc|o |oca|, s|ooo cuaooo cuooto coo su|c|ootos oos|b|||oaoos oo
|to ouo o| o,oc|c|o oo o|c|os ocusos soa azooab|o oo acuooo a |as
c|cuostaoc|as oo| caso (v.., o| va|o oo |a oooac|o, o| t|ooo oo|oa-
oo). Cu|os soo |as oo|oas coocotas ouo ooboo so toaoas ooooo-
oo oo |as ou|ac|ooos oot|oootos oo |os ocusos oocosa|os o|sooo|-
b|os oo o| |staoo ooooo so oobo otoa |a auto|zac|o. |sta os uoa ob||-
ac|o oo oo|os
19
.
|oo bs|caooto, |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T t|oooo ouo coov|v|
coo |as ooas |ooat|vas oo |os Looc|os ostata|os, ootooo|oooo oo
o||as oo |as ooas oo oooo ob||co |otooo o s|o|oooto |ooooab|os
oo cootato, s|oo, s ost|ctaooto, |as ooas ato|a|os |ooat|va-
ooto ao||cab|o a| t|co otooo, cua|ou|o ouo soa |a |o ouo |,a o| coo-
15
|. 33.
16
|. 63.
17
|. +.
18
|. 2.
19
|s. ++6-++.

67
tato, o oo oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa|. |o oocto, o| |obu|o oo |os
||oc|o|os cooc|boo su ao||cac|o coo uto oo |a autoooa ato|a|,
ooo tab|o oo |a autoooa coo||ctua|, coo autot|ca lex contractus.
|sta ooc|o, sobo |a ouo abuooaoos s aoo|aoto, s|o oaoco oa||sta
s| so osova o| coosoooo|ooto osoac|o a| ,uoo oo |as ooas oo |oto-
vooc|o oo o|oo ostata|, ooo tab|o oo uooto |otooac|ooa| suoa-
oac|ooa|. |sto o|oc|o|o oocuoota o|o,o oo o| o|oc|o|o oooa| cootoo|-
oo oo o| at. +.+ oo |os ||oc|o|os, ba,o |a b|ca reglas imperativas.
|stos o|oc|o|os oo ost|ooo |a ao||cac|o oo o|as |ooat|vas, soao oo o|-
oo oac|ooa|, |otooac|ooa| o suoaoac|ooa|, ouo osu|too ao||cab|os coooo
a |as ooas oot|oootos oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
|| o|oc|o|o taosc|to, s a|| oo su a|caoco oooa|, so ov|oooc|a
oo a|uoas oo |as o|soos|c|ooos cooota|os oo |os |sos ||oc|o|os.
/s, o| cooota|o a| at. +.+. (o|oc|o|o oo |a autoooa ato|a| oo |a ||-
botao cootactua|) ooc|sa coo c|a|oao |a |oc|oooc|a oo |as ooas osta-
ta|os ouo ost|ooo |a ||bo coootooc|a oo v|tuo oo |otoosos ob||cos
20
.
|ooto a| o|oc|o|o oo ||botao oo oa oco|oo oo o| at. +.2, so ocooo-
co ouo osto o|oc|o|o ...ouooo so oo,aoo oo |aoo, obv|aooto, oo v|tuo
oo| Looc|o /o||cab|o j...] Taoto o| Looc|o |ac|ooa| coo |os tataoos
|otooac|ooa|os ouoooo |oooo oou|s|tos osooc|a|os oo oa, b|oo soa
a| cootato oo su coo,uoto, b|oo a sus c|usu|as |oo|v|oua|ooto coos|ooa-
oas
21
. /| oouoc|a o| o|oc|o|o pacta sunt servanda o| oocto v|ocu|aoto
oo |os cootatos (at. +.3), |os ||oc|o|os |oo|cao ouo ...oou|s|tos ao|c|ooa-
|os oaa |a co|obac|o v||oa oo uo cootato ouoooo oocootaso oo |as
ooas oo cacto |ooat|vo oo| Looc|o |otooo o |otooac|ooa| /o||-
cab| o
22
. /| tata o| oobo oo coo|oooc|a||oao (at. 2.+6), so oooooa ouo
s| o| ooooo oo ouo oo so oobo o|vu|a uoa ooto|oaoa |ooac|o os
ooas|aoo |ao oooa cootavoo| |as |oos ao||cab|os ouo oo|boo os-
t|cc|ooos a |as oct|cas cooc|a|os
23
. /s||so, so t|ooo oo cuoota, a|
ostab|oco ouo caoa oato asuo |os astos oo|vaoos oo| cuo|||ooto
20
|. .
21
|. `.
22
|. `.
23
|. S6.

68
oo sus ob||ac|ooos (at. 6.+.++), |as oo||cac|ooos ouo osu|tao oo |as
|o|s|ac|ooos |sca|os ostata|os oos|oaooo a uo ob||aoo a| oao o|st|oto oo
ou|oo oobo asu| o| asto, coo o| coos|u|ooto Looc|o oo |oobo|so.
|sooc|a|ooto oo,uoo|osa os |a o|soos|c|o cootoo|oa oo o| at. 6.+.++ oo
|os ||oc|o|os oo o|ac|o coo |as o|ooc|as oo auto|zac|ooos oub||cas
|ouostas oo |a |o oo uo |staoo coo cooo|c|o oo va||ooz o ||to oo|
cuo|||ooto oo| cootato. || cooota|o ac|aa ouo ...ostos o|oc|o|os oo
so ocuoao oo |a o|ovaoc|a ,uo|ca oo| oou|s|to oo obtooo uoa auto|za-
c| o ob||ca. u t|oo oo auto|zac|o os oocosa|o obtooo, oo o| caso oo
ouo soa oocosa|o, so ooto|oa coooo a| Looc|o /o||cab|o, |oc|u-
oooo |as ooas oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
24
. Y aaooo. |os o-
ou|s|tos oo auto|zac|o ob||ca a |os ouo so o|oo osto atcu|o soo |os
ouo ooto|oa |a |o ao||cab|o o |as ou|ac|ooos oo v|o a| oooto oo
co|obaso o| cootato. |o obstaoto, ostas o|soos|c|ooos oooo tab|o
ao||caso a |as auto|zac|ooos ob||cas ouo ouoooo o||so oosous oo |a
co|obac|o oo| cootato
25
. / su voz, a| o|aoota |as oooas ,uo|c|a|os
o punitive damages, o| at. .2.+. oov ouo |a saoc|o soa sat|soc|a a |a oa-
to oo,uo|caoa oo o| |ocuo|||ooto cootactua|, sa|vo ouo |as ooas
|ooat|vas oo| Looc|o oo| |oo o|soooao ota cosa. /| osoocto, |os
cooota|os ocuooao ouo ...|os ooooa|ootos ,uo|cos o||ooo osooc-
to a s| |a oooa ,uo|c|a| oobo oaaso a |a oato oo,uo|caoa, a| |staoo o a
abos. |o a|uoos ooooa|ootos so coos|ooa o| oao oo |a oooa a |a
oato oo,uo|caoa coo uoa oo|va |o,ust||caoa ouo os coota|a a| oooo
o b||co. |sto atcu|o oc|aza osto |t|o ouoto oo v|sta aouota a |a oa-
24
|. ++3. So aaoo. |os t|buoa|os oac|ooa|os t|ooooo a ocoooco |os oou|s|tos oo auto|za-
c| o ob||ca ouo soo |ouostos oo |a lex fori, a|uoas vocos |os oosc|tos oo |a lex con-
tractus. |os t|buoa|os ab|ta|os ouoooo oza oo ao o|scoc|o ouo |os t|buoa|os ,uo|c|a-
|os oac|ooa|os oaa ooc|o| |as auto|zac|ooos ouo ooboo obtoooso a |os oos oo |a va||ooz o
o,ocuc|o oo| cootato. |o v|tuo oo| at. .2 oo |a Coovooc|o oo |oa oo otas ooas
oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo, tab|o ouoooo so o|ovaotos |os oou|s|tos oo auto|za-
c| o ob||ca |ouostos oo |a |o oo otos |staoos ouo t|oooo a|uoa o|ac|o coo o| coota-
to. |as ooas oo a|uoos ooooa|ootos ,uo|cos ouo soo oo ao||cac|o otato|to|a|
(long-arm statutes) tab|o ouoooo ostab|oco |a oocos|oao oo obtooo uoa auto|zac|o
o b||ca oo oato oo ||cooc|ata|os o ooosas subs|o|a|as |oca||zaoas oo o| otao,oo. |sto
atcu|o ostab|oco |a oosuoc|o oo ouo o|c|as so||c|tuoos ooboo so ta|taoas coooo a|
Looc|o ao||cab|o.
25
|. +++.

69
to oo,uo|caoa coo booo|c|a|a oo |a oooa, ooo |a o|oa aso oo| |oc|-
so 2 ooosa ouo |as o|soos|c|ooos oo oooo ob||co oo| Looc|o oo| |oo
oooao |ooo| ta| so|uc|o, |oo|caooo as||so otos oos|b|os booo|c|a-
|os oo |as oooas ,uo|c|a|os
26
. ||oa|ooto, |as ooas |ooat|vas ,ust||cao
|a oo|||tac|o oo| |oo oo |os |otoosos oo ost|tuc|o cootoo|aoos
oo o| at. .+.+0, ouo ...oo so ocuoa oo| oob|oa oo |os |otoosos co-
ouostos, ouo coooo a| Looc|o |otooo oo a|uoos oasos so oocuoo-
ta su,oto a ooas oo oooo ob||co o|ootaoas a ootoo a |a oato
|ocuo||ooa
27
.
|o oo|o|t|va, |os ooo|os ||oc|o|os cootoo|ao ooosaooto o|-
vosos suouostos oo ouo osu|ta oocoot|vo ao||ca o toa oo coos|ooa-
c|o |os oooc|os oac|ooa|os. |os |oos oouostos o|caooto coo
ocooato|o oo uoa oa||oao ouo va uc|o s a|| oo ostos casos, coo
su|oo o| a|caoco oooa| oo| at. +.+ oo |os ||oc|o|os, oo sus ooo|as |a-
uoas oob|oas |otoootat|vos. Coosocuootoooto, s|o oosoo |a |oo-
ou|oao o |a |ooaoc|a ouooo coocob|so o| uoc|ooa|ooto oo |os ||oc|-
o|os, oo cua|ou|o oocoso actua| oo uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo |a-
to|a|, soa b|aooa o oua, |ooooooo|ootoooto oo| ,uoo coo|ooota|o
o ost|ct|vo oo |os Looc|os oac|ooa|os oo| ooo|o Looc|o |otooac|o-
oa| o Suoaostata|. 3|oo os c|oto ouo sus o|ac|ooos oocos|tao uo oooouo
b|oo o|voso, acaso oouosto, a| ooo|o oo |os s||os oocoooos, oo ouo
|a |oca||zac|o oo| Looc|o |stata| oa o| o|oc|o|o |a |otovooc|o oo|
Looc|o uo|oo o| ooooo os|oua|. |oo coov|ooo ||aa |a atooc|o
sobo |os ||tos oo uo uoc|ooa|ooto autooo oo |a lex mercatoria,
ootooo|oa oo uo soot|oo ao||o. /s, oocootos coo o| at. oo| Coovo-
o|o oo V|ooa oo +`80 sobo cooavoota |otooac|ooa| oo ocaooas
oocuao uoa |otoac|o o |otoootac|o autooa sobo |a baso oo |os
o|oc|o|os oooa|os ouo |a sustootao, aotos ouo ocu|oooo a |os Loo-
c|os oac|ooa|os. |o ta| soot|oo, uoa oo |as uoc|ooos oo |os ||oc|o|os |||-
L|C|T ostaa o|||oa a su|o|sta o|oc|o|os oaa co|a |auoas ac|||-
ta |a |otoootac|o oo| Coovoo|o. |oo oo ouooo cooc|u|so coo o||o ouo
o| oaoo| os|oua| oo |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T o|||oo |a oocos|oao oo ocu-
| a |os Looc|os ostata|os. Coo |oos v|sto, o| ooo|o Looc|o |sta-
ta| coost|tuo, a su voz, uo o|oooto oo ao||cac|o o |otoootac|o os|oua|
oo |os |sos ||oc|o|os
26
|. +`2.
27
|. 226.

70
Fuentes Convencionales, Lex Mercatoria y Soft Law
5. |a |oo|c|ooc|a o |osu|c|ooc|a oo| Looc|o |stata| coo oo|o oo
o|aoota |as taosacc|ooos cooc|a|os |otooac|ooa|os tab|o so |a
ooo|caoo osoocto oo |os coovoo|os |otooac|ooa|os coo oo|o oo uo|-
|cac|o oo| Looc|o |ato|a|. |sta ct|ca oboooco oo o|o t|oo a
ouo o| ocao|so oo aoooc|o oo coovoo|os |otooac|ooa|os so coota|a
oo |os |sos v|c|os ouo |as uootos ostata|os, a| |oota oo oa||oao o|
,uoo oo |otoosos ostata|os.
C|otaooto, oo |a aoa oo |os casos, |os ocao|sos oo uo|-
|cac|o ato|a| so |ao basaoo oo uootos ouas, oo oatua|oza coovooc|o-
oa| o |oa|, cuo oocoo||ooto oo aoooc|o so |a ostaoo costoso o
|oo|c|ooto. |os oocosos oo o|aboac|o oo coovoo|os |otooac|ooa|os oo
s|o |a s|oo ootaoo|zaoo oo |os |staoos, s|oo oo |staoos ouo |ao
ooooo|oo oo |a oo|oa oo |o oos|b|o sus |otoosos cu|tua|os |a |oos|-
c|o oo su ooo|o ,uo|co. |a aoooc|o oo| toto uo|oo so |a basaoo
oo uc|os casos oo so|uc|ooos taosacc|ooa|os ouo |oooao uoa vooa-
ooa uo||cac|o (Looc|o C|oob|oo oo ato|a oo |ota oo cab|o o
c|oouo)
28
, o |oc|uso oo |os oocos totos ouo ouoooo coos|ooaso o|to-
sos (Coovoo|o oo V|ooa oo +`80 sobo cooavoota |otooac|ooa| oo
ocaooas
29
o coovoo|os o|at|vos a| socto oo |os taosootos o |a oo-
o|ooao |ooust|a| o |oto|octua|) oo a|tao |as |auoas o|soa|oaoos |otooo-
tat|vas ouo o|o,ao |a uoa oo ooo|os ,uo|cos ouo tuvo |ua ouao-
to su o|c|| |ao oocoso oo aoooc|o.
|s ouo |a autoou|ac|o oo |os oooaooos (lex mercatoria
stricto sensu), osta os |a azo osooc|a| a|oa oaa oooooo uoa uo||ca-
c|o |otooac|ooa| oo| Looc|o |ocaot|| soft, coo |a ouo ooosootao |os
||oc|o|os |||L|C|T, coo ocuooc|a |ooob|oaooto |ooot||caoos coo uo
oooucto oo |a lex mercatoria.
6. |o oocto, |a lex mercatoria so outo osooc|a|ooto oo |as oct|-
cas cooc|a|os co|os oo cooota|ooto o|aboaoos oo |os ooo|os
28
Vid. a| osoocto ouostas coos|ooac|ooos oo Derecho aplicable al cheque en el comercio inter-
nacional, |ao|o, |uo|o, +``6, oso. oo. 60-6S.
29
Vid. C. C. |ottoao, Unidroits Rules in Practice (Standard International Contracts and Applicable
Rules), |a aa, ||u.o, 200+, oo. 2S 2S`-263.

71
oooaooos oo| cooc|o |otooac|ooa|. / oat| oo |a ooo|ooc|a oo |os
sov|c|os ,uo|cos oo ooosas coo vocac|o taosoac|ooa|, oat|cu|aoo-
to ||ooaoas oo cooaas ootoao|caoas, sobo |a ooo|a baso oo|
o |c|t oo aoo|zac|o |otooac|ooa|, ostas oct|cas oooao uo c|oto
aoo oo aoo|zac|o, sobo tooo, oo |as oct|cas cootactua|os
30
. S|o
|ua a ouoas, |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T so outoo oo buooa oo|oa oo ostas
oct|cas, ooo oo ooos ouo so |oso|ao oo so|uc|ooos ooo|as oo o|st|o-
tos Looc|os ostata|os. |uc|as oo sus osouostas, aoos, oovooosas o
t|buta|as oo uo s|ocot|so |ooovaoo. Lo a| ouo |os ||oc|o|os, coo
tco|ca oo uo||cac|o soft (oo |ooat|va o o|octaooto v|ocu|aoto)
31
,
suoooao oo oa||oao uo ouoto oo oocuooto u ootooto ooto |a lex
mercatoria |asta o| oooto bastaoto |ocoos|stooto, |ooo|o|oa c|cuos-
c|ta a| ootooo ab|ta| |a coo||cac|o oo soot|oo tao|c|ooa|
32
. Su ao
ooouac|o tco|ca, uto a |a voz oo |a |oooooooooc|a oo |a oooaac| o
oo sus coaooos, oo|too sa|va coo ao |to a|uoas oo |os |ocoo-
voo|ootos s c|s|cos oo |a uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo cootactua|
(ad. ex. |a coocuooc|a oo |a causa oo |os cootatos), so uostao s
|oto||ootos a| oo|o |ao o|azo, |o|b|os o|u|uoc|ooa|os. Souaoo-
to a|uoos o|ao ouo, ooto a |a coo||cac|o tao|c|ooa| (hard, ooooa
ac||sta), |as ouovas tco|cas oo aoo|zac|o soft soo s oostooo-
oas o ooo|oas. |osotos oos cootootaos coo a|a ouo soo, s|o|o-
ooto, s aoocuaoas a |a oa||oao ||st|ca.
7. |o ota oato, |os coovoo|os |otooac|ooa|os o coo||cac|o hard
cooatoo coo |as uootos ostata|os oto oo |os |ocoovoo|ootos, ouo acaso
30
Vid. osooc|a|ooto |. /. Lo ||uo| /soos|o, || Looc|o |otooac|ooa|... , loc. cit., oo. S`-60.
31
So tataa oo| coocooto s oooa| oo creeping codication o schleichende Kodikation
oo|oaoo oo |. |. 3oo (Vid. Formalisierte oder schleichende Kodizierung des transnationa-
len Witschafsrechts, 3o|o, \a|to oo Cuto, +``6, oso. oo. +`+-20`).
32
|o |os a|ta azo a ou|ooos, coo /. voo Z|o|o, osa|tao |a a|ta oo oat|c|oac|o oo |os ooo-
aooos oo |a ooacc|o oo |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T (bs|caooto acao|cos), |oc|o ouo
ouooo oouooa oo su o|scota aco|oa oo |a oct|ca cooc|a|. |sto ooocto soa o| ouo ,us-
t | caa o| acaso oo ooat|vas coo |as |o|as oo abuo oo +`8 oo o| b|to oo|
taosooto at|o (vid. |at|cu|a|t|os o t|o aoo|sat|oo aoo |o|cat|oo o |otooat|o-
oa| |a. Taoo aoo Cooco, Private Law in the International Arena: From National Conict
Rules towards Harmonization and Unication. Liber Amicorum Kurt Siehr, |a aa, T.|.C. /sso
|oss, 2000, oo. 8` 88+-883, oso. oota 38).

72
oo su oa ouo|oa so aooc|aoo coo uo va|o, a sabo, su ||ooz oot||-
cac|o. |o os oocosa|o |os|st| oo o| soot|oo oo|t|co coosovaoo oo |as
coo||cac|ooos ooc|ooo|cas, coo ostab|oc||ooto |,ac|o oo uo ouo-
vo oooo soc|a| oac|oo oo |a ovo|uc|o buuosa. |oo aoos, oosoo o|
ouoto oo v|sta oo |a tco|ca |o|s|at|va, os |oouoab|o ouo o| oocoo||ooto
oo co|obac|o oo |os coovoo|os |otooac|ooa|os oaooco uoa ||ooz co-
o|o,|oao ooco cooat|b|o coo |a oocos|oao oo aoaota |as ooas a |as
cab|aotos ooaooas oo |a oa||oao oo| ocaoo, coo ao|ooz |o|b|||oao.
|o uc|as ocas|ooos, o| |abo|oso oocoo||ooto oo o|scus|o aoooc|o
oo uo coovoo|o |otooac|ooa|, sou|oo oo |as cooo|c|ooos |uosas oaa
ouo ||ouo a oota oo v|o, |acoo ouo cuaooo o| coovoo|o osu|to ao||ca-
b|o a |aa ouooaoo obso|oto. aco ouo uoa buooa oato oo| coovoo|o
soa o|sooo|b|o oaa |as oatos, ab|aooa o| coovoo|o, oo sua, oo ac|||ta su
o|ost|o o| su ut|||oao cuaooo osu|ta oosbooaoo oo |a oa||oao.
|o oobo, s|o obao, |ousva|oaso o| oooo oo |os |otoo-
sos ostata|os oo buooa oato oo |a ooct|oa oo ooouoco o| ooo|o soft
law. /| |ua| ouo s|ooo |a o|st|oo o| oocoo||ooto oo |o|t|ac|o o
ostata||zac|o oo |a lex mercatoria, oo|aoto su |ocoooac|o a coovoo|os
|otooac|ooa|os o |oos ostata|os, oo a|tao actua|ooto |os |otootos oo
coovot| o, o,o o|c|o, oovot| |os |oos oo| soft law oo|aoto su coo-
vos|o oo hard law. |sta toooooc|a os oat|cu|aooto v|s|b|o oaa |a suo-
to oo |os ||oc|o|os oo Looc|o Cootactua| ouoooo o|aboaoos oo |a
Co|s|o |aooo (||C|). |os ||C| s|uoo |a soooa oo |os ||oc|o|os |||-
L|C|T. Sus coocootos ab|otos su |o|b|||oao coost|tuoo uoa ooc|o oo
|a oou|oao, ooto a |a |oa||oao, soo ooosootaotos oo uo ta|aoto o|a|-
|co, toooooto uc|as vocos, a| |ua| ouo |os o|oc|o|os |||L|C|T, a osta-
b|oco cooo|c|ooos oo o||oo coa uo ||co coo, sobo uoos oo-
suouostos u o|oootos a| ao oo s|stoat|zac|o a |a toooooc|a a |a
coo||cac|o tao|c|ooa| ouo oooa|ooto |ao oos|o|oo |as ooouostas
ouoooas |ac|a uo Looc|o ||vaoo o|co
33
. |o osto soot|oo soo uo c|ao
ooooooto oo soft law oo ta| oo|oa osoooooo a |a oatua|oza oo uo
restatement, ouos oo so tata oo o|soos|c|ooos aoootaoas oo o| |o|s|aoo
33
Cf. |as oo|ooos sobo osto ooo|o, oo o|ac|o coo o| Looc|o o|vaoo ouoooo, oo |.
|aoo. T|o /o|cao |ostatooot aoo t|o |o|o Cooc|a| Cooo, Towards a European
Civil Code, 2 oo., |a aa/|ooooo/3ostoo, +``8, oo. SS-0. |ocoooc|oooo su |otos oooa-
ato|o, ooo oc|azaooo su v|tua||oao coo tco|ca oo uo|cac|o oo| L||, oo azo oo su

73
ostata| o coovooc|ooa|, o| osto oo v|o oo soot|oo ooo|o
34
. / oosa oo
ouo osta oatua|oza osu|ta ooosa oo su at. +.+0+, oo |os |sos ||oc|-
o|os so |oc|uo (o. |||) o| ob,ot|vo oo coost|tu| o| oc|oo bs|co oo| utu-
o Co|o C|v|| ouoooo, |o cua| oo oo,a oo so oaao,|co
35
. || ooo|o |ao-
oo |o |a soa|aoo |o|o|oao oo vocos
36
. |a oaaoo,a ao|ca uooaoota|-
ooto oo ouo |a ootooo|oa coo||cac|o, ooouoc||ooto o coovos|o oo
hard law oo |os ||C| |o||caa |a oo|oa oo |o o,o ouo stos ouoooo
ooco oo |a |oa actua|. su vosat|||oao, su caoac|oao oaa aoocuaso a |a
|ocaoac|oao oaa oso|vo |a |osou|oao |a coo|o,|oao, |. C|. |||o-Ca, |C-L|oct|vos
as a |oaos o ||vato |a. |o|cat|oo, Towards a European Civil Code, 2 oo., |a aa/|oo-
ooo/3ostoo, +``8, oo. `-80. |o su oato, . |tz oooo oo ao|osto |a o|cu|tao oo tas|a-
oa a |uooa o| ooo|o oo| restatement ootoao|caoo, ocos|vaooto casust|co |oc|uso
oaa uoa oota||oao coo |a |o|osa (cf. Coo|oouoo|sc|oo Z|v||oc|t, Festschrift fr Kon-
rad Z.o|ot, Tub|oa, .C.3. |o|, +`8+, oo. +`S-+`6).
34
|v|oootoooto, oo oto soot|oo, |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T |os ||C| oosootao, ooto a |os
restatements ootoao|caoos, uo aso o|oooc|aoo ouo t|ooo ouo vo coo su ooo|o oo-
coso oo o|aboac|o su oocu||a oa||oao. |os restatements ootoao|caoos suo|oo so uo
cooooo|o oo |a ,u|souoooc|a oo |as so|uc|ooos oct|cas a o|stootos oo uo s|stoa ,u-
o|co. Tata oo ocoo ooooa osa oct|ca, ooo caoco oo |a coat|v|oao oo |os ||C|. |o
oocto, stos so outoo oo |a ooo|ooc|a cooaaoa oo |os s|stoas ooosootaoos oaa co-
a uoa oa||oao |oa| ouova o|st|ota, oo s ouo |as o|st|otas ooas u ooc|ooos ouooao
|aboso oocaotaoo o |oso|aoo, soo |o casos, coo ao o ooo |otoos|oao, oo uo s|sto-
a o va|os s|stoas ,uo|cos coocotos (Vid. |. . 3ooo||, Voso uo coo|co ouoooo oo| coo-
tatt|:, Europa e diritto privato, +``8, oo. +8+-+83, . 3asooo., Coo| cat|oo o ||vato |a. |o
t|o |uoooao |o|oo. t|o |a'|o o a b|o, E.R.P.L., 200+, oo. 3`-+0, |. ||c|ao|s, ||vatau-
tooo|o uoo ||vat'oo| 'at|oo. Zu /o.oooba'o|t uo Co|tuo a||oo|oo Votasoc|ts-
o|oz|ooo, RabelsZ, 62 (+``8), oo. S8+-S88, |. |. 3oo, op. cit., oo. +S0-+S+). |aa C. Casto-
oovo (|| o||tto ouoooo oo||o ob||az|oo| o oo| cootatt|. Coo|co o restatement:, Europa e
diritto privato, +``8-+, o. +023) os ooc|saooto a|| ooooo ao|ca uoa o|oooc|a osooc|a| ooto
|a oba ouoooa |os restatements, a ouo |ootas stos toao |os oatos ouo a o|stoo,
aou||a |a ostaoo ao|aoa oosoo uo o|oc|o|o oo uoa oosooct|va oo utuo, oo uoa oos-
ooct|va oo oot|to.
35
|. . 3ooo||, Voso uo coo|co... , loc. cit., o. ++, ooosa |a ooo|o,|oao ouo osta |ooa |a susc|-
taoo oosoo o| |so oooto oo o|aotoaso oo voz o|oa.
36
Ad. ex. cf. ||oc|o|os o |uoooao Cootact |a., A.J.C.L., vo|. +0, +``2, o. S, \| Coo|
t|o |uoooao |a. o Cootacts, E.R.P.L., +``, o. S3+, T|o ||oc|o|os o |uoooao Cootact

74
coot|oua ovo|uc|o, |u,o o|u,o oo |as toooooc|as oo o|aootac|o oo
ato|a cootactua|
37
.
|||o oo |o|oo ouo, oo ato|as o|st|otas o| |oo oooa| oo |os
cootatos, |a uo||cac|o |otooac|ooa| ooba oa||zaso a tavs oo ocao|s-
os coovooc|ooa|os s tao|c|ooa|os, a tavs oo uootos ouas. |sto os
oat|cu|aooto c|oto cuaooo so tata oo ostab|oco uo aco oo tuto|a
,uo|c|a| ooct|va oo a|caoco taosoac|ooa|, ooooo soo ooc|sas ooas coo-
vooc|ooa|os oo a|caoco oocosa| o|||oas, s|ou|aooto, a |a o|cac|a ota-
to|to|a| oo |as ooc|s|ooos a ostab|oco uo aco o|o oo aaotas
oocosa|os
38
. |s a|| oo uo aco ouaooto coovooc|ooa|, taooco oo-
bo o|v|oaso ouo |a uo||cac|o |otooac|ooa| oo| Looc|o |b||co |coo-
|co oo |as ooas oo o|occ|o ocoo|ca, s|ou|aooto |as ouo ou-
|a. ato Yoa 2000. New Perspectives on European Private Law, ||buo, |o. |o|vos|ta|os,
+``8, o. 0,L|o |o|oo oos |uoo|sc|oo Votasoc|ts, Gemeinsames Privatrecht in der Euro-
pischen Gemeinschaft, 2 oo., 3aooo-3aooo, |oos, +```, o. S2. Vid. as||so L. Ta||oo, |os
tavau oo |a Co|ss|oo |aooo, Lharmonisation du droit des contrats en Europe, |a|s, 2000,
oo. ++`-+2S. |o su oato, C. Castooovo ost|a ouo ta|os o|oc|o|os soo, oo oa||oao, oo-
as (vid. | o|oc|o| o| o||tto ouoooo oo| cootatt|, oato | o ||, Europa e diritto privato, vo|. 2,
2000, oo. 2+`-2S2). Lo |oc|o, soo,aoto caacto|zac|o |a o|v|o|oo a |os ooo|os oaoos
oo |os o|oc|o|os, o|v|o|oooo |oc|uso a |os ooo|os ooosootaotos oo| s|stoa |ta||aoo, . 3ooo||
C. Castooovo, cuos oaocoos aoaocoo c|aaooto cootaouostos oo uo |otocab|o
o|octo oo oo|o|ooos, o| o|oo a avo oo su coos|ooac|o coo restatement, o| souooo
s cocaoo a |a tos|s oo C. |aooo oo tooo a su coos|ooac|o coo Co|o. 3|oo os c|o-
to ouo |a tos|s oo C. Castooovo so as|oota sobo uo oostu|aoo u oa||sta o|scut|b|o, a|
ouo a |oos |oc|o ooooc|a. ouo uo restatement os, oo ooo|c|o, uo cooooo|o ouo a-
c|ooa||za |o ouo a o|sto, oo taoto ouo |os ||oc|o|os soo uoa aouosta coat|va o |ooovaoo-
a oo utuo (cf. . 3ooo||, Voso uo Coo|co... , loc. cit., passim., C. Castooovo, || o||tto ou-
oooo... , loc. cit., passim.). |o |a |sa o|occ|o oo C. Castooovo, oo o| soot|oo oo cootaoo-
oo |a |ooa oo uo restatement cooooo|o oo ,u|souoooc|a a |a oo |os ||oc|o|os, coost|tut|vos
oo uo ouovo s|stoa, ouooo c|taso a C. Caooo|, |o uo Coo|co ouoooo oo| cootatt|, Rivd.
trim. dr. proc. civ., o. 8S, |o.. Su| oootto oo uo coo|co ouoooo oo| cootatt| , Diritto privato
communitario (a cura di Vito Rizzo), vo|. |, |oo|os, |o|z|oo| Sc|oot|c|o |ta||aoo, +``, o. 283).
37
|a a|tooat|va soft o oosoo aba,o a |a coooos|o oo |os |LC| coo hard law ooooo|-
oa oo C. |aooo aoaoco oouosta coo c|a|oao oo |. ||oo|, T|o \o' o t|o |aooo Co-
|ss|oo o ao /|tooat|vo V|o.-|o|ot, ERPL, 2000, oo. +-83, oso. `-8+.
38
Vid. oo osto soot|oo |. /. Lo ||uo| /soos|o, || Looc|o |otooac|ooa|.... , loc. cit., oo. 6S-66.

75
|ao |a ||bo coootooc|a, osu|ta s ouo acooso,ab|o oaa o|||oa |os obs-
tcu|os ouo oo|vao oo |a o|ua||oao oo oooos ostata|os. |o osto caso,
os |oouoab|o ouo so tata oo uoa acc|o ouo s|o ouooo so ooooo|oa
a tavs oo ocao|sos oo cooooac|o |otoostata|, oo oatua|oza coovoo-
c|ooa| o, s ooo|aooto, |ost|tuc|ooa|, oo uo aco coo o| oo |a C|C.
39
III Globalizacin y regionalismo en la unicacin
del Derecho Comercial
8. |oa c|cuostaoc|a ouo v|ooo as||so a oosauto|za o| ocao|s-
o oo |os coovoo|os |otooac|ooa|os oaa |oa |a uo||cac|o |otooac|o-
oa| oo| Looc|o |ocaot|| oo uo ocaoo |oba|, oo|va oo |os obstcu|os
ouo |oooo o| o|ooa||so a| oosao||o oo osto t|oo oo uootos, ouo so
ov|oooc|a, oo o,oo|o, oo o| acaso oo |a uoo|a||zac|o oo uo coovoo|o
sobo ocoooc||ooto o,ocuc|o oo ooc|s|ooos. |oa oo |as causas osoo-
c|a|os oo| acaso oo osto coovoo|o ao|ca oo |a ooo|a oat|c|oac|o oo |os
oos oo coo||cac|o |otooac|ooa| oo |os |staoos |obos oo |a |o|o
|uoooa actuaooo coo uo b|oouo. /uoouo osta act|tuo soa u b|oo-
voo|oa oos|t|va oaa |uooa oos|b|oooto oaa o| osto oo| uooo
oo ato|a oo oo|t|ca oto|o o oo oos coo |as |ac|ooos |o|oas, |o
c|oto os ouo s|o so ooouco oo o| b|to oo |a coo||cac|o |otooac|o-
oa| oo| Looc|o ||vaoo, |astaooo uc|as vocos |a uoo|a||zac|o o |oto-
oac|ooa||zac|o oo c|otos coovoo|os. |a asuoc|o oo coootooc|as oto-
|oos oo oato oo |a Couo|oao |uoooa, coost|oooo |os ooooos oo
|os |staoos |obos oo |a co|obac|o oo tataoos |otooac|ooa|os, oo
s|o os uoa oo |as cuost|ooos s caooootos oo |a |otoac|o ,uo|ca
ouoooa
40
, s|oo uo obstcu|o ouo ouooo cooo|c|ooa so|aooto |a suoto
39
Vid. |. /. Lo ||uo| /soos|o, || Looc|o |otooac|ooa|... , loc. cit., oo. +-S, /. |ootaa |oa,
|os|b|os ooo|os oaa |a ou|ac|o oo |a coootooc|a oo |a Cao|zac|o |uoo|a| oo|
Cooc|o, REEI, 200+/2, ....oo|.o/oo|2/|oa.|L|. Vid. sobo |as o|cu|taoos oo ao-
o|zac|o oo sooo C|C |as a|tooat|vas sobo |a aoo|zac|o oo| Looc|o oo |a cooo-
tooc|a . 3asooo., Coooa| |ooot, Limits and Control of Competition with a View to Interna-
tional Harmonization, |a aa, ||u.o, 2002, oo. SS-62.
40
Vid. osooc|a|ooto /. 3os |oouoz, Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo Tataoo oo s-
tooa, R.E.D.I., vo|. ||, +```/2, oo. 383-+26, 3. o:, L|o |uoo|s|ouo oos |otooat|ooa|oo

76
oo |a coo||cac|o |otooac|ooa|. |oo, coo tooo, osto os s|o uoo oo |os
ooctos ooat|vos oo| o|ooa||so sobo |a suoto oo |os ocao|sos
coovooc|ooa|os, aoctaoa oo otos a|os. || o|ooa||so tab|o os uo
|oso oaa |as tco|cas s ooooas oootoooas, aoaaoas oo
so|uc|ooos b|aooas.
9. Toaooo ouovaooto coo o,oo|o o| o|ooa||so ouoooo, |a
coos|ooac|o oo |os ||C| coo uo ob|o oo| Looc|o Cootactua|
ouoooo o|aotoa oos ct|cas o ouoas uooaoas, a |as ouo taooco osca-
oao o|c||ooto oo su coos|ooac|o coo soft law. /bas so susc|tao a|
|||o oo sus o|ac|ooos coo |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T sobo |os cootatos
cooc|a|os |otooac|ooa|os
41
. |ooooooo|ootoooto oo |a |oos|o ouo so
tooa sobo |a ao o ooo boooao oo uoo u oto restatement, cabo
oouotaso sobo |a coovoo|ooc|a oo uo restatement o|ooa|, su ovoo-
tua| oocto cootaoooucooto osoocto oo |a uo|vosa||zac|o ouo ootoo-
ooo |os o|oc|o|os |||L|C|T. /uoouo ooto abos totos |a uc|as
cooco|taoc|as, |o c|oto os ouo tab|o |a s|ou|aos o|oooc|as
42
. || ta-
ta|ooto oo osto oob|oa oobo ooooso oo o|ac|o coo |os o|st|otos
b|tos oo ao||cac|o oo caoa uoa oo |as coo||cac|ooos, s ouo coo su
ooo|a o|vos|oao ato|a|. |ooto a |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T, |os ||C| oo-
sootao uo b|to oo ao||cac|o ato|a| s otooso, ouos ootooooo so
ao||caoos a |os cootatos oo coosuo. |o souooo t|oo, |ootas |os
o|oc|o|os |||L|C|T so ao||cao oc|us|vaooto a |os cootatos |otooac|o-
oa|os, |os ||C| t|oooo oo ob,ot|vo ao|c|ooa| |a uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o
Z|v||oozossoc|ts oo /stooao Vota C|aocoo uoo Coa|oo, NJW, 200+/+, oo.
30-32.
41
Cas| oosoo o| oooto |so oo |a oub||cac|o oo |a oba oo |||L|C|T oo |a ||oa
|ato oo |a ouoooa cooozaoo a oub||caso taba,os cooaat|vos. Vid. /. S. at'ao,
T|o |||L|C|T ||oc|o|os o |otooat|ooa| Cooc|a| Cootacts aoo t|o ||oc|o|os o |uo-
ooao Cootact |a., E.R.P.L., +``+/2, oo. 3++-3S, ooooo tas |a cooaac|o oo abos to-
tos oo| C.c. |o|aoos so cooc|uo ouo |os ||oc|o|os oo |a Co|s|o |aooo soo tco|caoo-
to suoo|oos. Vid. tab|o |. Z|oaoo, |ootuoo o|oos |uoo|sc|oo Votasoc|ts, JZ,
+``S, oo. +-+`0.
42
Vid. |. . 3ooo||, T|o |||L|C|T ||oc|o|os o |otooat|ooa| Cooc|a| Cootacts aoo t|o
||oc|o|os o |uoooao Cootact |a.. S|||a |u|os o t|o Sao |uoosos:, Uniform Law Rev.,
+``6, oo. 23S-236.

77
Cootactua| ouoooo oo o| o|aoo |otooo. S| o|aotoaos |a ut|||oao oo |os
||C| oo o|ac|o coo |os cootatos cooc|a|os |otooac|ooa|os, oaoco c|a-
o ouo su aoooc|o oovoca uoa o|ooa||zac|o ooco acooso,ab|o, ouo
acaba caotooa||zaooo o| Looc|o Cootactua| ouoooo oo,uo|caooo
|a cootatac|o otacouo|ta|a |a aoo|zac|o |otooac|ooa| oo| Loo-
c|o oo |os cootatos, cuas o|ooc|as oo o|c|ooc|a ouooo so tao o|ovao-
tos o s ouo |as ooo|aooto |otacouo|ta|as. |s c|oto, ootoocos, ouo
|os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T oo at|ooooo, coo soa|a o| ooo|o C. |aooo, a
|as oocos|oaoos oo |a |otoac|o, oo |o ouo, a ooctos |otacouo|ta|os,
ta| voz oooa sou| ooooo|oooso uoa oouoo|zac|o oo |a uo||cac|o
oo| Looc|o Cootactua| ouoooo, taoto oaa s|tuac|ooos |otacouo|ta-
|as coo |otooas
43
.
|oo suo oo osta o|o|o uoa souooa |ocot|oubo. s| oos
oo|os a| socto oo |a cootatac|o cooc|a| |otooac|ooa|, ooto ooo-
aooos ooos|ooa|os, oaoco c|ao ouo |a autoooa oo |a vo|uotao, o|
ao coooc||ooto oo| ocaoo, |a asuoc|o oo |os costos oo |ooa-
c|o |as ooo|as oocos|oaoos oo oso ocaoo acooso,ao uoa ooo |o-
tovooc|o ooscatao |a ooo|a uo||cac|o, a avo oo so|uc|ooos s |o-
|b|os oo uoa o|sooo|b|||oao o coocooc|o soft oo |os ||oc|o|os, |o
s| s|ooo cabo |a oos|b|||oao, oo cua|ou|oa oo |os oos oooos, oo |a
|oc|oooc|a oo |as ooas oac|ooa|os couo|ta|as oo |otos u oooo o-
b||co. |o osta tos|tua, oaocoa s azooab|o |ooo| |a ouo||c|oao oo
oooos, o|ooa| uo|vosa|, s acooso,ab|o coota |os osuozos oo
o| o|soo oo uo ooo|o oo o|oc|o|os uo|vosa|os coo |os ||oc|o|os |||-
L|C|T. |o cootaoat|oa, |a uo||cac|o coo o|ooc|a oaa |a |otoac|o,
coo oocos|oao oaa coostu| uo s|stoa oo Looc|o Cootactua|,
sou|a s|oooo v|ta| oo o| b|to oo |as oooac|ooos oo coosuo, ooc|sa-
ooto ooooo o| Looc|o ||vaoo Couo|ta|o |a |oo a|ubaooo |os
aoos oob|oas. |o ta| soot|oo, |os ||C| cobaao soot|oo, osoocto oo
|os o|oc|o|os |||L|C|T, coo uo s|stoa s ost|o|oo oo Looc|o
ouoooo oo |os cootatos oo coosuo. |a ooouosta t|ooo soot|oo oob|o-
ooto, ouos oo oo,a oo osu|ta oo||caoo ouo uo |so cuooo o oato
oooa| oo Looc|o oo |os cootatos vaa a sov| |oo|st|otaooto oaa |os
cootatos oo coosu|ooos oaa |os cootatos cooc|a|os. ||oaoos a
43
Vid. C. |aooo, |uoooao Cootact |a., A.J.C.L., vo|. 3+, +`83, oo. 6SS-6S6.

78
osta cooc|us|o, uo Co|o |uoooo oo| Coosuo, otoos|b|o oo s|o a |as
ob||ac|ooos cootactua|os, s|oo a otos soctoos ta|os coo |a osooosa-
b|||oao oo oaos o |a oub||c|oao ooaosa, aoaoco coo uoa ooc|o coo
ao baso ,uo|ca oo |as oo|t|cas couo|ta|as actua|ooto o|stootos,
cua |o|aotac|o oosoo a|ba oocootaa aoos auootos. |o
cootaoat|oa, oooooo |a v|ooc|a oo |os ||C| oo |os ||oc|o|os |||-
L|C|T oaa |os cootatos cooc|a|os |otooac|ooa|os, sobo tooo s| so
cooa |ooouaooto oo uoa |ooot|oao ouo s|o os oac|a|, s|o||ca |aco
uo |aco avo a |a sou|oao o|c|ooc|a oo |os |otocab|os |otooac|ooa-
|os , oo sua, a |a causa oo |a uo||cac|o |otooac|ooa| oo| Looc|o
Cooc|a|, ootooo|oa coo uo||cac|o |oba|.
10. |o sua, |a o|ac|o coo|ooota|a oo| o|ooa||so coo |os-
tuooto oo |a |oba||zac|o ocoo|ca oo so oooouco oo o| b|to oo|
Looc|o ||vaoo. S| |a o|||oac|o oo |os obstcu|os |ouostos oo o|
Looc|o |coo|co a osca|a o|ooa| ouooo oouooa o| b|oo oo |a |o-
ba||zac|o
44
, oo oaoco ouo o| |so oocto oo ouooa ooo|ca oo| o|o-
oa||so cuaooo oooooo uoa aoo|zac|o oo| Looc|o |ocaot|| oo
a|caoco ouaooto o|ooa|. |o osto caso, |a u|t|o||c|oao oo ooooc|as
ouooo oo,uo|ca |a o|c|ooc|a oo |os |otocab|os cooc|a|os oovoca
costos oo |ooac|o ooctos o|suaso|os oaoc|oos a |os oooa |a o|u-
a||oao ,uo|ca ostata|
45
.
IV El papel de las tcnicas conictuales
Necesidad de una superacin de las soluciones conflictuales
11. || s||o , a| t|ooo ouo ||ova a |a ou|otaosooc|a |as tooas oo|
Looc|o basaoas oo |a |ooa oo |staoo (. |o|soo), |o|c|a |a c|s|s oo| oo-
o|o |staoo osooc|a|ooto coo ou|a ,uo|ca, a tavs oo oocosos oo
|otoac|o ocoo|ca, ,uo|ca oo|t|ca ouo oo |acoo s ouo tost||ca
44
Vid. . C. |oooooz |ozas, op. cit., oo. S8-63.
45
Cooato osta oo|o |. /. Lo ||uo| /soos|o, /|uoas toooooc|as... , loc. cit., o. 68, C. |os-
soo,|ao, |o ooc|co oo oovat|oo oos soucos ou oo|t oos cootats ou cooco |otooa-
t|ooa|. |os ||oc|oos ooooss oa ||o|oo|t, Rev. crit. dr. int. pr., +``S, oo. 668-60.

79
|a ooo|a ovo|uc|o oo |a |uao|oao o| oooouooc||ooto oo| o|aoota
aoto o| |oaab|o oosao||o oo |as couo|cac|ooos oo |as tocoo|oas.
|sto s|o|o |oc|o bastaa oaa oos|t||ca uo oocoo||ooto oo o|a-
ootac|o o tooa uoa coocooc|o oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ouo
cooocoos coo coo||ctua|. |o oo|o|t|va, a| aoo oo otas ct|cas
tao|c|ooa|os oo tooo a su oouta||oao, ||ooz o oooa||oao, o| |oc|o oo
oso|vo cuost|ooos taosooto|zas a tavs oo |a ao||cac|o oo uo Loo-
c|o |ac|ooa| oouoa oo s |so uoa v|s|o s cosooo||ta o |oba||-
zaooa acooo coo |as oocos|oaoos oa|oab|os oo o| s||o |
46
.
/o|t|oo |o aoto|o, osu|ta s o|c|| oosc|oo| oo| tooo ouo
c|t|ca|o, ouos |a a|tooat|va azooab|o a| Looc|o Coo||ctua| oo ouooo
so ota ouo uoa uo||cac|o ato|a| oo| Looc|o ||vaoo a osca|a uo|vo-
sa|, a| ooos v||oa oaa o| |as s|tuac|ooos taosooto|zas. Y os |o c|o-
to ouo, |o oo |o, oo o| b|to oo| cooc|o |otooac|ooa| ao oo so |a
coosou|oo oosc|oo| oo oa s|o||cat|va oo |a ao||cac|o oo uo Loo-
c|o |ac|ooa| coo ocuso oaa oso|vo |as cootovos|as ,uo|cas |oto-
oac|ooa|os. |as azooos oaa oo||ca |a os|stooc|a oo |as so|uc|ooos coo-
||ctua|os soo o|vosas. /oos oo| tao|c|ooa| coosovaou|so oo |os s|s-
toas ,uo|cos oo |as ooct|oas ouo |os aoaao, os ooc|so oostaca |a
a|abo oo |as o|vosas cu|tuas ,uo|cas oac|ooa|os , oo ooo oat|cu-
|a, |a totuosa coovoooc|a ooto o| common law |os s|stoas oaoo-
oo|cos. V|ocu|aoo a| |oc|o oo |a o|vos|oao cu|tua|, |a uo||cac|o oo|
Looc|o |ato|a| suo oo oa s|ou|a |os |ocoovoo|ootos oo |a o|vos|-
oao ||ost|ca |a o||cu|tao oo ooooc|ooa caucos o|c|ootos oo |otooo-
tac|o uo|oo, |ocoovoo|ootos ouo o|uooo |as so|uc|ooos coo||ctua|os
tao|c|ooa|os. |oo, sobo tooo, |a oov|vooc|a oo| tooo coo||ctua| so
oobo, s ouo a sus |tos, a |os oo|tos ouo |ao |oo acuu|aooo |os
oocosos oo uo||cac|o ooooo|oos ouaoto o| s||o .
|a souooa c|cuostaoc|a oostacab|o aoaoco oo|oa a |os ooco-
sos oo |otoac|o ocoo|ca ,uo|ca suoaoac|ooa|os, cuo o,o ooo-
oooto os |a |o|o |uoooa. |o uoa aso avaozaoa oo |a |otoac|o, |a o|so-
|uc|o oo |os Looc|os oac|ooa|os sucooo a |a o|so|uc|o o||oa| oo |as
46
Losoo uo oooouo s c|s|co, oo a|tao, s|o obao, ostuo|os oat|oa|os oo uoa coooo-
s|o oo| Looc|o coo|ctua| oo |a ooa oo coo|cto oo c|avo oo |oba||zac|o ocoo|-
ca, oat|oooo bs|caooto oo |a oc|ooc|a oo |as cooo|ooos oos oo coootooc|a (vid. .
Caascosa Cooz|oz, Globalizacin y Derecho internacional privado, ||bo||bo.co, s|o oc|a).

80
ootoas aouaooas, susc|taooo o||cu|taoos s|ou|aos, ooo, sobo tooo,
as|oaooo a |as tco|cas coo||ctua|os uo oaoo| |ato o|oooto.
|oo oo abos oscooa|os, o|ooa| uo|vosa|, |a cuost|o oo |a
uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o |ato|a| |a sust|tuc|o oo| tooo coo||ctua|
o|aotoa oo oa||oao |a |sa cuost|o cuc|a|, a sabo, |asta ou ouoto |as
oocos|oaoos ocoo|cas, cooc|a|os, soc|a|os o |a oa ,ust|c|a ava|ao uoa
osouosta uo|oo, oo ou oo|oa o|c|a osouosta os oo s|o act|b|o,
s|oo oosoab|o ooooc|ooaoa a| osuozo a| abaooooo oo |as |o|os|oca-
s|as oac|ooa|os. So tata oo sooosa va|oos oo u o|st|ota oatua|oza
avooao o|vosa soo |a ato|a, |os |otoosos, o| coototo oo|co, o|
a|caoco oo |a ooo|a uo||cac|o o| aoo oo o|vos|oao oa| oo |os s|sto-
as ,uo|cos, oaa |o ouo oo o|sto uoa u|a atot|ca.
12. |o ouooo o|v|oaso, oooo, |a co|ooto oo ooosa|ooto ouo,
coo soa|aos a| co|oozo, oo|oooo |a o|c|ooc|a oo |a o|ua||oao oo
ooooa|ootos ,uo|cos ostata|os oo uo ocaoo |oba||zaoo. |a uo||ca-
c| o, sobo tooo s| v|ooo |ouosta oosoo a|ba (hard law), acaba ootooo-
c|oooo uoa sa|uoab|o coootooc|a o cooot|t|v|oao ooto ooooa|ootos,
ouo oo o| ocaoo |oba| ouooo voo| ooooaoa ocoo a |a autoooa
coo||ctua|, osto os, |a oos|b|||oao oo |as oatos oo oooo a o|o| o| Loo-
c|o |stata| s atact|vo cooot|t|vo. |o t|oos oo o|c|ooc|a, |o s
acooso,ab|o osu|ta, ooc|saooto, |a coootooc|a ooto ooooa|ootos,
ouo oou|oo c|ota ||botao a |a |oa oo coo|ua |as o|as ouo |oo oo
o| ocaoo o| Looc|o oo soc|ooaoos, cootatos, osooosab|||oao oo
cootactua| o oooc|os oa|os
47
. So tata oo uoa |ooa ouo |a ozaoo oo
47
Vid. |. |o|c|, Cooot|t|oo bot.ooo |oa| Coos. / |o. |aao| o |C |a.:, CMLR,
+``2, o. 86+, . Tac|taoo, |otooat|ooa| |ou|ato Cooot|t|oo, |tooa||zat|oo, aoo u|s-
o|ct|oo, Harvard Int. L. Rev., +``3, o. +. |o oa|abas oo |a ooo|a Co|s|o ouoooa, o| o-
caoo coa coo ocuooc|a oob|oas oo |otos ob||co, ooo oosao||a tab|o sus ooo|as
so|uc|ooos. |o so ooboa subost|a |a ocac|a oo| ocaoo oaa osooooo a |os o|st|otos
va|oos soc|a|os a |a oo|o|o ob||ca. / osu|tas oo| cooota|ooto cooot|t|vo, uc|os
oo |os oob|oas oooaoos oo o| ocaoo so ouoooo oso|vo autot|caooto ac|as a
|a oos|o ouo o,ocoo |os uoos oo |otos aoctaoos (coosu|ooos, C|C, ooosas). |as
auto|oaoos ob||cas ouoooo auoota |a coovoooc|a oo| |otos ob||co o|vaoo (Cou-
o|cac|o a| Cooso,o a| |a|aooto |uoooo sobo Looc|o cootactua| ouoooo, D.O.C.E.,
200+/C 2SS/0+, o. +`). |stas coos|ooac|ooos osto oo |a baso oo |a ooo|a ooc|o | (|oac-

81
c|oto ooo|caooto a| ||,o oo |a uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo oo |uo-
oa
48
. /| aoao oo |as ||botaoos couo|ta|as oo |a o|a oo ocoooc|-
|ooto
49
, |as coootooc|as ostata|os oosatao uoa cooot|t|v|oao coo o|
ob,oto oo |aco s atact|vo uo ooto|oaoo ocaoo, |o ouo, a |a oos-
to, cooouco a caoas ooto s|stoas ,uo|cos |ac|a uo ooo|o ooos
ootocc|oo|sta , oo taoto, s o|c|ooto oaa o| cooc|o |otacouo|ta-
|o. |s |o ouo a|uoos |ao oooo|oaoo o|c|ooc|a oo |a o|vos|oao
50
.
|| o|aotoa|ooto osu|ta u o|scut|b|o, sobo tooo s| |o ouo so
aoa||za os o| Looc|o ||vaoo, ooos oooab|o ouo o| Looc|o |b||co
t|v|oao oo |a Couo|oao), sustootaoa oo su osouosta a o|c|a Couo|cac|o oo o| ob|ooo
b|to|co, |a |ooooo |ovostoot 3ao'|o /ssoc|at|oo, o| |uoooao |ub||s|os Couoc||, |a
CC| uo buoo ooo oo oooaooos ocoo|cos, oo osooc|a| oo o| socto at|o oo
to|ocouo|cac|ooos.
48
Vid. |.|. ||oo|oo, Wettbewerb des Privatrechtsordnungen im Europischen Binnenmarkt, Tub|o-
a, C3 |o|, 2002, |. 3|auoc', |uoo|sc|os ||vatoc|t, J.Z:, +``+/6, o. 22, . Co|||os,
|uoooao ||vato |a. aoo t|o Cu|tua| |ooot|t o Statos, ERPL, +``S, o. 3SS, S. |o|b|o, Wege
zu einem europischen Privatrecht, oo||coo., 200+, `./.|V, C. Saoooc', Las ||vatoc|t a
/usao oos 20. a||uooots. Loutsc||aoo-|uooa-uoo o|o \o|t, J.Z., +``6/+, o. .
49
|o oaoco oo oc|bo, oo tooo caso, |aco va|o |a coootooc|a oo ooooa|ootos coo coo-
sustaoc|a| a |a o|a oo ocoooc||ooto. /| coota|o, osu|ta s ||co ootoooo ouo |a o|a
oo ocoooc||ooto aboca ooc|saooto a |a aoo|zac|o coo oocoso oo ac|ooa||zac|o
(cf. . \. ||c'||tz, |osoo't|voo o|oos |uoo|sc|oo ||vatoc|ts (ius commune praeter
legem?) , ZEuP., +``8, o. 2S3).
50
Vid. |. |atto|, / Taosact|oo Costs /oooac| to t|o |uooo Cooo, E.R.P.L., +``, o. S38. ||
o,oo|o oct|co coo ocuooc|a aouc|oo oaa oooooo |a o|vos|oao ,uo|ca |a cooot|t|-
v|oao ooto ooooa|ootos os, ooc|saooto, o| o|oc|oa| ocaoo cooot|oo oo |uooa. o|
s|stoa ,uo|co oo |os |staoos |o|oos, ooooo o|sto uoa o|vos|oao ,uo|ca ouo os oo|ota-
oa oo oo|t|cos ,u|stas oaa voooo |os atact|vos oo| ocaoo oo uo ooto|oaoo |staoo,
coo ouooo so o| oaao|a oo Lo|a.ao oo ato|a oo soc|ooaoos, ouo cooouco oo o-
a oatua| a |a oosou|ac|o (Cf. . oao, |oo|ooco oos |tats-|o|s o/|ouo. Coo-
cuooco au oas oos |co-basso|os. |a ost|oo oos taosact|oos o|u|-tat|ouos au |tats-
|o|s, Le droit priv europen, |a|s, +``8, o. +S6, . |tz, / Cooo ||vato |a. o |uo-
oo. |osooct|vos o t|o oo o |uoooao |oa| |oucat|oo, The Common Law of Europe
and the Future of Legal Education, ||u.o, +``2, o. 3+. |. Zu|oo, |oc|tsao|o|c|uo |ooo|a|b
uoo ausso|a|b oo |uoo|sc|oo Coo|osc|at, ZEuP., +``8, oo. S+S-S+). |aa a|uoos
autoos, s|o obao, o| ooo|o oo o|vos|oao ,uo|ca ootoao|caoo oo osu|ta otaoo|a-

82
a |a oocos|oao oo cooot|t|v|oao
51
. |o oocto, |a coootooc|a ooto ooo-
oa|ootos ,uo|co-ob||cos aoto |os oat|cu|aos, ouooo osu|ta acaso o|-
c|ooto (atact|vos |sca|os, soc|ota|os, otc.) acootaoa oo soctoos oo|
Looc|o |coo|co coo o| Looc|o oo soc|ooaoos o o| Looc|o ||s-
ca|, oo ooooo |as voota,as soo c|| o|octaooto cuaot||cab|os oov|s|-
b|os, s|o aooos costos oo |ooac|o. |oo, oo oo|o|c|o, |a coootoo-
c|a oo ooooa|ootos osu|taa coota|oo|caoa, s|oo |oos|b|o, oo o| b|-
to cootactua|, cuaooo ooootaos a oos oat|cu|aos, ouos s|ooo
o|st|o s|stoas ,uo|cos o|st|otos ouo booo|c|oo a caoa uoa oo |as oa-
tos, ac|ooa|os oostas, oo |o ouo uo Looc|o acooaoo oo abos
ootaaa |ooooct|b|oooto uo ooao oo |a oato o,o |ooaoa,
uoa coooos|b|o ooscoo|aoza oooa||zaoa. |o ota oato, o|o,a uoa
oouooa cootao|cc|o oosoo o| ou|o oo| ao||s|s ocoo|co oo| Loo-
c|o, tooa voz ouo uoo oo |os auootos osooc|a|os a avo oo |a uo||ca-
c|o oov|ooo as||so oo ta|os o|aotoa|ootos, oat|cu|aooto oo |a
oo|oa oo ouo c|ao |a o|vos|oao oo ooooa|ootos ,uo|cos oo costos
otooos oo |ooac|o oo causa oo a|soa|ooto oo |a coootooc|a,
ouo |a aoo|zac|o osta ||aaoa a |otooa||za o o|||oa
52
. |a ct|ca oo|-
o|t|va, s|o obao, |a ooooc|ooa |a ooo|a oa||oao oct|ca, s ouo |as
tooas. || |a aotasa s |o||.ooo|aoa os caoaz oo |a|oa a |os coo-
tataotos oo| cooc|o |otooac|ooa| coo o|ooo coooc||ooto oo |a o|vo-
s|oao oo |os Looc|os o|vaoos ostata|os, |ac|oooo aouostas sobo o| s
cooot|t|vo oaa o| o| cootato acaso ,uzaooo |as |t|o|os oos|b|||-
b|o a |uooa. |. C. |||o-Ca aov|oto ouo ooso a |a o|vos|oao |o|s|at|va, o| Looc|o o|va-
oo ootoao|caoo oosoota o|oootos oo uo|oao |oo|stootos oo |uooa, a sabo, |a o|sc|o||-
oa oo |os uniform codes |a |ouooc|a, to|ca oo| common law, oo |a persuasive authority ,u|s-
ouoooc|a| oo| restatement, |a ooct|oa coo, uoa oosoaoza coo basaoa oo |oot|cos to-
tos case-books (Cf. L||tto o|vato couo|ta|o. |oa|t |o Coao|a o oosoott|vo oo
||uooa, Diritto privato comunitario, |oo|os, +``, o. 2). || auooto, o|scut|b|o oo s |s-
o oo a|uoos ouotos, cooa, s|o obao, |a oa||oao oo ouo o| ocaoo ootoao|ca-
oo oosoota uoa uo|oao ,uo|ca soft, oo o|oo caso ooooaoa oosoo a|ba, taooco ocu|-
ta o| |oc|o oo ouo oo o|c|o ocaoo o|sto uoa coootooc|a ooct|va ooto ooooa|ootos
,uo|cos, ouo so o|o coo c|avo oo| s|stoa.
51
Vid. oo osto soot|oo . 3asooo., |o oo|t couo oos cootats oou |o ac| couo,
RIDC, +``8/+, oo. 20-2+.
52
Vid. oo oat|cu|a S. Soc|oz |ooozo, Derecho privado europeo, Caoaoa, Coaos. 2002, oo.
++S-+S`.

83
oaoos oo dpeage. |oc|uso oo osa aotasa |aba ouo aoa||za cu| soa o|
costo oa| oo| aotoo||ooto actua||zac|o oo soo,aoto |ooac|o
oaa uo oooaoo to|co. u|ooos oatao oo a|o soo,aoto coo uoa
oo|sa ta| voz cooc|bao |as o|ac|ooos ,uo|cas |a c|ooc|a oo| Looc|o
coo uo ouo ,uoo, ooo |a oa||oao coo |a ouo ,uoao t|ooo ooco oo |o|-
ca so taouco oo oocos|oaoos costos oa|os. |a oosa|ca oct|ca aoao-
co oooctaooto osu|oa oo |a s|u|ooto o|o|o oo C.C. |ottoao.
|a uo||cac|o (internationalization) ac|||ta |as oooc|ac|ooos coo-
tactua|os |os acuooos acoca oo c|otas cuost|ooos au|||aos (oat|cu-
|aooto |a o|occ|o oo uoo oo Looc|o /o||cab|o) cuaooo |as oatos
t|oooo o|st|otas oac|ooa||oaoos. S|ooo |a s|oo oct|ca |ab|tua| ouo caoa
oato |os|sta oo |a ao||cac|o oo su ooo|o Looc|o |ac|ooa|. |o uc|os
casos ta| |os|stooc|a oo o|o,a uoa o|occ|o basaoa oo o| oaoo |ouc|o-
so oo |os o|oootos s|stoas |oa|os oo caoa uoa oo |as oatos. ab|tua|-
ooto, |a oato ouo |os|sto oo |a ao||cac|o oo su ooo|o Looc|o |ooa
coo|otaooto o| cootoo|oo oatua|oza oo |as |oos s|stoas ,uo|cos
oo |as otas oatos cootataotos. |sa oato s|o|oooto coooco su s|sto-
a ,uo|co so s|ooto cooa coo |. Cuaooo s oo uoa oato |os|sto
oo ouo oobo oscooso su ooo|a |o, a oouoo so oooucoo avos
oooas oo |a oooc|ac|o oo os |oocuooto ouo so ||ouo a usta o|
cootato. Soo,aoto ouoto uoto os cootaoooucooto oaa tooas |as
oatos |o||caoas. |s uto oo |a |ooaoc|a ouo ||ova a uoa |os|stooc|a
ooo|za oo aooota uo s|stoa ,uo|co a|||a, s|o |oota oo ou
oo|oa |os oota||os oo ta| s|stoa ,uo|co su ao||cac|o a| cootato oo
cuost|o cootastao coo o| s|stoa ,uo|co ooouosto oo |a ota oato.
|aa cootaosta osto |ooocosa|o impasse oo |a oooc|ac|o, oobo |a||a-
so uo cooo|so ooto |a |os|stooc|a oo caoa oato acoca oo uoo, oos o
s s|stoas |oa|os ostata|os oo coootooc|a. |aa ouo soa uo acuooo
act|b|o, o| s|stoa |oa| |oa|ooto oactaoo oobo so a|||a acootab|o
oaa tooas |as oatos, s|oooo oct|ca |ab|tua| acaba oo oscoo o| s|sto-
a |oa| oo uo toco |staoo, coo o| oo |o|atoa o |uova Yo'
53
.
53
Vid. op. cit., oo. +-S.

84
La funcin residual de las tcnicas conflictuales en los procesos
de unificacin global: la autonoma conflictual mercatoria
13. |a ooooc|a a uo Looc|o |stata| ouooo ,ua uo oaoo| coo|o-
oota|o o os|oua| oo c|ota o|ovaoc|a, oo s|o oaa |otoa aouo||as
|auoas oo| Looc|o |o|oo ouo oo ouooa o||ooa oo|aoto oosao-
||o ,uo|c|a| o coocootos autooos oo| Looc|o |o|oo
54
, o oaa ooto-
|oa |a |otoootac|o a sou| oo caso oo ouoa sobo o| a|caoco oo| to-
to uo|oo
55
. /oos oo ostas uoc|ooos oooa|os, o| ocuso a uo Loo-
c|o |stata| ouooo osooooo a oocos|oaoos ob,ot|vos s s|ou|aos,
coo oooo oo o||ovo |as ooooc|as a |os Looc|os ostata|os cootoo|oas
oo |os ||oc|o|os |||LC||T, ouo |oos aoa||zaoo s a|ba. |oo, oo tooo
caso, |a |oc|oooc|a oo| Looc|o |stata| oc|aaoo a tavs oo tco|cas coo-
||ctua|os oobo ,ua uo oaoo| tao os|oua| coo coo|ooota|o oo |a
aoo|zac|o ato|a|. |aa ouo osto soa as, osu|ta |oosc|oo|b|o ov|sa
|os t|oos c|s|cos oo |a o|ac|o ooto autoooa coo||ctua| ato|a|,
avaoza |ac|a uoa autot|ca autonoma conictual mercatoria
56
.
14. / oosa oo |a uoc|o osooc|a| ouo |a autoooa coo||ctua| cu-
o|o oo o| cooc|o |otooac|ooa|, o|sto |a otooo|oa coov|cc|o oo ouo |as
oatos o|caooto ouoooo o|o| uo Looc|o |stata|. |. |aaoo, uoo oo
|os o|atoos oo| Coovoo|o oo |oa, at|buo o|c|a |||tac|o a| at. 3 oo|
Coovoo|o, ouo oo oo|to a |as oatos |a oos|oac|o oo |a lex mercatoria,
|os ||oc|o|os |||LC||T o cua|ou|o oto s|stoa ,uo|co oo ostata|, coo
|o octoa oo| cootato
57
. |sto c|to|o |a coota|aoo |oc|uso o| tooo oo
|a Resolucin del Instituto de Derecho Internacional de Basilea de 31 de agos-
to de 1991, a| oo,a uoa oo |a autoooa coo||ctua| |a lex mercatoria
58
,
54
Anwendungsergnzende Funktion oo |a to|oo|oa oo . |oo|o||o, Internationales Einheits-
recht (Allgemeine Lehren), Tub|oa, +`S, oo. +`-20+.
55
Anwendungsbestimmende Funktion, ibd.., oo. +8+-+`.
56
Vid. s otoosaooto |. |. uooo S. Soc|oz |ooozo, Coo|ctua||so |o |ocato|a
oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo, REDI, vo|. ||| (2000), +, oo. +S-+.
57
|. |aaoo, |o oouvoau oo|t |otooat|ooa| o|v oos cootats aos |ooto oo v|ou oo |a
Coovoot|oo ou +` ,u|o +`80, RCDIP, +``+, oo. 28, 300-30+.
58
Cf. |. Sc|.|oo, L|o |oc|ts.a|| |oc|ts.a|| | |||-Cosotz uoo oac| oo |oso|ut|oo oos |os-
t|tut oo Lo|t |otooat|ooa| voo +``+, ZfRV, +``2, o. +0+, |. V|sc|o, Coooa| Couso oo ||-
vato |otooat|ooa| |a., R. des C., t.232 (+``2-|), oo. +3+-+3`.

85
,usto a| coota|o ouo |as Conclusiones de la III Comisin del IHLADI de San
Salvador de septiembre de 2002
59
. /uoouo os oos|b|o ouo |os t|buoa|os
ouoooos oo vaao a |otooota o| Coovoo|o oo |oa oo uoa oa tao
ost|ct|va, |o c|oto os ouo osta |||tac|o os cooooto ao|t|oa oo |a
ooct|oa ouoooa
60
. |o otaa, oo taoto, ouo oo o| ooo|o oobu|o oo
|os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T so aov|ota ouo cuaooo |as oatos oosooo aooo-
ta |os ||oc|o|os coo o| Looc|o /o||cab|o a su cootato, os acooso,ab|o
cob|oa |a aoooc|o oo |os ||oc|o|os coo uo acuooo oo ab|ta,o.
|a ooat|va a |oc|u| |a lex mercatoria coo ob,oto oo |a autooo-
a coo||ctua| osu|ta s| cabo ooos ,ust||caoa s| so cooaa coo |a |os-
t|cta autoooa o|vaoa ouo oooa oo o| b|to oocosa|. |o uo |aoo, o|
ooo|o Coovoo|o oo 3uso|as oo 2 oo ,uo|o oo +`68 o|to |a ou|ac|o
oo |a va||ooz oa| oo |os acuooos oo o|occ|o oo uoo oo o| cooc|o
|otooac|ooa| a |a lex mercatoria: oo uoa oa coooo a |os usos ouo
|as oatos coooc|ooo o oob|ooo coooco ouo, oo o|c|o cooc|o, uo-
oo ao||aooto coooc|oos ou|aooto obsovaoos oo |as oatos oo
|os cootatos oo| |so t|oo oo o| socto cooc|a| coos|ooaoo (at. +.|
59
|o |a souooa oo |as cooc|us|ooos oo |a ||| Co|s|o (|a ou|ac|o ,uo|ca oo| cootato
|otooac|ooa|) aoobaoas oo o| || Coooso oo| ||/L| oo Sao Sa|vaoo (8-+3 oo soo-
t|obo oo 2002) so oo||c|ta. |as ouovas ooouostas oo |a Lex Mercatoria acooso,ao uoa
suooac|o oo |a ost|cc|o tao|c|ooa| a |a autoooa coo|ctua|, coos|stooto oo oouc| o|
b|to oo o|occ|o oo |as oatos oo |a |o oo uo |staoo. Lobo ooo|c|aso |a oos|b|||oao oo
su|s|o a u|as ooc|sas oo |a ouova Lex Mercatoria, coo |os o|oc|o|os |||L|C|T,
|oc|uso cuaooo |a so|uc|o oo| ||t||o oo soa ab|ta|. |a |ot|a |otovooc|o oo |os |otoosos
ostata|os so oooa a tavs oo |a tco|ca oo |as ooas |ooat|vas, coo su|oo o| ooo|o
at.+.+ oo |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T.
60
|a b|b||oaa os u vo|u|oosa |os ouotos oo v|sta ooct|oa|os o|ooo ao||aooto. Vid.
ooto otos, C. |o|t|ao L. |at|o, Internationales Vertragsrecht, S oo., +``6, oo. 62-63, .
3asooo., Coao, A New Approach to International Commercial Contracts, +```, oo. +2S,
++6-++, |. 3oo|o-\oo|'|, T|o |||L|C|T ||oc|o|os o |otooat|ooa| Cooc|a| Cootacts
aoo t|o ||oc|o|os o |uoooao Cootact |a.. o. to /oo| T|o to |otooat|ooa| Coo-
tacts, Uniform Law Review, vo|. +, +``6, oo. 6S2, 66+-666, 3. Luto|t, T|o |oo Coovoot|oo
oo t|o C|o|co o |a. o Cootacts, European Private International Law, +``8, oo. 3`, ++-+S,
3. |auvaouo-Cossoo, |aoco, A New Approach to International Commercial Contracts, +```,
oo. `S, +++-++3, |. |oa|, Las Vo||to|ss z.|sc|oo ooo |o|oo|t-Cuoostzoo uoo ooo a||-
oo|ooo Cuoostzoo |otooat|ooa|o ||o|o|tso|vatoc|ts'oovoot|oooo, JZ, +``8, oo. +S, +.

86
c), o|soos|c|o ouo |a s|oo coovoo|ootoooto |otoootaoa oo va|as ooc|-
s|ooos oo| T|buoa| oo ust|c|a oo |as Couo|oaoos |uoooas
61
. |osu|ta
oaao,|co ouo |a lex mercatoria soa |a oocaaoa oo ooto|oa o| T|bu-
oa| coootooto cuas ooas oo Looc|o /o||cab|o osu|tao ao||caoas,
oo ouooa ooto|oa o| Looc|o /o||cab|o. |o oto |aoo, |as oatos oo
t|oooo ||tos oo |a o|occ|o oo| ocao|so ab|ta|, a| |o a |a oosto uo
oocoo||ooto oo ,ust|c|a o|vaoa. |a Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional
espaol (Sala 2) nm. 176/1996, de 11 de noviembre, osu|ta u osc|ao-
coooa oo |a ao||a o|oos|o oocosa| oo |a autoooa o|vaoa oo asuo-
tos cooc|a|os. |o uoa oato so a|a ouo aouo||o ouo, oo vo|uotao
ooosa oo |as oatos, so o||oo a| b|to oo| oocoso ab|ta|, oo osa |s-
a vo|uotao ooosa oo |as oatos ouooa sustaoo oo| coooc||ooto oo|
T|buoa| Coost|tuc|ooa|. Y s aoo|aoto so a|a osoocto oo| ab|ta,o
su uoc|o coo oo|o |otoooo oo so|uc|o oo cootovos|as ouo
so uooaoota oo |a autoooa oo |a vo|uotao oo |os su,otos o|vaoos, |o
ouo coost|tuc|ooa|ooto |o v|ocu|a coo |a ||botao coo va|o suoo|o oo|
ooooa|ooto ,uo|co (at. +.+. oo |a Coost|tuc|o |soao|a). Lo aooa
ouo oo cabo ootoooo ouo, oo o| |oc|o oo sooto vo|uota|aooto
ooto|oaoa cuost|o ||t||osa a| ab|ta,o oo uo tocoo, ouooo ooosca-
baoo oaoozca o| Looc|o a |a tuto|a ,uo|c|a| ooct|va ouo |a Coost|tuc|o
ocoooco a tooos. Y coov|ooo ocooa ouo, oo o| ab|ta,o, os |c|to ooc|-
o| oo oou|oao, s|o ooooc|a a s|stoa |oa| a|uoo.
/. |aoous, |o ocato|a a|s Cosc|tsstatut vo staat||c|oo Co|c|too | ooutsc|oo |oto-
oat|ooa|oo Sc|u|ooc|t, IPRax, +``3, o. +3, S. |o|b|o, || s|o|caoo oo |os o|oc|o|os |||-
L|C|T oaa |a sou|oao ,uo|ca oo o| cooc|o |otooac|ooa|, Derecho de los negocios, soo.
+```, oo. 20. |. ||c|ao|s, ||vatautooo|o uoo ||vat'oo| 'at|oo, Rabels Z., +``8, oo. S80,
S`6-+`8, . C. \|c|ao, L|o /o.ooouo oo |||L|C|T-||oz|o|oo |otooat|ooa|o ao-
oo|svoto ouc| Sc||ooso|c|to uoo staat||c|o Co|c|to, Rabels Z., +``6, oo. 26`. 282-
2`0.
61
/s, |a Sent. TJCE de 16 de marzo de 1999 (Asunto C-159/97: Trasporti Castelleti Spedizioni Inter-
nazionali Spa/Hugo Trumpy Spa) a a ouo |as o|ooc|as coocotas oo| coocooto oa coo-
oo a |os usos oobo va|oaso oc|us|vaooto a |a |uz oo |os usos cooc|a|os oo| socto
oo| cooc|o |otooac|ooa| oo ouo so tato, s|o tooo oo cuoota |as o|ooc|as oat|cu|aos ouo
ouo|oao ostab|oco |as o|soos|c|ooos oac|ooa|os. Vid. as||so Sent. TJCE de 10 de febrero de
1997 (As. C-106/95: Mainschiffahrts-Genossenschaft Eg (MSG)/Les Gravires Rhnanes SARL).

87
Tas|aoaooo o| ao||s|s oocosa| a| toooo oo |a |o ao||cab|o, os
ooc|so soa|a ouo |a o|occ|o oo |as oatos oo |os o|oc|o|os |||L|C|-
To oo cua|ou|o ota o|aootac|o o|vaoa oo vu|ooa o| o|oc|o|o oo
|oa||oao ouo caacto|za a |as Coost|tuc|ooos oo |os s|stoas ,uo|cos
coot|ooota|os (ad.ex. at. `.3 oo |a Coost|tuc|o |soao|a). |o o| b|to
cootactua|, |a ooo|a vo|uotao oo |as oatos t|ooo uoza oo |o (ad.ex. at.
+0`+ oo| Co|o C|v|| osoao|), ooo, sobo tooo, a| |ua| ouo o| |auoo ab|-
ta| so sooto a| cooto| ,u|so|cc|ooa| ostata| (ou||oao oo| |auoo, ooou-
tu), |a su|s|o oo |as oatos a |a lex mercatoria oo |o|oo ouo ouooao
|acoso va|o |os |otoosos ostata|os a tavs oo coocc|ooos coo o|
oooo ob||co (at. +6 oo| Coovoo|o oo |oa) o |a ao||cac|o oo ooas
|ooat|vas oo o|occ|o ocoo|ca (at. oo| Coovoo|o oo |oa)
62
. |o
oocto, o| |oc|o oo ouo o| at. 3 oo| Coovoo|o oo |oa |oc|uoa |a oos|-
b|||oao oo o|o|, coo Looc|o /o||cab|o, |a lex mercatoria, oo |ooo|a
busca uo oou|||b|o ooto |os |otoosos oo |as oatos |os |otoosos ob||-
cos. S|o obao, |a oa oo |aco va|o |os |otoosos ob||cos oo oobo
so |a ooac|o oo |a autonoma conictual mercatoria, s|oo oo o| ocuso
ocooc|ooa| a |as ooas oo oooo ob||co oo| oo o oo uo toco |sta-
oo oo |a va oo |os ats. +6. |sto os o| soot|oo oo| at. +.+ oo |os ||o-
c|o|os |||L|C|T a ouo |oos |oc|o ooooc|a s a|ba.
|o ota oato, osu|ta bastaoto absuoo ouo o| at. 3 oo| Coovo-
o|o oo |oa |ab|||to a |as oatos oaa oos|oa |a |o ao||cab|o oo uo |sta-
oo ouo caozca oo cooo|o a|uoa coo o| cootato oo|ta uo ao||o
acc|ooa|ooto o dpeage oo| cootato, oo ao|ta |a o|occ|o coo
|o ao||cab|o, oo o,oo|o, oo |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T
63
. |o t|ooo uc|o
soot|oo oooooo ouo oots oo uo cootato s|ooo so oocuoota |a |o
oo uo |staoo ouo v|||a co|osaooto |a autoooa ato|a|, cuaooo so ta-
ta oo uo |staoo s|o cooo|o a|uoa coo o| cootato. T|ooo s soot|oo
a|a ouo, too|oooo |as oatos ||botao oaa o|o| |a |o ao||cab|o a| coo-
tato oo uo soot|oo ao||o (autoooa coo||ctua| ocato|a, dpeage),
oots oo| cootato so oocuootao uoa o|ua||oao oo |oos ostata|os oo
uoa ouo ouoooo |otovoo| coo |oos |ooat|vas.
62
Vid. |. |. 3oo, op. cit., oo. 3-S.
63
Vid. oo osto soot|oo oat|cu|aooto 3. /oco|, /utoooa coo|ctua| Looc|o ato|a| oo|
cooc|o |otooac|ooa| oo |os Coovoo|os oo |oa oo ||co, AEDIPr, t. ||, 2002, oo. 33-
+S, oso. oo. ++-+S.

88
15. |o osto coototo, |a |o ostata| ao||cab|o a| cootato oo v|tuo oo
tco|cas coo||ctua|os ouooo oosoooa uo oaoo| oc|us|vaooto os|-
oua|, oaa cub| |as |auoas |osuooab|os oo |a lex mercatoria osco|oa. |s
oab|o, o |oc|uso acooso,ab|o, ouo |as oatos ouooao oscoo coo |o ao||-
cab|o a| cootato uo |oo coo |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T, oos|oaooo a|
|so t|ooo uo Looc|o |stata| coo s|stoa oo c|oo o oo cobotu-
a oo |auoas. Tab|o os s ouo oos|b|o ouo |as oatos |oc|uao uoa
osova o ocooc|o oo ooto|oaoos oocootos oo |os ||oc|o|os o, s|-
o|oooto, |os cootao|ao oo o| c|ausu|aoo oo| cootato, coo |o cua| ta|os
asooctos oou|ooo uo |oo oo so|uc|o os|oua|. |a |otoac|o oo
ostas |auoas, s| |as oatos oo oos|oao o|oo Looc|o |stata|, oo s|ooo
ouooo ||ovaso a cabo coo |os oo|os ouo ooooc|ooa |a lex mercatoria o
o| s|stoa oo o|oc|o|os osco|oo. |o ta| caso oo |aba |ocoovoo|ooto a|u-
oo oo ocu| a |a |o ostata| ao||cab|o oo ooocto oo o|occ|o oaa ouo
uoa ut|||zaoa coo oo|o oo oso|vo ta|os |auoas. Cabo ocooa ouo
|os ooo|os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T, coo so v| s a|ba, |acoo ooc|o
a osta oocos|oao oo casos coocotos |o acooso,ao coo cacto oooa|.
|o oo|o|t|va, |a autoooa coo||ctua| ocato|a, o oos|b|||oao oo
oos|oa coo lex contractus uo |oo coo o| oo |os ||oc|o|os |||-
L|C|T, os oo s |sa |oocua
64
. Caoco oo soot|oo coocob| |a autoooa
coo||ctua| coo oo|o oo oos|oac|o oo uoa |o ao||cab|o ostata| o|oota-
oa a oo|||ta o| a|caoco oo |a autoooa ato|a|. |o |a cootatac|o |oto-
oac|ooa|, |a ooacac|o oo| a|caoco oo |a autoooa ato|a| oobo oa||-
zaso oc|us|vaooto a tavs oo| ,uoo oo |as ooas |ooat|vas, taoto oo
|a lex causae coo oo |a |o oo| oo o oo tocoos |staoos. |o coosocuoo-
c|a, |a oo|||tac|o ooto autoooa ato|a| o coo||ctua| oobo so suooa-
oa, ao|t|oooo |a oos|b|||oao oo ouo |as oatos oos|ooo coo lex contrac-
64
|oo auo oo |a |otoootac|o ost|ct|va acoca oo| a|caoco oo |a autoooa coo|ctua| oo o|
Coovoo|o oo |oa, os ooc|, coos|ooaooo |a |oos|b|||oao oo uoa autonoma conictual mer-
catoria, oo uc|os casos so tata oo uo a|so oob|oa. /uoouo so coos|ooo coo uo oo
oacto inter partes (autoooa ato|a|), coo so oosooooo oo |a Sent.Tribunal Supremo espa-
ol de 3 de marzo de 1997 (RAJ, o. +638), o|oo ooooa|ooto ,uo|co ooa |a ocac|a
ooto |as oatos oo |os ||CCT|||S o oo |as |o|as |sos |o|oos sobo Co|to Locu-
oota|o, oo |o ouo su |oc|us|o oo o| cootato coo oo oacto o coo |o ao||cab|o cao-
co oo tascoooooc|a oaa ooto|oa sus ooctos. |a ooooc|a a| Coovoo|o oo V|ooa oo +`80
sobo cooavoota |otooac|ooa| oo ocaooas oo aouo||os |staoos ouo oo soo oato, o |a

89
tus uo ooooa|ooto oo ostata|
65
, s|o oo,u|c|o oo ouo ouooa uoa oos|oa-
c| o, sub,ot|va u ob,ot|va, oo uo Looc|o |stata| coo s|stoa os|oua| oo
c|oo o oo cobotua oo |auoas oo |a o|aootac|o oo ostata|. |os ||-
tos a o|c|a autoooa coo|ctua| ocato|a (o s|o ao,ot|vos) |os |oooo
o| ,uoo oo |as ooas ato|a|os |ooat|vas oo a|caoco |otooac|ooa|
66
.
su,oc|o a |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T o a |os ||oc|o|os oo Looc|o Cootactua| |uoooo,
soo oct|cas cooc|a|os caoa voz s |ab|tua|os. |s o|scut|b|o oo ou oo|oa ooto|oa-
oas oct|cas cooc|a|os |otooac|ooa|os oo acabao |otooooso oo |os o|st|otos ooooa-
|ootos oac|ooa|os. |o a|uoos s|stoas, coo o| osoao|, |a costubo |os usos ,uo|cos
soo uooto oo| Looc|o, a| |ua| ouo |a |o. |a ooooc|a a |a lex contractus coo |o oo uo
|staoo oo so |||ta a |a |o oo soot|oo oa|, s|oo a| Looc|o oo su tota||oao. S| sto |oco-
ooa coo oato uooto oo| |so ooto|oaoas oct|cas cooc|a|os ouo cuo|ao uoa
so|o oo cooo|c|ooos, |oc|u|oas |a ouo so oooo a sus o|ac|ooos coo |as |oos, o|c|as oct|-
cas |abo oo |otoaso coo |o ao||cab|o. |sta oos|b|||oao oo|t|a aa o| oaoo| oo |a
lex mercatoria, oo taoto oato oo |a lex contractus, coo |o ao||cab|o a| cootato (Vid. a| os-
oocto S. Soc|oz |ooozo, |a uo|cac|o ,uo|ca ouoooa o| Coovoo|o oo |oa sobo |a
|o ao||cab|o a |as ob||ac|ooos cootactua|os, La unicacin jurdica europea (L|. os |aouo|
Caca Co||aotos), +```, oo. +S0-+S+). |o cua|ou|o caso, osta coos|ooac|o oo |o|oo oc|a-
a, s|ou|oa soa de lege ferenda, |a oos|b|||oao oo uoa o|occ|o o|octa oo |a lex mercatoria
coo |o ao||cab|o a| cootato.
65
|oooo|oooo uoa ooa oo| Coovoo|o oo |oa oo oooo a |a ao|s|o oo |a autoooa
coo|ctua| ocato|a, vid. |. 3oo|o-\oo|'|, loc. cit., oo. 6S2 ss., |.. 3ooo||, T|o |ooo aoo |os-
s|b|||t|os o a Coo|oo |uoooao Cootact |a., ERPL, +``, oo. S0S-S+, oso. o. S+6. |o |a
ooct|oa osoao|a oostaca osooc|a|ooto o| ostuo|o |a |otoootac|o ooos|sta oo |./. oo
||uo| /soos|o, /oo|zac|o ooat|va |oo ,uo|co oo |os cootatos ocaot||os
|otooac|ooa|os, Diritto del commercio internazionale, +``8, oo. 8S`-883, oso. oo. 82-88. |oa
oooosa oo |a autoooa coo|ctua| ocato|a so oocuoota as||so, ooto otos, oo 3.
/oco|, loc. cit., oo. ++-+S, C. |aooo, T|o ||oc|o|os o |uoooao Cootact |a. aoo t|o |o o-
cato|a, Private Law in the International Arena: From National Conict Rules towards Harmoni-
zation and Unication. Liber Amicorum Kurt Siehr, |a aa, T.|.C. /sso |oss, 2000, oo. +02-
+03, |. . \o|otaub, |o |ocato|a aoo t|o |o|oo|t ||oc|o|os o |otooat|ooa| Coo-
c|a| Cootacts, International Conict of Laws for the Third Millenium. Essays in Honor of Friedrich
K. Juenger, /os|o (|uova Yo'), Taosoat|ooa| |ub||s|os, 2000, oo. +S2-+S3.
66
Lo |oc|o, |a autoooa coo|ctua| ocato|a avaoza oo |a coo|cac|o |otooac|ooa| o |oto-
oa, coo oouosta o| at ` oo |a Coovooc|o Coovoo|o |otoao|caoo sobo |a |o ao||ca-
b|o a |os cootatos |otooac|ooa|os oo ||co oo + oo azo oo +``+. || t|buoa| toa

90
La funcin residual de las tcnicas conflictuales
en los procesos de unificacin regional
16. /| aoo oo su ooo|a uoc|o, osooc|a|ooto oo o| aco oo |a
coac|o oo uo osoac|o ,uo|c|a| ouoooo oo |a cooooac|o ,uo|c|a| oo
ato|a c|v||, o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo , oo coocoto, |as tco|cas
coo||ctua|os, osto ||aaoas a cuo|| uoa uoc|o osooc|a| oo o| oocoso
oo uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo oo |uooa
67
. || oob|oa oo| Looc|o
/o||cab|o aoaoco osooc|a|ooto ||aoo a uo Looc|o ||vaoo |o|oo
ouo ootoooo ao||caso osooc|a|ooto a s|tuac|ooos o|vaoas taosooto-
|zas |otacouo|ta|as, ooo tab|o, oo ocas|ooos, otacouo|ta|as.
oo cuoota tooos |os o|oootos ob,ot|vos sub,ot|vos ouo so oosooooao oo| cootato oaa
ooto|oa o| oooc|o oo| |staoo coo o| cua| t|ooo |os vocu|os s ostoc|os.Tab|o toa-
oo cuoota |os o|oc|o|os oooa|os oo| oooc|o cooc|a| |otooac|ooa| acootaoos oo
oao|sos |otooac|ooa|os. Looto oo |as uootos oo o|oo ostata|, so oao oc|ootos o,o-
o|os ouo aouotao uoa ovo|uc|o oo |as ooas coo|ctua|os oo o| soot|oo |oo|caoo. |a oc|oo-
to |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo oo Vooozuo|a (Cacota Cc|a| oo |a |oob||ca oo
Vooozuo|a o. 36.S++, oo 6 oo aosto oo +``8. Vid. |os cooota|os oo T. 3. oo |ao'o|t, Las
oouo vooozo|ao|sc|o Cosotz bo |otooat|ooa|os o|vatoc|t, Rabels Z., 2000/2, oo. 2``-3++,
oso. oo. 30 330-33+), tas oooouc| oo |os ats. 2` 30 o| |oo oo Looc|o ao||ca-
b|o a |os cootatos oov|sto oo o| Coovoo|o oo ||co, aaoo uo at. 3+ coo o| s|u|ooto
tooo. /oos oo |o o|souosto oo |os atcu|os aoto|oos, so ao||cao, cuaooo coosooo-
oa, |as ooas, |as costubos |os o|oc|o|os oo| Looc|o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa|, as coo
|os usos oct|cas cooc|a|os oo oooa| acootac|o, coo |a oa||oao oo oa||za |as o|oo-
c|as |ouostas oo |a ,ust|c|a |a oou|oao oo |a so|uc|o oo| caso coocoto. |o o| b|to oo|
ab|ta,o, |a ouova |o|s|ac|o oaoaoa (Locoto |o | S, Cacota oc|a| oo +` oo ,uo|o oo
+```, | 23/836, o. +`0) aoota a uoa ooooc|a uc|o s coocota a |a |o ocato|a,
ooooo aoaoco uoa ooc|o o|octa a |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T, a| oovo ouo. || t|buoa|
ab|ta| aooc|a |as ost|ou|ac|ooos oo| cootato oaa |a ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o ouo ob|o-
oa |a o|ac|o cootactua|, tooo oo cuoota |os usos oct|cas ocaot||os |os o|oc|o|os
oo |os cootatos oo cooc|o |otooac|ooa| oo |||L|C|T.
67
Sobo |as uoc|ooos oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo oo o| aco oo| Looc|o o|vaoo
ouoooo vid. osooc|a|ooto . 3asooo., |uoo|sc|os |otooat|ooa|os ||vatoc|t, NJW,
+``6/30, oo. +.`2+-+.`2`. Sobo |a va|ooao oo o|ac|ooos ooto o| L|| o| Looc|o cou-
o|ta|o, vid. /. Sa|o, L||tto |otooaz|ooa|o o|vato o o||tto uo|oo oo| s|stoa couo|ta-
|o, Rivista di diritto europeo, +``6/2, oo. 2+S-233.

91
|| uso oo |as L|oct|vas oc|aa, ta| voz coo ao uoza, |a oo-
sooc|a oo ooas oo Looc|o /o||cab|o. Lo uo |aoo, |a a|ta oo o|cac|a
o|octa oo |as L|oct|vas |a oocos|oao oo su taosoos|c|o, |o||ca ouo, oo
suouostos taosooto|zos, s|a s|oooo ooc|so ooto|oa |a |o oac|ooa|
ao||cab|o, a| ob,oto oo |oca||za |a ooat|va oo taosoos|c|o oo |a L|oc-
t|va ouo oobo ou|a o| suouosto coocoto. |o ota oato, osooc|a|oo-
to oo suouostos coo cooo|ooos otacouo|ta|as, suscoot|b|os oo ouo-
oa ou|aoos tota| o oac|a|ooto oo |a |o oo uo toco |staoo, oocos|-
taos o|as o o|oc|o|os oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ouo auooo a
ostab|oco o| b|to oo ao||cac|o osoac|a|, |oc|uso otato|to|a|, oo |as
o|soos|c|ooos oo Looc|o ||vaoo cootoo|oas oo |as L|oct|vas. |o tooo
caso, aoos, o| |oc|o oo ouo |as L|oct|vas oo ooooc|oooo uoa ou|a-
c|o coo|ota, |ab|||too ostooaos oac|ooa|os oo ao ootocc|o o, s|-
o|oooto, oo|tao ooc|ooos o|oootos oo taosoos|c|o, acooso,a o|
ocuso a uo Looc|o |ac|ooa| ouo ouooa ao||caso oo oa oo so
o|octa, s|oo tab|o os|oua|, oaa cub| |auoas.
|os |o|aootos v|ocu|aoos a| Looc|o ||vaoo suo|oo o|aotoa
oto t|oo oo o|ac|o coo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. asta |a oc|a,
|a va o|aoota|a, sustootaoa oo |a baso ,uo|ca oo| at. 308 C|, |ab|||ta-
ba |o ouo . 3asooo. oooo|oa Looc|o ||vaoo ouoooo acu|tat|vo
68
,
os ooc|, ooas ouo oo aoo|zao o| Looc|o ||vaoo oo |os |staoos
|obos, s|oo ouo t|ooooo a suooa |as o|oooc|as |ocooc|||ab|os ooto
|os Looc|os oac|ooa|os oo|aoto |a coac|o oo |ost|tuc|ooos oo Loo-
c|o ||vaoo ooo|aooto ouoooas (aca ouoooa, Soc|ooao /oo|a
|uoooa, /uoac|o |uoooa oo |otos |coo|co...). |o o|ac|o coo o|
|oo ato|a| cootoo|oo oo ostos o|aootos, o| Looc|o |otooac|o-
oa| ||vaoo ooso||oa uoa uoc|o s b|oo oo ooo|o coo|ooota|a,
oo|t|oooo o| ocuso a uo Looc|o |ac|ooa| os|oua|, coo o| |o oo
cub| ovootua|os |auoas oo o|aootac|o.
17. |a oc|ooto oc|os|o oo o| aco couo|ta|o oo| Looc|o ||va-
oo oo|vaoo, taoto cootoo|oo oo L|oct|vas coo, oo ooo oo|oa, oo
68
Vid. sus oo|ooos oo |uoo|sc|os... , loc. cit., oo. +.`26-+.`.2. Tab|o, |. Lo ||uo| /soo-
s|o, |otoac|o ouoooa Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo, RDCE, +``/2, oo. +3S-+36.

92
|o|aootos, oou|oo uo Looc|o Coo||ctua| couo|ta|o oaa su ooo|a
osooc|ca ao||cac|o
69
.
|a cuost|o os oat|cu|aooto o|ovaoto oo |o ouo so o|oo a|
b|to oo ao||cac|o osoac|a| oo |as L|oct|vas, a|uoas oo o||as coot|oooo
ooas ooosas oo oo|||tac|o osoac|a|, oat|cu|aooto |as s oc|oo-
tos oo|oas a |a ootocc|o o| coosu|oo
70
. Ctas uc|as L|oct|vas
oo coot|oooo uo oo|||taoo osoac|a| oooso. |a azo oo ouo o| o|a-
ootos o| |a aoa oo |as o|oct|vas cootooao oo|||taooos osoac|a|os
ta| voz so oocuooto oo ouo, |ab|tua|ooto, su cootoo|oo aoaoca oo|-
oo a cuost|ooos oo Looc|o |b||co o ocoo|co, ooooo |a coootooc|a
oo| aoo ooooto|oa |a ao||cac|o oo su ooo|o Looc|o (Gleihlauf).
|oo coo b|oo |oo|ca . 3asooo., soo,aoto so|uc|o oo osu|ta oooat|-
va oo ato|a oo Looc|o ||vaoo, oo |o ouo oo oobo otaa ouo |as
ooas oo oo|||tac|o osoac|a| |aao aoaoc|oo oo |as L|oct|vas sobo
cootatos oo coosuo ouo soo, ta| voz, |as o|cas L|oct|vas oo Looc|o
69
|| oob|oa os o|st|oto a |a oos|b|||oao oo |oc|u| ooas oo coo|cto oo o| ooo|o Looc|o
o|vaoo oo|vaoo, coo ouoooo so |as cootoo|oas oo |as L|oct|vas sobo cootatos oo sou-
o o b|ooos cu|tua|os, ouo v|oooo a coo|ooota o| Coovoo|o oo |oa oo suouostos
oc|u|oos oo su b|to oo ao||cac|o o a ooooc|ooa o|as oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|-
vaoo oo b|tos coocotos (oooc|os oa|os sobo b|ooos cu|tua|os ost|tu|oos).
70
|s o| caso, oo o,oo|o, oo| at. 6.2 oo |a L|oct|va `3/+3 (c|usu|as abus|vas). |os |staoos
|obos aoootao |as oo|oas oocosa|as oaa ouo o| coosu|oo oo so voa o|vaoo oo |a
ootocc|o ouo ooco |a oosooto L|oct|va oo o| |oc|o oo |abo o|o|oo o| Looc|o oo
uo |staoo tocoo coo Looc|o ao||cab|o a| cootato cuaooo o| cootato aotooa uoa
ostoc|a o|ac|o coo o| to|to|o oo uo |staoo |obo oo |a Couo|oao, at. ` oo |a
L|oct|va `+/+ (timesharing). |os |staoos |obos aoootao |as oo|oas oocosa|as a o
oo ouo, soa cua| uoo |a ooat|va ao||cab|o, o| aoou|ooto oo ouooo o|vaoo oo |a ootoc-
c|o ouo otoa |a oosooto L|oct|va, oo caso oo ouo o| |ouob|o ost s|tuaoo oo o| to|to-
|o oo uo |staoo |obo, at. +2.2 oo |a L|oct|va `/ (cootatos a o|staoc|a). |os |sta-
oos |obos aoootao |as oo|oas oocosa|as oaa ouo o| coosu|oo oo ouooo o|vaoo
oo |a ootocc|o ouo otoa |a oosooto L|oct|va oo |a o|occ|o oo| Looc|o oo uo oas to-
coo coo Looc|o ao||cab|o a| cootato, cuaooo o| cootato oosooto uo vocu|o ostoc|o
coo o| to|to|o oo uoo o s |staoos |obos, at. .2 oo |a L|oct|va +```/++ (voota
aaotas). |os |staoos |obos aoootao |as oo|oas oocosa|as oaa ouo o| coosu|oo
oo so voa o|vaoo oo |a ootocc|o cooo|oa oo |a oosooto L|oct|va oo |aboso ootaoo
oo |a |o|s|ac|o oo uo |staoo oo |obo coo Looc|o ao||cab|o a| cootato, cuaooo sto

93
||vaoo |uo
71
. |o obstaoto, a oosa oo ouo o| |o|s|aoo couo|ta|o oo
|aa |oc|u|oo ooas ooosas oo oo|||tac|o osoac|a| oo ooto|oaoos
actos ooat|vos oo Looc|o Lo|vaoo, |a otoos|o oo su ao||cac|o a
suouostos |otooac|ooa|os oobo |||taso, oo |o ouo os ooc|so ostab|oco
oo va oo oosao||o ,uo|c|a| cu|os soo |os casos oo ouo |os |otoosos oo|
ocaoo |oto|o o|oo |a ao||cac|o oo |as ooas ato|a|os oo| Loo-
c|o ||vaoo Couo|ta|o, |oc|uso s| |a |o oo uo toco |staoo osu|tao
ao||cab|o a| oooo.
|sto os ooc|saooto o| oosao||o ,uo|c|a| ouo ||ova a cabo, os-
oocto oo |a L|oct|va 86/6S3 (aooc|a cooc|a|) |a Sent. TJCE de 9 de
noviembre de 2000 (As. C-381/98: Ingmar). |a sootooc|a so o|oo a uo
||t||o ooto uoa soc|ooao b|to|ca (|oa) ota ca||oo|aoa (|atoo) oo
|as caot|oaoos ouo oc|aaba |a o|oa, oo su cooo|c|o oo aooto
cooc|a|, oo azo oo |a to|oac|o oo| cootato oo aooc|a. L|c|o coo-
tato cootooa uoa o|occ|o ooosa oo |a |o oo| ostaoo oo Ca||oo|a. ||
aooto oc|aaba |os oooc|os aaot|zaoos oo |os ats. + +8 oo |a L|-
oct|va couo|ta|a su ao||cac|o a| caso. ||TC| co|ooza a|aooo o|
cacto oo ooas |ooat|vas oo |a L|oct|va
72
(uooaootos 2+
o
-22
o
)
oosooto uo vocu|o ostoc|o coo o| to|to|o oo |os |staoos |obos. |aa uo o|aotoa-
|ooto s oota||aoo oo osta cuost|o vid. osooc|a|ooto o| ostuo|o oo S. |o|b|o, |o|||s|oos-
oc|t||c|o Vobauc|osc|utz | |V uoo |o |C-||c|t||o|oo, Europische Rechtsangleichung
und nationale Privatrechte, 3aooo-3aooo, +```, oo. 3S3-3`2 (aotos oo |a sootooc|a |oa),
as coo o| oo |. ||c|ao|s .C. |aaoo, Cuoo|aoo o|oos a||oo|ooo oo|osc|at||c|oo
||c|t||o|oo'o|||s|oosoc|ts /o|'ao|s|ouo oos Coo|osc|ats |||:, EWS, 200+/, oo.
30+-3++. Vid. as||so |. |ouzo, |a couo|ta|sat|oo ou oo|t |otooat|ooa| o| v. |os
acou|s ot |os oosooct|vos, Droit Global Law. Unier le droit; un rve imposible?, |as, 200+/+,
oo. ++`-+22. |s suooc|a|os oosc|oo|b|os soo |as coos|ooac|ooos ct|cas oo |. Vao|||os-
So|os, |o oo|t o|v ouoooo, Le droit priv europen (dir. P. De Vareilles-Sommires),
|as, +``8, oo. ++S-++.
71
Vid. . 3asooo., |uoo| sc|os, loc. cit., o. +.`2+.
72
|o o|ac|o coo |a L|oct|va 8`/+0+ (acas), |a Sent. TJCE de 20 de noviembre de 2001 (Ass.
C-414 a C-416/99) cooa oo o| |so soot|oo ouo ouosto ouo coosooooo a| |o|s|aoo
couo|ta|o ooto|oa |os oooc|os oo| t|tu|a oo uoa aca oo |os |staoos |obos oo
|a Couo|oao, oo cabo ao|t| |a ao||cab|||oao oo o|soos|c|ooos |oa|os, oo coocooto oo |o
ao||cab|o a| cootato oo cooc|a||zac|o uoa oo| |||, oaa |||ta |a ootocc|o cooo|oa a|
t|tu|a oo uoa aca oo |os atcu|os S, aoataoo +, , aoataoo +, oo |a L|oct|va.

94
su v|ocu|ac|o a| oooc|o oo ostab|oc||ooto a| aotoo||ooto oo uoa
coootooc|a oo a|soaoa oo o| ocaoo |oto|o (uooaooto 2+
o
)
73
. |o
osta azo, o| TC| ooc|aa |a ao||cab|||oao a| caso oo |a L|oct|va coostu-
o uoa ooa oo oo|||tac|o osoac|a| oo su avo cuaooo |a s|tuac|o
tooa uoa o|ac|o ostoc|a coo |a Couo|oao, oo oat|cu|a, cuaooo o|
aooto cooc|a| oosoooo su act|v|oao oo o| to|to|o oo uo |staoo
|obo, soa cua| uoo |a |o a |a ouo |as oatos |aao ootooo|oo soo-
to o| cootato.
|o cooc|us|o, |as L|oct|vas oosootao oo oo|o|c|o uo b|to
oo ao||cac|o osoac|a| |||taoo a s|tuac|ooos ouo so coooctao a| ocaoo
couo|ta|o. Soo,aoto oo|||tac|o osoac|a| ouooo ooouc|so, coo
|oos v|sto, oo oa oo|c|ta oo |a ooo|a L|oct|va o oobo osu|ta oo
|a |otoootac|o ouo ||ovo a cabo, osooc|a|ooto, o| TC|. Ta|os ooas oo
|as L|oct|vas, a| |ua| ouo aou||as ouo oosootao uo cootoo|oo ato|a|,
ooboo so taosouostas a| Looc|o |ac|ooa|, |a oct|ca oouostas ouo
ouoooo so|o oo u o|st|ota oa
74
.
18. |a o|oa ta| voz o|oo|a| uoc|o ouo cuo|oo |as ooas
oo Looc|o Coo||ctua| Lo|vaoo a |a ouo |acoos ooooc|a,os sov|
coo o|as oo|||taooas oo |a ao||cac|o oo |as L|oct|vas ooto a |as
|oos oo tocoos |staoos (outward conict rules oo o| soot|oo oouosto
oo |. 3asooo.
75
). /s, |as ooas oo coo||cto oac|ooa|os o |oc|uso cou-
73
|aa /. |oot | Soua, |a |ooat|v|oao otato|to|a||oao oo |a L|oct|va ao|ca s b|oo
oo |os |otoosos v|ocu|aoos a| Looc|o oo |a coootooc|a (ooas ooooo|t|cas o oo o|oc-
c|o) ouo a |a ootocc|o oo| aooto (ooas oo ootocc|o), |C ` |ovobo 2000. C-
38+/`8- |oa C3 |to. V. |atoo |oooao Toc|oo|o|os |oc. , The European Legal Forum, 3-
200/02, oo. +8-+`. Vid. a| osoocto oo| o|st|oto ,uoo oo |os |otoosos ooto|oos |as oo-
|ooos oo |. |o|ta S. |o|b|o, |otooat|ooa|os /o.ooouosboo|c| oo aooo|svototo-
t|c|t||o|o |uoo|sc|os aooo|svototooc|t \o|t.o|t:, RIW, 200+/+, oo. 2`+-2`3, |.
||c|ao|s .C. |aaoo, Cuoo|aoo... , loc. cit., oo. 303-30.
74
/coca oo |os oob|oas oo taosoos|c|o oo |as ooas oo oo|||tac|o osoac|a| cootoo|oas
oo |as L|oct|vas sobo cootatos oo coosuo, vid. |. |o|ta S. |o|b|o, Voo ooo Sc|.|o|-
'o|too oo |sotzuo |o|||s|oosoc|t||c|o ||c|t||o|oobost|uooo, ZIP, +```/3+, oo.
+.2`6-+.30+.
75
Vid. |C |ou|at|oos |o |uoooao ||vato |a., Private Law in the International Arena Liber
Amicorum Kurt Siehr, |a aa, 2000, o. 2`, |o.. |uoo| sc|os, loc. cit., oo. +.`2S-+.`26.

95
o|ta|as o|at|vas a uo cootato oo coosuo o oo timesharing oooao coo-
ouc| a |a ao||cac|o oo |a |o oo uo toco |staoo. L|soos|c|ooos coo o|
at. 6 oo |a L|oct|va `3/+3 (c|usu|as abus|vas), ` oo |a L|oct|va `+/+
(timesharing), +2 oo |a L|oct|va `/ (cootatos a o|staoc|a) o oo |a
L|oct|va +```/++ (voota aaotas), o |a ooo|a Sent. TJCE de 9 de noviem-
bre de 2000 (Ingmar), tatao oo otoooo |a ao||cac|o oo |as o|soos|c|ooos
oo |as L|oct|vas, |a ootocc|o oo| coosu|oo o aooto, ooto a |o ouo
ovootua|ooto ouooa o|soooo |a |o oo| toco |staoo ao||cab|o. |o a|u-
oos casos, o|c|a oooosa oaoco oooa o|caooto oo caso oo o|occ|o
oo |as oatos, ooo, oo o|oc|o|o, sobo tooo s| |as ooo|as L|oct|vas oo
o|sooooo oaoa a| osoocto, |a cuost|o so susc|ta oo |ua| oa s| |a oos|-
oac|o oo| Looc|o oo| toco |staoo oov|oooo oo uoa cooo|o ob,ot|-
va ao||cab|o oo ooocto oo o|occ|o oo |as oatos
76
. Lo |oc|o, |as o|soos|-
c|ooos oo |as L|oct|vas aoaocoo coo ooas |ooat|vas oo a|caoco
otato|to|a| oo o| soot|oo oo| at. C|, s|oooo ta|os oocootos o ,u|s-
ouoooc|a |os oocaaoos oo oo|||ta o| b|to oo ao||cac|o o Anwen-
dungswille oo |a ooat|va ato|a| couo|ta|a
77
.
19. S|o obao, auoouo |a ao||cac|o osoac|a| oo uoa L|oct|va oo-
|to a|a uo o|oc|o|o oo|co oo |otoootac|o coooo oo| Loo-
c|o oo uo toco |staoo, oo osu|ta o|octaooto ao||cab|os, oo |o ouo
os oocosa|o ostab|oco uo c|to|o oo ao||cac|o osoac|a| ouo oo|ta
76
Vid. |as oo|ooos oo |. ||c|ao|s . C. |aaoo, Cuoo|aoo... , loc. cit., o. 30`.
77
|aa a|uoos autoos, |a as|||ac|o coo o| at. C| ouooo osu|ta o|scut|b|o, oo s|o oo |as
osovas a |a ao||cac|o oo o|c|o oocooto oo oato oo a|uoos |staoos |obos, s|oo oo-
ouo, soo uoa co|ooto oo ooosa|ooto, o|c|o oocooto s|o aoaa |a ao||cac|o oo oo-
as |ooat|vas oo o|occ|o u ooooo|t|cas, coo |as ouo ou|ao |a ||bo coootooc|a, ooo
oo oo ooas oo ootocc|o o oo|oas a |otoosos o|vaoos ta|os coo |a ootocc|o oo|
aooto o oo| coosu|oo (cf. |. ||c|ao|s . C. |aaoo, Cuoo|aoo... , loc. cit., o. 30`). |oa
a|tooat|va a osta so|uc|o a |a oocos|oao oo ooas c|to|os oo ao||cac|o osooc|a| oo
ouooo uooaso, coo |ao ouosto oo o||ovo |. |o|ta S. |o|b|o, oo uoa ao||cac|o s|ou|oa
aoa||ca oo| at. 3.3 C|, cua uoc|o t|ooo s ouo vo coo |os ||tos oo |a autoooa
coo|ctua| o| a|caoco oo |a autoooa ato|a|, cuo coocooto oo ooas |ooat|vas
oaoa t|ooo ouo vo coo |a |ooat|v|oao |otooac|ooa| s coo o| coocooto oo ooas oo
|ooat|v|oao |otooa (vid. |otooat|ooa|o /o.ooouosboo|c|... , loc. cit., o. 2`0, Cf. |.
||c|ao|s . C. |aaoo, Cuoo|aoo... , loc. cit., o. 3++).

96
|ooot||ca |a |o oac|ooa| ouo taosoooo |a L|oct|va cua ao||cac|o oobo
aotoooooso a| Looc|o oo| toco |staoo. || oob|oa os s|||a a |a o-
a oo oo|||ta |a vos|o oo |a L|oct|va ao||cab|o oo suouostos |otaco-
uo|ta|os, ooooo so ooootao ovootua|ooto oos vos|ooos taosouostas
oo |a |sa L|oct|va. || Looc|o Coo||ctua| |otacouo|ta|o (inward
conict rules)
78
s|vo oo ostos casos oaa oo|||ta oo s|o |a |o|s|ac|o oo|
oas oo uo |staoo |obo ao||cab|o, |oc|u|oas |as ooas taosouostas oo
|a L|oct|va, s|oo tab|o o| Looc|o |ac|ooa| ouo ouooa cub| o||o-
oa |as |auoas ouo ouooao oo|vaso oo |a o|aootac|o couo|ta|a.
Cuaooo o| suouosto so |o oo uo Looc|o |tao,oo, coo oo o| caso
Ingma |o ||co so |otooota ouo o| c|to|o oo cooo|o ostoc|o coo
o| to|to|o oo uo |staoo |obo coo oo|||taoo oo |a vo|uotao oo
ao||cac|o, coo ooa |ooat|va (at. oo| Coovoo|o oo |oa), oo |a
ooat|va oo taosoos|c|o oo |a L|oct|va coosoooo|ooto a o|c|o |sta-
oo. /s, s| o| c|to|o o uoo oo |os c|to|os oaa |a ao||cac|o oo |a L|oct|-
va oo aooc|a cooc|a| os o| |ua oo |a act|v|oao oo| aooto, o| |oc|o oo
ouo ta| act|v|oao so |aa ooso|oaoo oo o| |o|oo |o|oo ,ust||ca |a ao||ca-
c|o oo |a |o|s|ac|o b|to|ca oo taosoos|c|o oo |a L|oct|va, a so tato
oo |a lex fori o oo |a |o oo uo toco |staoo.
20. |aoos oob|oas o|aotoa |a cuost|o oo suouostos ost|ctaoo-
to |otacouo|ta|os, auoouo ouooa oaoco s sooc|||o. Lo uo |aoo, oao-
co ouo |a ub|cac|o oo| suouosto intra muros |aa |ooocosa|a |a ooa oo
oo|||tac|o osoac|a|, ouosto ouo, uoa cua| uoso |a |o|s|ac|o oac|ooa|
ao||cab|o, s| so tata oo |a |o oo uo |staoo |obo, so suoooo |a ao||ca-
c|o oo |as ooas ato|a|os oo o|c|o |staoo ouo |ao aoaotaoo |a L|oc-
t|va. S|o obao, uo o|o oob|oa so o|aotoa s| |a |o oo| |staoo |o-
bo ouo osu|ta ao||cab|o oo coot|ooo |a taosoos|c|o oo |a L|oct|va,
oob|oooo so ao||caoa oo uo |staoo ouo s |a |a taosouosto
79
. |o o| oo-
78
Vid. |C |ou|at|oos... , loc. cit., op. cit., o. 2`, |o., |uoo| sc|os, loc. cit., oo. +.`2S-+.`26.
79
So tata oo |os c|obos casos coooc|oos coo Cao Caoa| a oo o| Looc|o a|oo, oo-
|oos a suouostos ||t||osos susc|taoos aoto |os T|buoa|os a|oaoos, ooa|ooto ooto c|u-
oaoaoos a|oaoos, oo cootatos oo coosuo co|obaoos oo |soaa (|s|as Caoa|as) uoa oo
ostab|oc||ooto ocaot||, su,otos a| Looc|o osoao|, cuaooo oo so |aba oocoo|oo
coo coosooooa a |a taosoos|c|o oo |a L|oct|va 8S/S. Vid. oo o|ac|o coo osta
cuost|o |. ||c|ao|s .C. |aaoo, Cuoo|aoo... , loc. cit., o. 302.

97
oo, o| suouosto so asoo,a s|o a priori a aouo||os casos oo ouo osu|ta oo
ao||cac|o o| Looc|o oo uo toco |staoo.Y ooc|os s|o a priori ooouo
ouooo oaso |a c|cuostaoc|a, oo o,oo|o, oo ouo tatoooso oo |a ao||ca-
c|o oo |a L|oct|va oo aooc|a cooc|a|, o| |staoo |obo cua |o os
ao||cab|o ouo oo |a taosouosto |a L|oct|va soa, ooc|saooto, o| oo| oas
ooooo o| aooto t|ooo su ostab|oc||ooto. |o ta| caso, |as auto|oaoos oo|
|staoo |obo cuos T|buoa|os cooocoo (lex fori) ooboo |aco va|o |os
oooc|os ocoooc|oos oo |a L|oct|va |oc|uso ooto a |a |o oo oso |sta-
oo. |v|oootoooto ooboo |otoota uoa |otoootac|o coooo oo| Loo-
c|o oo| oto |staoo |obo, ooo, s| oo uoa oos|b|o ocoooco |os
oooc|os cootoo|oos oo |a L|oct|va, ouoooo ,ust||ca sus ooo|as ooas
oo taosoos|c|o oo v|tuo oo| cooct|vo oo oooo ob||co.
S| |a L|oct|va |a s|oo cooctaooto taosouosta oo |a |o oo|
|staoo |obo ouo osu|ta ao||cab|o oo v|tuo oo| s|stoa coo||ctua|, oo
o|oc|o|o ostas ooas oo Looc|o /o||cab|o s|voo oaa oos|oa |a taos-
oos|c|o oo |a L|oct|va ouo oobo o| |a s|tuac|o |otacouo|ta|a, |oc|o
ouo t|ooo c|ota o|ovaoc|a s| so ooaa oo ouo uc|as L|oct|vas s|o
|otooucoo ob||ac|ooos oo aoo|zac|o o|a o, a| |o a| cabo, oo|-
too c|oto aoo oo osc||ac|o ooto |os Looc|os oac|ooa|os. |o |a oc-
t|ca, s|o obao, taooco ostos suouostos soo oac|cos, ouos |as ooas
oo coo||cto, |oc|uso oo uooto couo|ta|a, ouoooo voso aoctaoas oo |a
oa oo ouo |as |o|s|ac|ooos ostata|os |ao taosouosto o oo|||taoo o|
b|to oo ao||cac|o osoac|a| oo |as L|oct|vas, |oc|uso |as ooas ooo-
sas oo oo|||tac|o osoac|a|
80
.
80
/s, o| at. ` oo |a L|oct|va `+/+ (timesharing) ostab|oco ouo |os |staoos |obos aooo-
tao |as oo|oas oocosa|as a o oo ouo, soa cua| uoo |a ooat|va ao||cab|o, o| aoou|ooto
oo ouooo o|vaoo oo |a ootocc|o ouo otoa |a oosooto L|oct|va, oo caso oo ouo o|
|ouob|o ost s|tuaoo oo o| to|to|o oo uo |staoo |obo. / |a |oa oo taosoooo |a
L|oct|va, |a |o|s|ac|o oo uo |staoo |obo ouooo oovo |a ao||cac|o oo su ooat|va oo
taosoos|c|o oo oos casos. cuaooo o| |ouob|o ost s|tuaoo oo su |staoo cuaooo ostaooo
s|tuaoo oo o| otao,oo o| cootato so co|oba oo c|uoaoaoos oo oac|ooa||oao o os|oooc|a
coo oo o|c|o |staoo. Coo o||o, o| |staoo oo cuost|o cuo|o o| aooato oo |a L|oct|va,
ouos ost ao||caooo |os oooc|os oo o||a ocoooc|oos oo abos casos, ooo su ooa oo oo||-
|tac|o |o||ca |a ao||cac|o |ooat|va oo sus ooas ato|a|os oo taosoos|c|o oo |a
L|oct|va oo suouostos oo ouo o| |ouob|o ost s|tuaoo oo oto |staoo |obo. |o oobo
otaa ouo so |aa ooooo|oo, coo |o, |a oocos|oao oo uo s|stoa oo |o ao||cab|o uo|-

98
|a coo|o,|oao ouo |otooucoo ta|os s|tuac|ooos oo |a ooto|oa-
c|o |oa| oo |a |o ao||cab|o ava|ao uo o|soo oo| Looc|o Coo||ctua| ouo-
ooo, a| sov|c|o oo| ooo|o Looc|o |ato|a| |o||caoo, ouo vaa s a||
oo soo,aoto coo,uoto oo o|soos|c|ooos a|s|aoas oo ao||cac|o o|c||
oscasaooto oov|s|b|o
81
.
V Conclusiones
21. |o cooc|us|o, |a |oba||zac|o aouota oocosa|aooto a uoa uo||-
cac|o ooos|va oo| Looc|o Cooc|a|. ||ootas o| Looc|o |b||co
|coo|co oocoota osa uo||cac|o oo caucos coovooc|ooa|os o |ost|tu-
c|ooa|os, o| Looc|o ||vaoo, osooc|caooto o| Looc|o Cootactua|,
|ab oo |aco|o a tavs oo tco|cas oo soft law. L|c||ooto, s|o oba-
o, |a uo||cac|o |otooac|ooa| oo| Looc|o |ato|a| ooo oosc|oo|
abso|utaooto oo |os Looc|os ostata|os
82
. /uoouo |a autoooa coo||c-
tua| ooba ab|so a |as uootos oo|caooto |oc|u|oas oo o| coocooto oo
lex mercatoria, |os Looc|os |stata|os oo s|o so |ooooo oo oa
ocooc|ooa|, coo Looc|o |ooat|vo, s|oo ouo osto ||aaoos a cu-
o|| uoa uoc|o os|oua| oo |a |otoootac|o ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o |o|-
oo oo a|caoco uo|vosa|, ao toozaoa a |as tco|cas coo||ctua|os. |o |os
caoo oaa |a ao||cab|||oao oo |as L|oct|vas couo|ta|as oo Looc|o o|vaoo a s|tuac|ooos
taosooto|zas. vid. |. |stobao oo |a |osa, |a ao||cac|o oo |as L|oct|vas couo|ta|as oo
Looc|o o|vaoo a |as s|tuac|ooos taosooto|zas, La cooperacin judicial en materia civil y la
unicacin del Derecho privado en Europa (ed. S. Snchez Lorenzo y M. Moya Escudero), |ao|o,
L'|osoo, 2003, oso. oo. +``-20+.
81
u|zs o||o ,ust|ouo, s ouo cua|ou|o ota cosa, ouo a| |||o oo| oob|oa so |aa |ab|aoo
oo |a ao|cao|zac|o oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo ouoooo (vid. |. ||c|ao|s . C.
|aaoo, Cuoo|aoo... , loc. cit., o. 3++).
82
|a o|oa oo |as cooc|us|ooos oo |a ||| Co|s|o oo| || Coooso oo| ||/L| (Sao Sa|va-
oo, 2002) oza coo s|uo. So coos|ooa ouo o| oosao||o oo |as ouovas tocoo|oas |a
cootatac|o cooc|a| |otooac|ooa| a tavs oo |otooot abuooao oo |a oocos|oao oo o|oo-
ta o| |oo ,uo|co oo |a cootatac|o |otooac|ooa| |ac|a u|as uo|vosa|os oo cacto
ato|a|. |a |oba||zac|o o|o uo ouovo oooouo, taoto oo |os oob|oas oo coootooc|a
,uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa|, coo oo |as cuost|ooos oo Looc|o ao||cab|o, |ooo|oooso tco|cas
oo sot |a., ouo, |o oo |o, oo ouoooo ao oosc|oo| oo tco|cas coo|ctua|os.

99
oocosos oo uo||cac|o o|ooa|, osooc|a|ooto oo |a |o|o |uoooa, o|
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo coo||ctua| auo cuo|| uoa uoc|o osoo-
c|a| oo |a oo|||tac|o osooc|a| ad intra ad extra oo| Looc|o Couo|ta-
|o. |oo osto o|ooa||so, cuaooo ootoooa | s a|| oo |as oocos|oaoos
|otoaooas coaooo cuooos oo o|oc|o|os oooa|os oo |os Looc|os oo
|os cootatos, o|aotoa uo so|o obstcu|o a |a aoo|zac|o |otooac|ooa|
oo| Looc|o Cooc|a| ouo, oo o| b|to oo |a cootatac|o, ouoca oobo-
a oooo oo v|sta |a oocos|oao oo obtooo osu|taoos oo a|caoco autot|-
caooto uo|vosa|os.
|| t|ooo o|cta su |o, oo uc|o ouo su taoscuso soa vo-
t||ooso, taooco a|caozaos a vo oo o| |o|zooto cocaoo, acaso oo
otuoa, uo oaooaa tao |ooouo sooc|||o coo aou| ouo ootaa |a
|a. ||o |a't, o|o |oc|t.

100
La cooperacin judicial internacional
y el orden pblico en la jurisprudencia argentina
|otooto coo ostas o|o|ooos co|aboa oo o| |oooa,o ouo, oo
osto vo|uoo, |s co|oas o ooo|os a |a o|oooto o,oo|a|oao oo|
ouo|oo |aosto L. Ca|os |obos |obooa. |a tascoooooc|a coot|ooota|
oo su a|sto|o ,uo|co ,ust||ca osto osuozo. |osu|ta at||caoto coosta-
ta ouo, oo ostos t|ooos oo ooou|a, oosooa||oaoos coo |a sua uo-
oaoto oo oot||so v|ooo a coo|aoos oo |a oosovoaoc|a oo |aco
ouo |os oaotos oo| Looc|o |ooo ooooa |os |t|o|os oo||act|-
cos asooctos oo| to,|oo s|ooo coouso oo |as o|ac|ooos |uaoas. |sc|-
bo osto taba,o coo |a a|oa oo oooo aaooco a| o|oooto aosto su
tost|oo|o oo ootoa sov|c|o a |a oocooc|a ,uo|ca, a ou|oo s|o |o
oovuo|vo coo oa|abas su oovob|a| sooo.
I Introduccin
|o uo uooo ouo so caacto|za oo |a toooooc|a oo |os |staoos
a |o|b|||za sus ootoas a|caoza |a |otoac|o oo o| toooo ,uo|co
oo oo|o oo coovoo|os |otooac|ooa|os, coba osooc|a| o||ovo o| utuo
au|||o ouo ouoooo oostaso |as auto|oaoos ouo o,ocoo |a uoc|o ,u|s-
o|cc|ooa| oo otos |staoos coo |a |oa||oao oo ao|o|sta ,ust|c|a.
|a cooooac|o ,uo|ca |otooac|ooa| oo|oba tooa aouo||a act|v|-
oao oo oatua|oza oocosa| oosao||aoa oo uo |staoo, a| sov|c|o oo uo
[
]

101
|a cooooac|o ,uo|c|a|... Amalia Uriondo de Martiloni
oocoso |ocoaoo o a |ocoaso aoto otaa ,u|so|cc|o
1
. |a cooooac| o
ouooo coos|st| oo |a taos|s|o oo oot||cac|ooos couo|cac|ooos ouo
os ooc|so caoa||za oo to|to|o otao,oo, |a o,ocuc|o oo uoa o|||ooc|a
oobato|a, otooo|oooso su cootoo|oo a |as so||c|tuoos oo |ooac|o
oo| oooc|o oo uo oas a |os t|buoa|os oo oto. ||sto tab|o |a oos|b|||-
oao oo oouo| |a aoooc|o oo oo|oas cauto|aos o oocauto|as oo uo
oas o|oooto oo aou| oo ooooo so ta|ta o| oocoso. Coo o|ac|o a|
ocoooc||ooto o o,ocuc|o oo uoa oso|uc|o otao,oa, ao|ta|a-
ooto so |a oc|uo oo| cootoo|oo oo |a |ost|tuc|o auoouo, oo soot|oo
ao||o, tab|o soa oocosa|a |a cooooac|o oaa ouo |a sootooc|a oco
oo o|cac|a otato|to|a|
2
. Lobo ouotua||za ouo oo oo o|st| |a as|stoo-
c|a ,uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa|, so ustaa o| buoo |o oo| oocoso oo o| ouo so
sustaoc|a uoa s|tuac|o oo| t|co ,uo|co otooo- |oos|b|||oao oo oa||-
za oot||cac|ooos, o|||ooc|a ouobas, otc.
|oc|saooto, o| |otos ouo ov|||z a |os o|oos oo|oaoos a
|as Coooooc|as |sooc|a||zaoas |otoao|caoas oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa|
||vaoo, |a s|oo o| oo ooco |as osouostas ,uo|cas ouo, oo o|c|o b|-
to, oou|ooo |os ouovos t|ooos. /s, cabo ooc|ooa |as Coovooc|ooos
|otoao|caoas oo |aoa oo +`S sobo ||otos o Catas |oato|as,
|ocooc|o oo |uobas oo o| |tao,oo sus |otoco|os /o|c|ooa|os oo
+`` +`8+, osooct|vaooto, |as Coovooc|ooos oo |ootov|ooo oo +``
sobo Cuo|||ooto oo |oo|oas Cauto|aos, ||cac|a |tato|to|a| oo
Sootooc|as |auoos /b|ta|os |tao,oos, |uoba o |ooac|o aco-
ca oo| Looc|o |tao,oo. Coov|ooo as||so c|ta |as Coovooc|ooos oo
|ootov|ooo oo +`8` sobo |ost|tuc|o |otooac|ooa| oo |oooos, Cb||a-
c|ooos /||oota|as |a oo ||co oo +``+ sobo T|co |otooac|ooa| oo
|oooos, cuos ob,ot|vos s|o ouoooo coocotaso a tavs oo |a ooct|va
cooooac|o ooto |as auto|oaoos oo o|st|otos |staoos.
|aa |,a o| |oo ,uo|co oo o| socto oo |a as|stooc|a ,uo|c|a|
|otooac|ooa|, |a oo ostaso oo o|o t|oo, a |o o|souosto oo |os coo-
voo|os |otooac|ooa|os oo |os ouo /oot|oa os oato. |a o|aca oo |os
1
To||oc|oa 3oao, |ouaoo |a cooooac|o uo|ca |otooac|ooa| oo oo t|to ooba-
to|a, oo Curso de Derecho Procesal Internacional y Comunitario, oba o|||oa oo /oo| |ao-
ooo| Sosa, |uooac|o oo Cu|tua |o|vos|ta|a, |o|vos|oao oo |a |oob||ca oo |ootov|ooo,
+``, oo. ++`/+6+.
2
|oz ||||a, av|o, La noticacin judicial internacional, |o. Coaos, Caoaoa 2000, o. 6.

102
coovoo|os os oc|uooto oo|va o|octaooto oo |o oosc|oto oo |a o|-
oa oato oo| at. S, |oc. 22 oo |a Coost|tuc|o |ac|ooa| |uoo oo su
ooa oo +``+, a| ooosa ouo |os tataoos |os coocooatos t|oooo
,oaoua suoo|o a |as |oos. S|o ouo o||o |o||ouo ooscoooco ouo o|c|a
o|aca, a |aba s|oo ocoooc|oa oo ouosto oas o| 2 oo sot|obo oo
+`83 cuaooo, oo|aoto |o 22.`2+, so auto|za a| |,ocut|vo |ac|ooa| a o,o-
co su oooo ,uo|co oo at||ca |a Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo |o-
as Coooa|os oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
3
, cuo at. + ostab|oco.
|a ooto|oac|o oo |a ooa ,uo|ca ao||cab|o oaa o| s|tuac|ooos v|o-
cu|aoas coo Looc|o |tao,oo, so su,ota a |o ou|aoo oo osta Coo-
vooc|o oos coovooc|ooos |otooac|ooa|os susc|otas o ouo so susc|-
bao oo o| utuo oo oa b||atoa| u|t||atoa| oo |os |staoos |atos. |o
ooocto oo ooa |otooac|ooa|, |os |staoos |atos ao||cao |as o|as oo
coo||cto oo su Looc|o |otooo.
|s oo oso, ouo |os cooota|os t|oooo coo ob,ot|vo oooo oo
ao||osto |a ao||cac|o oo |as Coovooc|ooos o|aboaoas oo |as Cooooo-
c|as |sooc|a||zaoas |otoao|caoas oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo C|
L|| oo oato oo ouostos t|buoa|os, |a oos|b|||oao ouo stos t|oooo oo
o|usa o| cuo|||ooto oo uo o|oto o ooscoooco |a o|cac|a otato-
|to|a| oo uo ooouoc|a|ooto oooo cuaooo ost oo ,uoo o| oooo
o b||co |otooac|ooa| aoot|oo.
/ ta| oocto, ooctuaoos uo sooo oaoo oo |as o|soos|c|o-
oos cootoo|oas oo a|uoos oo |os coovoo|os sobo cooooac|o |otooa-
c|ooa|. Sou|oaooto, oos|osaoos |as sootooc|as ooouoc|aoas oo |as
o|st|otas |ostaoc|as ,uo|c|a|os oo| oas oo oooo a oostaca |as s|u|ootos
cuost|ooos. |ooot||cac|o oo |as uootos coovooc|ooa|os ao||cab|os a| caso
coocoto, |a c|usu|a oo oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa|.
3
Soo tab|o |staoos oato. 3as||, Co|ob|a, |cuaoo, Cuatoa|a, ||co, |aaua, |o, |u-
ua Vooozuo|a. |o. ....oas.o oo| 8/02/0S.

103
II Convencin interamericana sobre
exhortos o cartas rogatorias
So |a v|sto a, ouo |a cooooac|o |otooac|ooa| oo |a oa||zac|o
oo |a ,ust|c|a ||a |a atooc|o oo |os Cob|ooos oo |os |staoos ||obos
oo |a C|/, oocootaooo su o|oa ou|ac|o oo o| sooo oo |a ||oa
Coooooc|a |sooc|a||zaoa |otoao|caoa oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||va-
oo |aoa +`S oo|aoto |a aoooc|o oo o|as couoos oaa o| cu-
o|||ooto ta|tac|o oo |os o|otos o catas oato|as ooto |os |sta-
oos |atos
4
.
Losoo o| ouoto oo v|sta oo| b|to oo ao||cac|o ato|a|, so ao||-
ca a ato|as c|v|| o cooc|a|, auoouo o| coovoo|o acu|ta a |os oasos at|-
|caotos a ooc|aa ouo o|c|o b|to so ot|oooo a |a ta|tac|o oo
o|otos o catas oato|as ouo so o|oao a ato|a c||oa|, |aboa|,
cootooc|oso-ao|o|stat|vo, ,u|c|o ab|ta|os u otas ato|as ob,oto oo ,u-
|so|cc|o osooc|a| (at. +6). || au|||o coooooo |a oa||zac|o oo actos
oocosa|os oo oo t|to oot||cac|ooos, c|tac|ooos, oo|aza|ootos o
|a ocooc|o u obtooc|o oo ouobas o |ooos oo o| otao,oo. uooao
oc|u|oos |os actos ouo |o||ouoo o,ocuc|o coact|va.
|os o|otos o catas oato|as, ouo oooo so ta|taoos oo
|as ooo|as oatos |otoosaoas, oo va ,uo|c|a|, o|o|ot|ca, coosu|a, o oo
|a /uto|oao Coota| oos|oaoa
5
, ooboo | acooaaoos oo |a oocuoo-
tac|o ouo so ootoa a| c|taoo oot||caoo o oo|azaoo (v. . coo|a
autoot|caoa oo |a ooaooa sus aooos, oo |os osc|tos oso|uc|ooos
ouo s|vao oo uooaooto a |a o|||ooc|a so||c|taoa, |ooac|o osc|ta
acoca oo cu| os o| aoo ,u|so|cc|ooa| oou|ooto, otc.).
4
|a Coovooc|o, ouo oot oo v|ooc|a o| +6 oo oooo oo +`6, |a s|oo at| caoa oo |a |oo-
b||ca /oot|oa |uoo oo su aoobac|o oo |o 23.S03 (3.C. +6/+0/8). Looos|taoo tab|o
|os osooct|vos |ostuootos oo at| cac|o. 3as||, C|||o, Co|ob|a, Costa ||ca, |cuaoo, ||
Sa|vaoo, |staoos |o|oos, Cuatoa|a, ooouas, ||co, |aoa, |aaua, |o, |uua
Vooozuo|a. |o o| ao +`8 |soaa oooos|t o| |ostuooto oo ao|os|o. |o. ....oas.o oo|
8/02/0S.
5
|as vas o|o|ot|ca o coosu|a, a tavs oo |a /uto|oao Coota| o oo |os t|buoa|os oo |as
zooas ooto|zas, acoo|tao s|o oocos|oao oo |oa||zac|o |a autoot|c|oao oo |as oato|as
o|t|oas oo su |otooo|o.

104
/s||so, ooboo a,ustaso a |as o|ooc|as oa|os, oocosa|os
sustaoc|a|os osooc||caoas oo o| toto. |as o|oas osto oost|oaoas a
asoua |a autoot|c|oao oo| |ostuooto |oa||zac|o, |oo|v|oua||zac|o oo|
t|buoa| o|otaoto, su coooos|o taoucc|o a| |o|oa o|c|a| oo|
|staoo oouo|oo, cuo|||ooto |ooot|oao oo| aooooaoo oo |a oato
so||c|taoto.
Looto oo |as oocosa|os coosoooooa |oc|u| |a |ooac|o oo
|os t|oos oo ouo o|soooo |a oosooa aoctaoa oo |a oo|oa oaa
actua, |as aovotooc|as ouo |o ||c|oo o| aoo oou|ooto sobo |as coo-
socuooc|as ouo ootaaa su |oact|v|oao, |a ta|tac|o osooc|a| o |a ob-
sovaoc|a oo oa||oaoos ao|c|ooa|os so||c|taoas oo osto t|buoa|.
|| oou|s|to sustaoc|a|, a|uoo a |a causa tao|c|ooa| oo ooooac|o
oo |a so||c|tuo oo coota|ooao coo |os o|oc|o|os uooaoota|os oo| ooo-
oa|ooto ,uo|co oo| oo o|otaoo.
|a at|buc|o oo |as costas oos astos oo| t|to cuo||-
|ooto oo |os o|otos o catas oato|as, cooo oo cuoota oo |os
|otoosaoos, ouo|oooso obtooo, s|o obao, o| booo|c|o oo ooboza
coooo a |as |oos oo| |staoo oouo|oo.
||oa|ooto, oo ooo oooso ac|aa ouo |a oostac|o oo| au|||o
oo |o||ca oo aooa oo|o|t|va o| ocoooc||ooto oo |a coootooc|a oo|
aoo ,u|so|cc|ooa| oou|ooto o| o| cooo|so oo ocoooco |a va||ooz
o oo oocooo a |a o,ocuc|o oo |a sootooc|a ouo o|ctao.
Coo |a |oa||oao oo ota|oco ac|||ta |a cooooac|o |otooac|o-
oa| oo ato|a oo oocosos ,uo|c|a|os, oo |a Souooa Coooooc|a |sooc|a-
||zaoa |otoao|caoa, co|obaoa oo |ootov|ooo oo +``, so aooot o|
|otoco|o /o|c|ooa| a |a Coovooc|o aotos c|taoa
6
. || cuooo ooat|vo
coa oocuootos ostab|oco o|as oocosa|os ao|c|ooa|os oaa ac|||ta |a
o|||ooc|a oo |os o|otos o catas oato|as ba,o |a Coovooc|o, coo
ocooc|o oo |as actuac|ooos oocosa|os oaa |a ocooc|o obtooc|o oo
ouobas oo o| otao,oo.
|uoo oo| suc|oto oaoo oo| aco coovooc|ooa|, avaozaoos
sobo |as oso|uc|ooos ooouoc|aoas oo ouostos t|buoa|os ba,o o| a|oo
oo osa ooat|va.
6
|| |otoco|o v|ocu|a a /oot|oa, 3as||, C|||o, |cuaoo, || Sa|vaoo, |staoos |o|oos, Cuatoa-
|a, ||co, |aoa, |aaua |o, |uua Vooozuo|a. |o. ....oas.o oo| 8/02/0S.

105
CNCiv., sala I, febrero 24-2000- Garramone, Esteban I.
y otro c. Solanet, Rodolfo y otro s/exhorto
7
a) Los hechos y antecedentes del caso
|| uoz oo| T|buoa| Suoo|o oo| ostaoo oo Ca||oo|a (||||-Coo-
oaoo oo Caoo), oo|aoto o|oto, |ovocaooo |a Coovooc|o |otoao-
|caoa sobo ||otos o Catas |oato|as, so||c|t a| t|buoa| aoot|oo
coootooto |a ocooc|o oo uoa ooc|aac|o tost|oo|a| a oosta oo uoa
oosooa ||aaoa |a|aoa So|aoot a tavs oo uo |otooato|o osc|to.
|osootaoo o| o|oto oo oob|oa oa oo |os auto|zaoos oaa su o|||-
ooc|a|ooto, |a ,uoz a quo oos|o auo|ooc|a a ooctos oo obtooo |a
ooc|aac|o oo |a tost|o.
|o oso acto, |a ooc|aaoto ao|ost su cooo|c|o oo ||,a oo|
ooaooaoo, azo oo |a cua|, o| ,uzaoo aoot|oo a cao oo| au|||o ,uo|-
c|a| |otooac|ooa| oso|v| ouo. oo v|tuo oo |o o|souosto oo o| at. +2
oo| Co|o |ocosa| C|v|| Cooc|a| oo |a |ac|o ouo oo auto|za |a
ooc|aac|o coo tost|os oo coosaouooos o a|oos oo |ooa o|octa coo
|as oatos, sa|vo oo caso oo ocoooc||ooto oo |as, oo cooo|oao
coo |o ostab|oc|oo oo |a |o 23.+8+ oo su at. 2
8
, oo oocooo |a ooc|aa-
c|o oo |a tost|o |a|aoa So|aoot oo |o ouo so oc|uo su tost|oo|o.
|| ooosootaoto oo |a oato actoa a| uooa oo |a a|zaoa su aoo-
|ac|o sostuvo. a) ouo o| o|oc|o|o oo cooooac|o ,uo|c|a| ouo |oso|a |a
7
|ub||caoo oo o| L|a|o El Derecho oo ++ oo sot|obo oo 2000, coo oota a a||o oo |a|
/|boto |aao || au|||o ,uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa| aoot|oo oo ato|a oo ooc|aac|o oo tos-
t|os. |o oosao||o oouoo|zaoo sobo osto toa ouooo voso oo |o|osto|o Lo Coooas,
Saa |., Coooc||ooto ouoooc|a. oos v|tuoos ouo|oas oo uo a||o a|occ|ooaoo, Coleccin
de anlisis jurisprudencial - Derecho Internacional Privado y de la Integracin, |o. |a |o, 3s. /s.,
200+, oo. S+3/S2+.
8
Lobo soa|aso ouo |a |o 23.+8+ (3.C. 22/+/8) s|o aouoba |a Coovooc|o |otoao|ca-
oa sobo |ocooc|o oo |uobas oo o| |tao,oo coosta oo oos atcu|os, oo |os cua|os o|
2 os oo oa oa. |a o|soos|c|o a |a ouo a|uoo o| a|staoo os o| at. 2 oo| |ostuoo-
to |otooac|ooa|, o| cua| o|o a| |staoo oouo|oo oo o|||ooc|a o| ooo|oo cuaooo uoo coo-
ta|o a sus o|soos|c|ooos |oa|os. || coovoo|o cuoota coo |a at| cac|o oo /oot|oa, C|||o,
Co|ob|a, Costa ||ca, |cuaoo, || Sa|vaoo, Cuatoa|a, ooouas, ||co, |aoa, |aaua,
|o, |oob||ca Lo|o|caoa, |uua Vooozuo|a. |o. ....oas.o oo| 8/02/0S.

106
Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo |ocooc|o oo |uobas oo o| |tao,oo
oobo oova|oco sobo |o o|souosto oo o| at.+2, b) ouo o| at. 2 oo| c|ta-
oo coovoo|o oo osuo|vo |a cuost|o ...ouos oo so tata oo uo oo|o oo-
bato|o oo||b|oo o| ost oo ,uoo o| oooo ob||co, ouos |ooo|o So|aoot
oo ov|sto o| cacto oo ooaooaoo, ta| coo oooa coos|ooaso oaa |a
|o aoot|oa, c) ouo |a tost|o ouooo aoota o|oootos a |a |ovost|ac|o
,uo|c|a|, o) ouo oo oo| ooos|c|o oo |os |otoosaoos, o) ouo oo acuo-
oo a |o ostab|oc|oo oo o| at. 8 oo osta Coovooc|o, o| cuo|||ooto oo|
o|oto oo |o||ca oo oo|o|t|va o| cooo|so oo ocoooco |a va||ooz
o oo oocooo oo o| utuo a |a o,ocuc|o oo |a sootooc|a ouo so o|ctao.
|o su o|ctaoo, o| ||sca| oo Caa so oo|o| a avo oo |a coo-
|ac|o oo |a oso|uc|o aoo|aoa a tooo oo| at. 2, aoataoo o|oo, oo
|a ooc|ooaoa Coovooc|o, ouo o|soooo ouo oo so cuo|| |a o|||ooc|a
so||c|taoa oo o| caso oo ouo uoo coota|a a o|soos|c|ooos |oa|os oo o|
|staoo oouo|oo ouo ooosaooto |a oo||bao. /s||so, c|t o| at.S,
soo o| cua| |os o|otos o catas oato|as o|at|vos a |a ocooc|o u
obtooc|o oo ouobas so cuo||o oo acuooo coo |as |oos ooas
oocosa|os oo| |staoo oouo|oo, o| at. +6, ouo acu|ta a oso |staoo a
o|usa o| cuo|||ooto oo| o|oto cuaooo soa ao||ostaooto coota-
|o a su oooo ob||co. |o coosocuooc|a, ...|ac|oooo |to oo |a oo||b|-
c|o cootoo|oa oo o| at. +2 oo |a |o oocosa| soa|, ouo |a |sa so
oocuoota uooaoa oo |a oosovac|o oo |a a|||a, s|oooo o|c|a oo||b|-
c|o abso|uta oo oooo ob||co, oo ouo|oooso oosc|oo| oo o||a auo
oo|aooo cooo|oao oo oatos.
b) Sentencia de la Cmara
|| ooouoc|a|ooto oo| t|buoa| oo aoo|ac|o |a oo tooo a tos
cuost|ooos osooc|a|os.
Identificacin de la fuente normativa a tener en consideracin
para la resolucin del caso correspondiente
|a Caa co|ooza ooc|aaooo ouo oo osu|ta ao||cab|o a| caso
|a Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa |ovocaoa oo |os ooosootaotos oo |os
actoos oo o| ||sca| oo Caa. |ocoooco ouo o| oouo||ooto oo |a
cooooac|o ,uo|c|a| oo oto oas oaa obtooo |a ooc|aac|o oo uo tost|-
o ouooa cooooo|oa oooto oo| b|to ato|a| oo ao||cac|o oo |a
Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo |ocooc|o oo |uobas oo o| |tao,o-

107
o, aoootaoa oo |a ||oa Coooooc|a |sooc|a||zaoa |otoao|caoa
sobo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo |aoa +`S |a cua| |a s|oo aoo-
baoa oo |a |o 23.+8+, |uoo at||caoa oo /oot|oa. |o obstaoto o||o,
cooc|uo ouo sta oo osu|ta ao||cab|o a| suouosto oo |a a|ta oo at||ca-
c|o oo| oas oo| a|staoo oou|ooto (||||).
|a ato|a ba,o tata|ooto osu|ta, ootoocos, oocuaoaoa oo |a
Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo ||otos o Catas |oato|as, oooucto,
a| |ua| ouo |a aoto|o, oo |a act|v|oao oo |a ||oa Coooooc|a, |a ouo s |a
s|oo at||caoa oo abos |staoos , ooc|saooto, uo o| coovoo|o |ovocaoo
oo o| ,uoz o|otaoto
9
. Lo acuooo a| a|caoco oo| toto coovooc|ooa|, sto
so ao||ca a |os |ostuootos oo cooooac|o ,uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa| oooo|oos
oo actuac|ooos oocosos oo ato|a c|v|| o cooc|a| oo |os aoos ,u|s-
o|cc|ooa|os oo |os |staoos |atos ouo tooao oo ob,oto. a) |a oa||zac|o
oo actos oocosa|os oo oo t|to, ta|os coo oot||cac|ooos, c|tac|ooos o
oo|aza|ootos oo o| otao,oo, b) |a ocooc|o obtooc|o oo ouobas o
|ooos oo o| otao,oo, sa|vo osova a| osoocto (at. 2).
El art. 427 del Cdigo Procesal Civil y Comercial de la Nacin
Loto|oaoa |a uooto ooat|va a tooo oo coos|ooac|o oaa
|a oso|uc|o oo |a causa, o| t|buoa| oo aoo|ac|o so oot|ooo a ooc|sa |os
a|caocos ouo cabo as|oa a| |ooo|ooto |oa| oaa ouo ouooao oosta
ooc|aac|o tost|oo|a| ooto|oaoas oosooas (at. +2). / ta| |o, soa|a
|os tos asooctos ouo oo ato|a oo ouoba suo|oo o|st|ou| |a ooct|oa
|as ooas oo| Looc|o |ocosa| |otooac|ooa| coo |as a ooto|oa |a
|o ao||cab|o a |os |sos. |a ao|s|b|||oao oo |a ouoba |a aooc|ac|o o
va|oac|o oobato|a, ouooao su,otas a ...|a |o oo oooo ouo ou|a o|
acto ,uo|co ato|a oo ,u|c|o, |ootas ouo |a ta|tac|o o o|||ooc|a-
|ooto so |o oo |as o|as oocosa|os oo| |staoo oouo|oo (lex fori)
10
.
9
Coooo a |as osovas |oc|as a| at| ca |a Coovooc|o sobo ||otos o Catas |oato-
|as, |staoos |o|oos asuo |as o|ac|ooos ouo so oo|vao oo osto tataoo o|caooto coo os-
oocto a |os |staoos ouo |aao at| caoo o so |aao ao|o|oo a osta Coovooc|o a su |o-
toco|o /o|c|ooa| oo| ao +``, ooto |os ouo v|os so oocuoota |a |oob||ca /oot|oa,
10
|sa os tab|o |a so|uc|o cootoo|oa oo |os ats. + 2 oo |os Tataoos oo Looc|o |ocosa|
|otooac|ooa| oo |ootov|ooo oo +88` +`+0. || o|oo uo at| caoo oo /oot|oa, 3o||-
v|a, |aaua, |o |uua, Co|ob|a ao||| . || souooo |a s|oo at| caoo oo /oot|oa,
|aaua |uua, ooto ostos |staoos sust|tuo a| Tataoo aoto|o oo +88`.

108
Sobo osta baso, |a a|zaoa coos|ooa ouo o| c|taoo at. +2 oo
oobo so atooo|oo coo Looc|o /o||cab|o a |a cuost|o oo ouo so tata
oo obtooo oo ouosto oas uoa ooc|aac|o tost|oo|a| a oouo||ooto
oo uo t|buoa| ostaoouo|oooso, a ouo o| b|to oo ao||cac|o oo |a |o
oocosa| oo| ,uoz aoot|oo so oocuoota |||taoo a |o ouo ouoooo oooo-
|oaso coo cuost|ooos oocoo|oota|os, c|otaooto sto ...os o| -
b|to a ouo so o|oo o| at. +0 oo |a Coovooc|o, ba,o o| c|ao ttu|o oo Tra-
mitacin . |o coos|u|ooto, |a ao|s|b|||oao oo |a tost|oo|a| oo oa|ootos
oo |as oatos, oo |ooa octa, so |o oo |a |o otao,oa ouo ou|a osto
asoocto.
El art. 427 del Cdigo Procesal Civil y Comercial de la Nacin
y el orden pblico internacional argentino
|a |t|a cuost|o so o|ac|ooa coo |a oos|b|||oao oo ooooa o|
au|||o so||c|taoo oo acuooo a |o o|souosto oo o| at. + oo |a Coovoo-
c| o, ouo acu|ta a| |staoo oouo|oo a o|usa o| cuo|||ooto oo uo
o|oto o cata oato|a cuaooo soa ao||ostaooto coota|o a su
oooo ob||co.
|a Caa coos|ooa ouo o| at. +2 oo| Co|o |ocosa| os uoa
o|soos|c|o oo oooo ob||co, ouo coosaa |a oo||b|c|o |oa| oaa ouo
ooto|oaoas oosooas ouooao so ooc|oas coo tost|os. |sta cooc|u-
s|o |a ||ova a oa|oa s| o| o|oc|o|o oo ootocc|o oo |a aooa so||-
oa|oao a|||a, ouo |ooa o| |ooo|ooto |oa| cootoo|oo oo o|c|o
atcu|o, ouooo cata|oaso tab|o coo uo o|oc|o|o oo oooo ob||co
|otooac|ooa|. Lo osa ca|||cac|o oo|vao o|st|otas coosocuooc|as. oo o| o|-
o suouosto, |a ooa oo ouooo so oooaoa oo |a vo|uotao oo |as oa-
tos (CC|v||, at. 2+), oo o| souooo, o| t|buoa| oouo|oo ostaa acu|taoo a
oc|aza |a ao||cac|o oo |a |o|s|ac|o otao,oa, a ooooa o| ocoooc|-
|ooto o o,ocuc|o oo sootooc|as oo oso o|oo, o o| cuo|||ooto oo ac-
tos oo au|||o ,uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa|.
|| t|buoa| ooscata |a |t|a oos|b|||oao, oo cuaoto sost|ooo ouo
oo o|sto oo o| Looc|o oo| |oo uoa ooa ouo acuooo a| at. +2 |a
caactost|ca oo so uoa o|soos|c|o oo oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa|, ouo
|a toooooc|a oo |a s ooooa |o|s|ac|o |otooac|ooa| os coocob| a osta
ocooc|o, oo coo o|soos|c|o s|oo coo uo coo,uoto oo o|oc|o|os bs|-
cos oo| ooooa|ooto oo| oo. / oo|o sou|oo aaoo, ouo |a coocoo-
c|o oo oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa| ...coo caactost|ca oo o|soos|c|ooos
so oocuoota, sa|vo oocooto |oa| oooso, oo aoca ot|aoa oo o| Loo-

109
c|o Cooaaoo oo |a oo|o|o oo |os autoos |uso|vat|stas
11
, oostacaooo
su ocooc|ooa||oao oaa casos oo |oo|sooosab|o oooosa oo o|oc|o|os abso-
|utaooto oocosa|os oo| ooooa|ooto, oo |o ouo s|o cabo acuo| a o||a
oo casos otoos. /oos, |a |ocooat|b|||oao oo |a |o|s|ac|o otao,oa
coo o| ooooa|ooto oo| oo oobo so ao||osta, soo |o o|souosto oo
o| at. + oo |a Coovooc|o oo cua ao||cac|o so v|ooo tataooo.
|a a|zaoa osa|ta |a |oo|stooc|a oo uoa ooa o c|to|o uoo|o
oo o| oas, |ab|oa cuoota oo su oao|zac|o oooa| |a acu|tao osovaoa
a |as oov|oc|as oaa |o|s|a oo ato|a oocosa|. |s oo o||o ouo, oaaa-
soaooo a \ooo Co|osc||ot ao||osta ouo. ...o|ouoa ooa otao,o-
a |o|oo o| oooo ob||co, s| ao|oa ooa so oocuoota ao|t|oa oo o|
Looc|o |ov|oc|a| ooooo |o |ub|oo
12
. |o o|ac|o osooc|ca coo o| au|-
||o ,uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa|, a| oa|oa cuost|ooos v|ocu|aoas coo o| oooo o-
b||co, s|uo a| |so auto ouo o|co oo coo ouo toa ooc|aac|o a uo
tost|o oa|ooto oo |ooa octa oo uoa oo |as oatos |o coocu|ouo
13
.
Sobo |a baso oo ostos azooa|ootos, |a Caa coos|ooa ouo
|a oooucc|o oo |a ouoba tost|oo|a| so||c|taoa oo o| ,uoz ostaoouo|ooo-
so, oo os coota|a, oo aooa ao||osta, a| oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa|
aoot|oo, oo |o ouo osuo|vo ovoca |a oso|uc|o oo| a quo oovo|vo-
|o |os autos.
Importancia e implicancias del fallo
|a Caa ||aa |a atooc|o ouo oo o| sooo oo |a ||oa Coo-
oooc|a |sooc|a||zaoa |otoao|caoa oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
o|sta uoa suoooos|c|o oo o|aootac|o oo ato|a oobato|a, ouos
osu|ta |o,ust||cab|o |abo |oc|u|oo o| toa oo |a ocooc|o obtooc|o oo
ouobas o |ooos oo o| otao,oo oo |a Coovooc|o sobo ||otos o
Catas |oato|as, oob|oo a ouo |a ato|a |aba s|oo ob,oto oo uo |-
oo osooc|co oo uo tataoo |ooooooo|ooto. Coo |ocuost|ooab|o ac|oto,
aouota oo oa|abas oo |aa /aouoo
14
, ouo osta suoooos|c|o, uto oo|
11
C|C|v., sa|a |, ab|| 20, +``S, |atov, Sauo| s/sucos|o ab-|otostato, aoa.V||-souooo oa-
o, |L, +62-S`8.
12
Co|osc||ot, \ooo, Suma de Derecho Internacional Privado, 2 oo., o. ``.
13
Co|osc||ot, \ooo, Derecho Internacional Privado, S |o., Looa|a, 3s. /s., +`8S, o. +`.
14
|aa /aouoo, Cooza|o, Codicacin del Derecho Internacional Privado en Amrica, |o|vos|-
oao Coota| oo Vooozuo|a, |acu|tao oo C|ooc|as uo|cas |o|t|cas, Caacas, +`82,os.33/8.

110
aoosua|ooto ausooc|a oo uo ao||s|s cooo|oaoo oo |os o|vosos oo-
octos oo o| b|to oo |a C|L|| |, coost|tuo uoa |ooocosa|a uooto oo o||-
cu|taoos.
|o uo coototo |otooac|ooa| ouo t|oooo a |a |otoac|o oo o|
toooo ,uo|co oo |a at||cac|o oo coovoo|os |otooac|ooa|os, sobosa|o
|a oat|cu|a ooocuoac|o ouo ovo|a |a Caa oo osa|ta o| cacto
ocooc|ooa| oo| oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa|. |o oocto, s| b|oo ocoooco
ouo o| oooo ob||co aoaoco coo uo o|oc|o|o oocosa|o oo| ouo oo
ouooo oosc|oo|so, oostaca su ocooc|ooa||oao oaa casos oo |oo|sooosa-
b|o oooosa oo o|oc|o|os abso|utaooto oocosa|os oo| ooooa|ooto oo|
|staoo oouo|oo. /s||so, aov|oto ouo o|c|a |ocooat|b|||oao oo uo-
c|ooa oo cua|ou|o aoo s|oo ouo oobo so ao||osta, a ouo osta o|oo-
c|a coost|tuo uo c|to|o coo aco|oo oo otos |ostuootos |otooa-
c|ooa|os.
CNCiv. sala J, agosto 25-1998, N.,S.R. y O.R.M. s/divorcio
15
|a osoa oo osto a||o oocua b|ooa oto o,oo|o oo o| ouo
|os t|buoa|os aoot|oos aoa||zao o| b|to ato|a| oo ao||cac|o oo |os
coovoo|os |otooac|ooa|os, oo oooo a |ooot||ca |a uooto ooat|va ao||-
cab|o a| caso coocoto.
|o |a sootooc|a oo o|voc|o |os couos acooaoo tooo |o o|a-
t|vo a |a tooooc|a oo| ||,o ooo, |oo oo v|s|tas, a||ootos ||ou|oac|o
oo |a soc|ooao cooua|. /oto o| |ocuo|||ooto oo |o coovoo|oo oo ato-
|a a||oota|a |a oas|v|oao ooostaoa oo o| oaoo oo| ooo, so ||ova
a cabo o| aooc|b||ooto oo|aoto |a taba oo uo obao sobo |os oo-
oos ouo ouo|oao o|st| oo |a cuoota oo t|tu|a|oao o cot|tu|a|oao oo| a||-
ootaoto oo o| 3ao' o /|ca |||| |a otooc|o ooos|to o|oc-
to oo autos oo uoa sua oo o|ooo oo coocooto oo a||ootos.
Coo o| ooos|to oo ooct|v|za |a oo|oa o|souosta, so ooooa o|
||ba|ooto oo uo o|oto o|o|ot|co coooo a |o ostab|oc|oo oo o|
at. 2 |oc. a) oo |a Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo ||otos o Catas
15
El Derecho, +8+-3S.

111
|oato|as
16
. /s||so, so o|souso o| ||ba|ooto oo uoa oato|a oo |os
t |oos oo| |oc. b) oo| aotoo|c|o atcu|o oaa oouo| a| |otooa| |ovo-
ouo Sov|co Cooto, ouo |ooo s| o| ooaooaoo os t|tu|a o cot|tu|a oo
cuootas co|ootos, ca,as oo a|oo, oo ooos|to, acc|ooos, booos, tooo
va|o o b|oo ouo ouo|oa oocootaso a su oobo (at. 2, |oc. b).
|| o|oto ||baoo coo ot|vo oo| obao aotos oo|oo uo
oovuo|to, ooouo oo atooc|o a |o |ooaoo oo |a /uto|oao Coota| oo|
oas oouo|oo, oo oa oos|b|o cuo||oota |o so||c|taoo oo | ...s a||
oo| t|oo oo as|stooc|a |oa| ouo so ouooo oovoo ba,o |a |o |a oct|ca
oo |os |staoos |o|oos oo /|ca. |o |o taoto su|oo cootato |os so-
v|c|os oo uo aboaoo oo ta| ,u|so|cc|o.
|a |ooac|o so||c|taoa oo o| souooo oo |os o|otos soa|a-
oos, oo uo b|ooaoa oo uoa cuost|o oo coo|oooc|a||oao.
|ooto a o||o, |a actoa ootoooo o| ||ba|ooto oo uo ouovo
o|oto, a tavs oo| cua| so oosoua |a taba oo |a oo|oa cauto|a ooo-
oaoa sobo |os oooos o|stootos oo |a cuoota ooooc|aoa. |o oooo a
uooaoota su oot|c|o c|ta tab|o, |a Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo
Cuo|||ooto oo |oo|oas Cauto|aos aoootaoa oo |a C|L|| || oo |a c|u-
oao oo |ootov|ooo oo o| ao +``
17
, |a Coovooc|o sobo |ocoooc||oo-
to |,ocuc|o oo o| |tao,oo oo |a Cb||ac|o oo |osta /||ootos
18
,
|a Coovooc|o sobo |os Looc|os oo| ||o oo +`8`, |a cua| cooato
coo |a Coost|tuc|o |ac|ooa| |a |sa ,oaoua (at. S, |oc. 22).
|a oso|uc|o ooat|va oo| ,uoz a quo, ot|va o| ocuso ouo oo
ooosootac|o oo su ||,o ooo |otooooo |a ooaooaoto.
b) Sentencia de la Cmara
Identificacin de la fuente normativa a tener en consideracin
para la resolucin del caso correspondiente.
|| t|buoa| oso|v| coo|a o| ooouoc|a|ooto ouo oc|az |a
ootoos|o oo |a actoa, a |o oo ouo so ||baa uo ouovo o|oto a |os |s-
16
Vo oota +.
17
|a Coovooc|o |a s|oo at| caoa oo |a |oob||ca /oot|oa |uoo oo su aoobac|o oo |o
22.`2+ (3.C. 2/`/83). Tab|o |a at| caoo. Co|ob|a, |cuaoo, Cuatoa|a, |aaua, |o
|uua. |o. ....oas.o oo| 8/02/0S.
18
/ tavs oo |a |o +.+S6 (3.C. +0/++/6) so auto|z |a ao|os|o a |a Coovooc|o aoootaoa
oo |a Coooooc|a oo |a C|| ouo|oa oo |a c|uoao oo |uova Yo' oo +`S6.

112
os |oos ooctos ouo o| oovuo|to. |o ta| soot|oo, sostuvo ouo o| ob,oto
oo |a oo|oa ootooo|oa ouooaba uoa oo| b|to oo ao||cac|o oo |a c|ta-
oa coovooc|o, a ouo oo so tataba oo uo acto oocosa| oo oo t|-
to, ta|os coo oot||cac|ooos, c|tac|ooos o oo|aza|ootos (at. 2, |oc. a),
ooouo so ostab|oco uoa ooosa oo||b|c|o osoocto a actos ouo |o||-
ouoo o,ocuc|o coact|va (at. 3).
|o obstaoto ooscata |a ao||cac|o oo |a Coovooc|o sobo
|ocoooc||ooto |,ocuc|o oo o| |tao,oo oo |a Cb||ac|o oo |osta
/||ootos a causa oo |a a|ta oo at||cac|o oo |staoos |o|oos oo |o-
toa|ca, coos|oo ouo o|c|a ooat|va oo oo||caba |o oouosto. ||
|obu|o ooosa ouo su |oa||oao, os ostab|oco |os oo|os coooucoo-
tos oaa oso|vo |as avos o||cu|taoos |oa|os oct|cas ouo susc|ta |a
o,ocuc|o oo o| otao,oo oo ooc|s|ooos o|at|vas a| cuo|||ooto a||oo-
ta|o. |oo o||o, oo auto|za a o|soooo |a o|toac|o oo uoa cuost|o ouo
a uo cootoo|aoa oo o| oas oouo|oo. Cuo osu|taoo, os o| couo|ca-
oo oo |a |ba,aoa oo |a |oob||ca /oot|oa oo |os |staoos |o|oos.
Coo osoocto a |a |ovocaoa Coovooc|o sobo |os Looc|os oo|
|| o, |a Caa cooc|u ouo oo soa ao||cab|o oo |abo ocoo|oo o|
ooo |a ooao o|oc|oc|o aos, ouo os o| ||to oo ootocc|o ouo o| to-
to ostab|oco a| o|oc|o|o oo su at|cu|aoo. /s||so a| , ouo |a c|taoa
Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo Cuo|||ooto oo |oo|oas Cauto|aos
|a s|oo at||caoa oo |a |oob||ca /oot|oa, s |o c|oto os ouo oo |o
uo oo |os |staoos |o|oos oo /|ca.
/tooto a ouo oo so aov|oto ouo oo o| |oc|o oo o|toa |o so||-
c|taoo, so ouooa obtooo uoa osouosta o|st|ota a |as b|ooaoas coo ot|-
vo oo |as oato|as aoto|oos, so ooc|o| coo|a |o osuo|to oo o|
a|staoo oo aoo.
III Convencin Interamericana sobre Ecacia Extraterrito-
rial de las Sentencias y Laudos Arbitrales Extranjeros
|o osta ocas|o, abooaoos o| toa oo|oo a |os ooctos ouo
ouoooo ooso|oa |as ooc|s|ooos ooouoc|aoas oo oto |staoo ouo osuo|-
voo asuotos ouo aoctao a oat|cu|aos o su,otos ouo actao oo ca||oao oo
ta|. So tata oo ooc|o| s| so acoota o oo |a so|uc|o ouo a uoa ooto|oa-
oa cuost|o a |a ooooc|ooaoo uoa auto|oao otao,oa. |o ooooos
oo,a oo soa|a ouo |a ausooc|a oo ocoooc||ooto oo o|c|as oso|uc|o-

113
oos oo,uo|caa |a coot|ou|oao oo o| osoac|o oo |as so|uc|ooos ,uo|cas,
coov|t|oooso oo so|uc|ooos c|auo|caotos v||oas oc|us|vaooto oo o|
to|to|o oo| oas oo ouo |ao s|oo o|ctaoas o |ov||oas uoa oo| |so
19
,
|o ouo |ootaa |a ooac|o oo| ob,oto uoc|o oo| Looc|o |otooa-
c|ooa| ||vaoo. |a coot|ou|oao oo |as o|ac|ooos ,uo|cas oo o| osoac|o
20
.
|| s|stoa aoot|oo sobo |a o|cac|a otato|to|a| oo sootooc|as
otao,oas cuoota coo uoa o|ua||oao oo oooos ,uo|cos. a) Coovo-
o|os u|t||atoa|os oooa|os, cuas o|soos|c|ooos soo ao||cab|os a uo coo-
,uoto ao||o oo ato|as, b) Coovoo|os b||atoa|os, c) /cuooos o|aboa-
oos oo o| aco oo| oocoso oo |otoac|o ocoo|ca, o) ||oo oo
oooucc|o |otooa.
Cuaooo a| ,uoz oac|ooa| so |o so||c|ta o| ocoooc||ooto o,ocu-
c|o oo uoa ooc|s|o otao,oa, osta o|ua||oao oo oooos |o o|aotoa |a
oocos|oao oo ooto|oa cu| os o| coovoo|o ao||cab|o a| caso coocoto,
ouos a tuv|os |a oootuo|oao oo aovot| ouo s|o ooo aoo|a a |a
ooat|va |otooa oo ooocto oo ou|ac|o coovooc|ooa|.
|aa oso|vo o| coo||cto ooto tataoos sucos|vos coocoo|ootos
a |a |sa ato|a, so osta a |o o|souosto oo |as c|usu|as oo cooat|-
b|||oao cootoo|oas oo sus totos osooct|vos
21
, a |a ao||cac|o oo| coovo-
o|o s avoab|o a |a o|cac|a oo |a sootooc|a. |o o,oo|o, o| at. 3S oo|
|otoco|o oo |a |oas oo +``2
22
ostab|oco ouo oo ost|o| |as o|soos|-
c|ooos oo |as coovooc|ooos ouo sobo |a |sa ato|a |ub|oao s|oo sus-
c|tas aoto|oooto ooto |os |staoos |atos oo| |ocosu oo taoto oo |o
cootao|ao. Cabo, ootoocos, a|uo| a |a Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo
||cac|a |tato|to|a| oo |as Sootooc|as |auoos /b|ta|os |tao,oos,
aoootaoa oo |a Souooa Coooooc|a |sooc|a||zaoa |otoao|caoa oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo |a c|uoao oo |ootov|ooo, oo o| ao
19
Ca|vo Caavaca, /|ooso |.. Caascosa Cooz|oz, av|o, Introduccin al Derecho Internacional
Privado, |o|to|a| Coaos, Caoaoa, +``, o. +0.
20
|oooooz |osas, os Ca|os Soc|oz |ooozo, S|to, Derecho Internacional Privado, ||o-
a |o|c|o, C|v|tas, |ao|o +```, o. 2S3.
21
Coo. at. 30. 2 oo |a Coovooc|o oo V|ooa sobo o| Looc|o oo |os Tataoos oo +`6`.
22
/ tavs oo| |otoco|o |os |staoos |ato /oot|oa, 3as||, |aaua |uua so cooo-
otoo a oostaso as|stooc|a utua ao||a cooooac|o ,u|so|cc|ooa| oo ato|a c|v||,
cooc|a|, |aboa| ao|o|stat|va (at. +).

114
+``
23
, ouo v|ocu|a a |os cuato |staoos oo| b|oouo o|ooa|, auoouo os
oab|o aovot| ouo oo oocos suouostos ooo |acoso ooct|va ta| sa|vooao
a ouo |os |o|s|aooos oo |a |otoac|o |a toaoo coo ooo|o
24
. Ta-
ooco so ouooo oooo oo v|sta ouo |a Coovooc|o t|ooo uo b|to oo ao||-
cac|o s ost|o|oo, a ouo oc|uo |a ato|a ao|o|stat|va cooto-
o|aoa oo aou|.
/s, os oos|b|o obsova ouo oosoo |os Tataoos oo Looc|o |o-
cosa| oo |ootov|ooo oo +88` +`+0 ouo s|o coooooao |os asuotos
c|v||os cooc|a|os
25
, ooos|vaooto so uo ao||aooo a |os ooouoc|a-
|ootos o|ctaoos oo oocosos |aboa|os, ao|o|stat|vos o |oc|us|vo oooa-
|os oo ato|a oo ooaac|o oo oaos ost|tuc|o oo b|ooos (at. +8 oo|
|otoco|o oo |as |oas).
/oto |a ausooc|a oo c|usu|as oo cooat|b|||oao, |as o|ac|ooos
ooto |os |staoos ouo soo oato oo |os coovoo|os sucos|vos sobo |a |s-
a ato|a so |oo oo |a o|a oo |a toooa||oao, osto os, oova|oco o|
oosto|o sobo o| tataoo aoto|o, cuas o|soos|c|ooos so ao||cao o|ca-
ooto oo |a oo|oa ouo soao cooat|b|os coo |as oo| tataoo oosto|o
26
.
|o |ooas oooa|os, |os acuooos |otooac|ooa|os oosc|boo s||-
|aos cooo|c|ooos oa|os, oocosa|os sustaoc|a|osa so vo||caoos oo
o| ,uoz oouo|oo oaa cooo| o|cac|a oooto oo su to|to|o a |as oso-
|uc|ooos ,u|so|cc|ooa|os ooouoc|aoas oo oto |staoo |ato.
Coo o|ac|o a |os ocauoos oa|os ouo ooboo cuo|| |a soo-
tooc|a |a oocuootac|o aooa autoot|c|oao, taoucc|o s| coosooo-
o|oo |oa||zac|o tab|o so |ao oooaoo cab|os o|||oos a aco|oa
o| t|to, oo o,oo|o, oo o| |otoco|o oo |a |oas |a |oa||zac|o oo
osu|ta o||b|o ooouo so |a coovoo|oo ouo |a ta|tac|o soa oa||zaoa a
tavs oo |as auto|oaoos coota|os (at. 2).
23
|a |oob||ca /oot|oa at| c |a Coovooc|o |uoo oo su aoobac|o oo |o 22.`2+ (3.C.
2/`/83). Soo tab|o |staoos oatos. 3o||v|a, 3as||, Co|ob|a, |cuaoo, ||co, |aaua,
|o, |uua Vooozuo|a. |o. ....oas.o oo| 8/02/0S.
24
So a|o,ao oo |a Coovooc|o cuaooo suo|oo. a) |a o|ooc|a oo |a |oa||zac|o, a| oovo |a
ta|tac|o va /uto|oao Coota|, b) ouo o| ooaooaoo soa oot|caoo o oo|azaoo oo
ooo sustaoc|a|ooto oou|va|ooto a |a acootaoa oo |a |o oo| |staoo ooooo |a sootooc|a
ooba sut| ooctos, c) cuaooo aaooo |a ocooc|o oo ||t|sooooooc|a cosa ,uzaoa.
25
|a ooa |otoouc|oa oo +`+0 |oc|u |os asuotos cootooc|osos-ao|o|stat|vos (at. 3).
26
Coo. at. 30. 3 oo |a Coovooc|o oo V|ooa sobo o| Looc|o oo |os Tataoos oo +`6`.

115
Losoo o| oo|| oo |os oou|s|tos oocosa|os, o| |oo coovooc|o-
oa| o |otooo co|oc|ooo oo o|| ouo o| t|buoa| sootooc|aoo tooa ,u|s-
o|cc|o oo |a osoa |otooac|ooa| oaa coooco ,uza oo o| asuoto oo
acuooo coo |a |o oo| |staoo ooooo oobao sut| ooctos
27
. |o |a oo|oa
ouo so cooto|a a tooo oo |os c|to|os at|but|vos oo ,u|so|cc|o o|octa
oo| oo oo ocoooc||ooto oo oo| ooooa|ooto oo| cua| oov|ooo |a
sootooc|a, suo coo o|t|ooz |a ao|os|o a |a ooct|oa b||atoa||sta coo
tooo oo cooto| oo |a ,u|so|cc|o |otooac|ooa| otao,oa
28
.
uoto a osta cooo|c|o, so ooc|ooao |a oot||cac|o oo oob|oa o-
a |oa| coo t|ooo su|c|ooto oaa ouo o| ooaooaoo ouooa oao|za
27
Tataoos oo Looc|o |ocosa| |otooac|ooa| oo |ootov|ooo oo +`+0, at, S, |oc. a), C|L|| oo
+``, at. 2, |oc. o), |otoco|o oo |as |oas, at. 20, |oc. c), Co|o |ocosa| C|v|| Cooc|a|
oo |a |ac|o, at. S+, |oc. +. Coosooooo oo,a oo c|ao ouo |a ooc|ooaoa Coovooc|o
|otoao|caoa os uo coovoo|o s|o|o, ooouo s|o ,a |as o|as oo ocoooc||ooto oo |as
ooc|s|ooos ,uo|c|a|os. |s oo o||o, ouo oaa |oa uoa ocaz ao||cac|o oo su at. 2 |oc. o), oo
|a Tocoa Coooooc|a |sooc|a||zaoa co|obaoa oo |a |az, 3o||v|a, oo +`8+, so aooot |a Coo-
vooc|o sobo Coootooc|a oo |a |soa |otooac|ooa| oaa |a |cac|a |tato|to|a| oo |as
Sootooc|as |tao,oas ouo ostab|oco uo aco ooat|vo coo o| o oo ov|ta coo|ctos oo
coootooc|a ooto sus |staoos |ato. Coov|ooo tab|o soa|a ouo osta aso|ac|o so |a
oo|ooaoo oo o| t|ooo, ouos cuoota coo uoa o|ca at| cac|o ||co ao oo oot
oo v|ooc|a. |o. ....oas.o oo| 8/02/0S.
28
|a ota ooct|oa os |a uo||atoa||sta coo sus oos va|aotos. s|o|o, oo v|tuo oo |a cua| so oa-
|oa |a ,u|so|cc|o |otooac|ooa| oo| t|buoa| otao,oo soo |os c|to|os at|but|vos oo
,u|so|cc|o o|octa oo su ooo|o ooooa|ooto, oob|o, ouo coos|sto oo |a vo| cac|o oo |a
,u|so|cc|o |otooac|ooa| oo| t|buoa| oo o|oo oo |a sootooc|a coo ao|o a sus ooo|os c|-
to|os at|but|vos oo ,u|so|cc|o o|octa, oo obstaoto, auto|za a| |staoo oouo|oo a ooooa
o| ocoooc||ooto cuaooo |ovaoa |a ,u|so|cc|o |otooac|ooa| oc|us|va oo| oo. Vo Ca|vo
Caavaca, /|ooso, |a sootooc|a otao,oa oo |soaa |a coootooc|a oo| ,uoz oo o|oo,
+`86, o. S8 ss.
|o su cooota|o a| a||o oo 2+ oo azo oo +`8` ooouoc|aoo oo |a Caa |ac|ooa| C|v||
sobo |a oot|c|o oo ocoooc||ooto oo uo o|voc|o otao,oo |a coosoooo|ooto |osc|o-
c|o oo |a ot|oc|o oo| at|oo|o oo o| o|sto oo| |staoo C|v|| Caoac|oao oo |as |oso-
oas, |aoz|os'|, /|o,aooo ooosa ouo o| caso |., /./.|. Y., C. S. , su|oo uo o||oa| oa-
oto oo cooto| oo ooto|a |oc||oac|o ||boa| oo azo oo| cua| tooa voz ouo |a ,u|so|c-
c|o |otooac|ooa| aoot|oa oo cacto oc|us|vo oo soa coocu|caoa, coosooooo oouta
sat|soc|o o| ocauoo oo| at. S+ oo| co. oocosa| ,uza oo coosocuooc|a a| ooouoc|a-

116
su oooosa oo o| oocoso oosao||aoo oo o| |staoo oo o|oo, o| cac-
to oo o,ocuto|aoa o uoza oo cosa ,uzaoa ouo oobo ovost| |a ooc|-
s| o
29
.
||oa|ooto, oo |ua|os o oaoc|oos t|oos, so ostab|ocoo |os
ot|vos oo ooooac|o oo| ocoooc||ooto o oo |a o,ocuc|o.
a) |a |ocooat|b|||oao oo |a sootooc|a coo ota ooouoc|aoa coo
aoto|o|oao o s|u|tooaooto oo o| |staoo oouo|oo, ooto |as |sas
oatos, sobo |a |sa causa o |ooot|oao oo ob,oto
30
.
b) o| cacto ao||ostaooto coota|o a| oooo ob||co oo|
|staoo oouo|oo oo ocoooc||ooto o o,ocuc|o. / o|oooc|a oo |a aoto-
|o cooo|c|o, os uo o|oc|o|o ouo so o|toa oo |a |o|s|ac|o |otooac|ooa|
o |otooa
31
.
|ooto oooo a osto osoocto suscoot|b|o oo ocoooc||ooto oo o| oas. |s oot|oooto
ac|aa ouo |os oot|c|ooaotos oo oac|ooa||oao otao,oa |a couo a|oaoa o| a|oo b|-
to|co coota,ooo at|oo|o oo |a |oob||ca /oot|oa oosto|oooto uoaoo su
oo|c|||o a |oooos, ooooo obtuv|ooo |a o|so|uc|o oo| vocu|o at|oo|a|. |a o|soos|c|o
ouo o|aoota |a ,u|so|cc|o |otooac|ooa| oo |os t|buoa|os aoot|oos oaa coooco oo cau-
sas oo o|so|uc|o at|oo|a| (C. C|v||, at. 22) oo coosaa o| cacto oc|us|vo oo |a |s-
a oo |a |oca||zac|o oo| |t|o oo|c|||o cooua| ooct|vo o oo| oo|c|||o oo| couo
ooaooaoo oo to|to|o oat|o, vo El Derecho, t. +3-+0+/++0. /|oa b|oo, |a |oca||zac|o oo
ouosto oas oo |os oos c|to|os at|but|vos oo ,u|so|cc|o |otooac|ooa| ot|v a| T|buoa|
Suoo|o oo ust|c|a oo |a |ov|oc|a oo Cooba a oc|aza o| o|||ooc|a|ooto oo| o|oto
a aot|c|oa |a |oocac|a oo |a sootooc|a otao,oa oo o|voc|o, ooutaooo a| t|buoa| a|oo
|ocoootooto oaoo ouo, oo o| caso, |a ,u|so|cc|o |otooac|ooa| aoot|oa so |oooo coo
cacto oo oc|us|va, TS Cooba, sa|a cootooc|osao|o|stat|vo-o|c|obo 2+/+`8` 3., 3.
c.L.oo 3., |.|. , |a |o- Cooba, +``0- 8`.
29
Tataoos oo Looc|o |ocosa| |otooac|ooa| oo |ootov|ooo oo +`+0, at, S, |ocs. b) c),
C|L|| oo +``, at. 2, |ocs. o), ) ), |otoco|o oo |as |oas, at. 20, |ocs. o) o), Co|o |o-
cosa| C|v|| Cooc|a| oo |a |ac|o, at. S+, |ocs. +) 2).
30
|otoco|o oo |as |oas, at. 22, Co|o |ocosa| C|v|| Cooc|a| oo |a |ac|o, at. S+, |oc.
S. |os Tataoos oo Looc|o |ocosa| |otooac|ooa| oo |ootov|ooo oo +`+0, o| |a Coovooc|o
|otoao|caoa oo +`` cootoo|ao osto oosuouosto oo| ocoooc||ooto oo| ooouatu.
31
Tataoos oo Looc|o |ocosa| |otooac|ooa| oo |ootov|ooo oo +`+0, at, S, |oc. o), C|L|| oo
+``, at. 2, |oc. |), |otoco|o oo |as |oas, at. 20, |oc. ), Co|o |ocosa| C|v|| Cooc|a|
oo |a |ac|o, at. S+, |oc. +).

117
|ooto a| ocoooc||ooto |oba| oo tooos |os ooouoc|a|ootos
oo |a sootooc|a otao,oa, |a Coovooc|o oo +`` ao|to |oc|uso |a oos|-
b|||oao oo ouo |aa uo ocoooc||ooto oac|a| cuaooo sta oo ouooa
tooo o|cac|a oo su tota||oao, os ooc|, ao|t|ooo|o coo o|ac|o a c|otos
ooouoc|a|ootos |ooooooo|ootos ooto s cootoo|oos oo o| a||o
32
.
|| bovo oco|oo oo |as cooo|c|ooos ostab|oc|oas oo |as uootos
oo o|oo |otooac|ooa| coo oo |as oo o|oo |otooo, so ,ust||ca ooouo
o||o oos oo|t| |otoota oa||za uo ao||s|s aoocuaoo oo |a o|cac|a oo
/oot|oa oo uoa sootooc|a ooouoc|aoa oo uo |staoo |ato oo uo |ostu-
ooto coovooc|ooa|.
CS, octubre 15-1996- Riopar, S.R.L. c.
Transportes Fluviales Argenro, S.A. s/exhorto
33
|| ,uoz oo |a |oob||ca oo |aaua cus uoa oato|a a| ,uoz
aoot|oo a |o oo ouo so o|c|aso a| |o|sto |ac|ooa| oo 3uouos oaa |a
caoco|ac|o oo uoa ||ootoca oava| ouo avaba |as obacac|ooos ouo uo-
oo subastaoas oo uo ,u|c|o o,ocut|vo sustaoc|aoo oo oso oas, s|oooo |a |-
a ||ooa S.|.|. ao,uo|cata|a oo |os b|ooos oo aouo| oato.
|o ooc|s|o oo o|oa |ostaoc|a, so oo o| ||ba|ooto oo| o|-
c|o a| |o|sto |ac|ooa| oo 3uouos oaa |a caoco|ac|o oo |a ||ootoca oava|
ouo avaba |as obacac|ooos subastaoas oo oooo ,uo|c|a| oo |a |oo-
b||ca oo |aaua, oob|oo a ouo o| acoooo ||ootoca|o, oot||caoo oo o|-
c|o, caoc| oo |a oootuo|oao oo coooco |a sootooc|a oo oato o|ctaoa
oo ,u|so|cc|o otao,oa oo t|ooo t|| coo oaa oao|za oosoota
|a oooosa oo sus oooc|os coo aoto|o|oao a |a subasta ob||ca ouo tuvo
|ua o| +` oo oooo oo +``3.
32
|| ocoooc||ooto oac|a| ost cootoo|aoo osooccaooto oo o| at. 23 oo| |otoco|o oo
|as |oas. Looto oo |as s ooooas |o|s|ac|ooos ao|caoas oos oaoco oootuoo oco-
oa su ocooc|o oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo Vooozuo|a oo +``8.
33
L|a|o El Derecho + oo ab|| oo +``, coo oota a a||o oo |a|ac|o, ||oo |o|ouo /|uoas oo-
|ooos acoca oo| ocuso otaoo|oa|o oooa| ooto a |a ao||cac|o oo tataoos |otooac|o-
oa|os. |o ao||s|s oota||aoo oo |a tot|ca sobo |a ouo vosa o| a||o ouooo voso oo |o|os-

118
|a sa|a 3 oo |a Caa |ac|ooa| oo /oo|ac|ooos oo |o C|v||
Cooc|a| |oooa|, coo| |o osuo|to oo |a |ostaoc|a aoto|o. Coota
o|c|a sootooc|a, |a |a ||ooa S.|.|. ao,uo|cata|a oo |os b|ooos oo o|
oato |otoouso ocuso otaoo|oa|o oooa|, o| cua| uo coocoo|oo.
b) El pronunciamiento de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nacin
|o obstaoto coos|ooa ouo |a ooc|s|o oo| a quo oo ovosta o|
cacto oo sootooc|a oo|o|t|va, o| /|to T|buoa| ,uz ouo oobo so oou|-
oaaoa a ta| a |os ooctos oo |a aoo|ac|o otaoo|oa|a, ouos ootaa |a
ooat|va a| cuo|||ooto oo |a oato|a cusaoa oo uo ,uoz otao,oo,
coooot|oooo |a obsovaoc|a oo o| |staoo |ac|ooa| oo sus ob||ac|o-
oos |otooac|ooa|os.
Loc|a, as||so, oa|ooto ao|s|b|o o| ocuso otaoo|oa-
|o, oo azo oo |a||aso oo ,uoo |a |otoootac|o ao||cac|o oo| Tata-
oo oo Looc|o |ocosa| |otooac|ooa| oo |ootov|ooo oo +`+0
34
|a Coo-
vooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo ||cac|a |tato|to|a| oo |as Sootooc|as
|auoos /b|ta|os |tao,oos, s|oooo |a ooc|s|o coota|a a| oooc|o ouo
o| aoo|aoto uoo oo ta|os coovoo|os.
El orden pblico internacional
/o|t|oo o| ocuso, |a Coto soa| ouo |a otoos|o oo |a o|ca-
c|a oo |a oso|uc|o ,uo|c|a| o|ctaoa oo |a |oob||ca oo |aaua ostaba
cooo|c|ooaoa a |a sat|sacc|o oo c|otos ocauoos ostab|oc|oos oo |os ta-
taoos ouo uooo a abos |staoos, ...a|uoos oo |os cua|os ouoooo so vo|-
|caoos oo o|c|o oo o| ,uoz oouo|oo, ooto o||os, |a cooat|b|||oao oo |o
actuaoo osuo|to coo |os o|oc|o|os |oos oo oooo ob||co oo| |staoo
oo ouo so o|oa o| ocoooc||ooto o |a o,ocuc|o (at. 2, |oc. |, oo |a Coo-
vooc|o |otoao|caoa, at. S, |oc.o, oo| Tataoo oo Looc|o |ocosa|
|otooac|ooa| oo |ootov|ooo oo +`+0).
|o oso soot|oo, o| t|buoa| ooos ouo o| s||ooc|o a|ta oo |oto-
vooc|o oo| acoooo ||ootoca|o oo o| ,u|c|o o,ocut|vo ||ovaoo a cabo oo
to|o oo Coooas, Saa |., |ocoooc||ooto o,ocuc|o otao,oas. |a oo||caoa ooo ooc|o|oa
|otovooc|o oo| oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa|, Co|occ|o oo ao||s|s ,u|souoooc|a|, ob. c|t., oo.
+8/+`S.
34
|o v|o ooto /oot|oa, |aaua |uua.

119
o| otao,oo, aoctao o| o|oc|o|o oo| oob|oo oocoso ao,ot|vo coosaaoo
oo o| at. +8 oo |a Coost|tuc|o |ac|ooa|
35
ouo |otoa o| oooo ob||co
|otooac|ooa| aoot|oo a | oobo coooaso tooo oocoo||ooto ouo
cooc|ua oo |a sootooc|a o|ctaoa oo auto|oao ,uo|c|a| otao,oa coo ooc-
tos otato|to|a|os oo |a |oob||ca. / |a |uz oo| at. 2, |oc. ) oo |a Coo-
vooc|o |otoao|caoa ouo cooo|c|ooa |a otoos|o oo |a o|cac|a oo |a
sootooc|a uoa oo| to|to|o oooto oo| cua| uo o|t|oa a ouo so |aa
asouaoo |a oooosa oo |as oatos oso|v| ouo, a oosa ouo |os tata-
oos ao||cab|os oo oovo o|azos oocosa|os, ouos o||o coosooooo a|
Looc|o |otooo oo| |staoo ooooo t|ooo |ua o| oocoo||ooto, |as o-
as oocosa|os ooboo cuo||so oo aooa ouo oo so usto su |oa||oao
osooc|a|. |o coosocuooc|a, coosooooo a| ,uoz oo| |staoo oouo|oo ooo-
ooa s|, oo |a osooc|o coocota, |a c|tac|o uo ou|a o|o oos|b|||oao oa|
oo asoua |a oooosa oo |a oato, s|o ouo o||o |o||ouo |ocu| oo uoa
ov|s|o oo oooo.
|o sua, |a Coto ooc|o| coo|a |a sootooc|a aoo|aoa atooto
a ouo |a oooo ,uo|c|a| oo ot|ou|, s|o oobato, |a ||ootoca oava| ou|a-
ooto coost|tu|oa o|staoa oo o| |staoo oo |a baoooa ouo o| buouo
|as bacazas tooao a| t|ooo oo |os |oc|os, co|oca oo |ooooos|o a |a oa-
to booo|c|aoa oo |a aaota oa| aocta o|oc|o|os coost|tuc|ooa|os ouo
|otoao o| oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa| aoot|oo (ats. + +8 oo |a Coos-
t|tuc|o |ac|ooa|).
IV Reexiones Finales
|a |otoos||cac|o oo |as o|ac|ooos o|vaoas |otooac|ooa|os, oo-
oucto oo| oosao||o oo |os oo|os oo couo|cac|o oo o| uooo ouo
ac|||tao o| ooso|aza|ooto oo oosooas b|ooos, |a co|obac|o oo coota-
tos a o|staoc|a, va a, |otooot, otc., as coo |a coc|ooto |otooooooooo-
c|a soc|a| ocoo|ca oo |os |staoos ouo |a oaoo |ua a |a |otoac| o
35
|| at. +8 oo |a Coost|tuc|o |ac|ooa| ostab|oco ouo. |s |ov|o|ab|o |a oooosa oo ,u|c|o oo |a
oosooa oo |os oooc|os, o|c|as aaotas ,uo|c|a|os tab|o osto coosaaoas oo o| at.
8 oo| |acto oo Sao os oo Costa ||ca ouo t|ooo, a oat| oo| ao +``+, ,oaoua coost|tuc|o-
oa|.

120
oo stos oo uo ooto oo|t|co oao|zat|vo o|voso
36
, coo||ovao |a oocos|-
oao oo oouoo|za |a cooooac|o ,uo|ca |otooac|ooa| oaa ||ova a buoo
t |oo uo oocoso oo o| ouo so sustaoc|a uoa s|tuac|o oo t|co ,uo|-
co otooo.
/ tavs oo |a osoa oo |as sootooc|as so|occ|ooaoas, oocuaos
oostaca |a co|aboac|o ouo o|sto ooto ouostos t|buoa|os |os a-
oos ,uo|c|a|os otao,oos, oosoo |a so||c|tuo oaa o|||ooc|a uoa ouoba,
oasaooo oo o| ooo|oo oo taba uo obao ouo ooba ooct|v|zaso uo-
a oo| to|to|o oac|ooa|, |asta ||oa a| ocoooc||ooto o,ocuc|o oo uoa
sootooc|a ooouoc|aoa oo oto |staoo.
/|oa b|oo, o| oobo oo cooooac|o, ouo aoaoco coo o| o,o
ocoooc||ooto |ac|a |a o|vos|oao oo |os oooos ,uo|cos |ac|a o| os-
ooto oo o| Looc|o |oooo
37
, t|ooo c|otas sa|vauaoas, ooto o||as, aa-
zaoaoa a| acoc|o so oocuoota s|ooo |a ocooc|o oo oooo ob||co
|otooac|ooa|. |os totos |otoao|caoos coot|oooo ooosaooto osta
c|usu|a oo osova ouo os oo oo|o|t|va, o| oooo ob||co oo| oo, o| coo-
,uoto oo o|oc|o|os uooaoota|os o |ooooab|os oo vo|uotao oo |as oa-
tos, oo ouo so as|oota o| oooo ,uo|co |oca| ouo o| ,uoz ouo oot|oooo oo
|a causa oobo |ovoca ut|||za oaa oc|u| |a ao||cac|o oo uo Looc|o
|tao,oo... ouo osu|ta |os|vo a ta|os o|oc|o|os
38
.
|o uo coototo |otooac|ooa| ouo t|oooo a |a |otoac|o, osu|ta
oocosa|o ov|ta |ovocac|ooos abus|vas oo| oooo ob||co ouo so taouzcao
oo |oot|vaoas causas oo oc|azo oo| au|||o ,uo|c|a| so||c|taoo
39
, ...ouosto
36
|oooooz |osas, os Ca|os Soc|oz |ooozo, S|to, Derecho Internacional Privado, ob. c|t.
o. 2` ss.
37
Coott| 3aoo, L|o|o, |a as|stooc|a ,uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa|. |o oooouo oooa|. |t|os oos-
ao||os oo o| b|to oooa|, oo Curso de Derecho Procesal Internacional y Comunitario, oba
o|||oa oo /oo| |aoooo| Sosa, |uooac|o oo Cu|tua |o|vos|ta|a, |o|vos|oao oo |a |oo-
b||ca oo |ootov|ooo, +``, oo. +33/++.
38
|a||o Cc|aos', 3ota, |uovo |aoua| oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, |o. ||us ||ta, 3s.
/s., +``+, o. 3S6.
39
|a |otoac|o cooouco a o|s|ou| o atooua |as baoas oo| oooo ob||co, oo ta| soot|oo,
C|uo Ca|oao|, ||uo| oo| ooosa ouo oo uo b|to couo|ta|o, 3a,o o| aoao oo|
oooo |a oov|s|b|||oao, so ooouco uo caoo ao oaa o| ,uoo oo |a cooooac|o oo
|a so||oa|oao, c|ta oo| atcu|o 3asos oaa |os oooos oo ,u|so|cc|o |o ao||cab|o oo |a
|otoac|o oo| |ocosu, oub||caoo oo |ovost|ac|o Locooc|a, | 23, |acu|tao oo Loo-

121
ouo osu|ta suaooto oo||osa osta acu|tao oo t|buoa|os oatua|ooto
|oc||oaoos a |a ao||cac|o oo sus ooo|as |oos ato|a|os
40
.
|o buoo o,oo|o oo| a|caoco oo| cooct|vo, so |o|oo oo| caso oo|
,uoz ostaoouo|oooso ouo o|oo a su oa aoot|oo coootooto |a ocooc|o
oo uoa ooc|aac|o tost|oo|a| a oosta oo |a ||,a oo| ooaooaoo, oo |o
ouo |a Caa |oosa oo o| toooo ovoo|zo oo| oooo ob||co, oo
oooo a oos||ooa |os ||tos o|usos ouo oosoota |a ocooc|o oosoo |a
oosooct|va |otooa o |otooac|ooa|. Coo ao ac|oto soa|a ouo cua|ou|o
ooa coact|va, oouosta a |a autoooa oo |as oatos oo o| b|to oo|
Looc|o |otooo, oo o| oo |oc|o oo so|o oo coost|tuo, oo azo oo
oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa|, obstcu|o a |a ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o |tao-
,oo, a| ocoooc||ooto o o,ocuc|o oo ooc|s|ooos oo oso o|oo o a |a
cooooac|o ,uo|ca |otooac|ooa|.
Cabo tao a co|ac|o |a Loc|aac|o |oc|a oo |a |oob||ca
C|oota| oo| |uua a| susc|b| |os totos |otoao|caoos, oo o| soot|oo
oo oo,a ooosa c|aaooto soa|aoo ouo o| oooo ob||co |otooac|o-
oa| os uo |ost|tuto ,uo|co s|ou|a, oo |ooot||cab|o oocosa|aooto coo o|
oooo ob||co |otooo oo caoa |staoo.
/s||so, buooo os ocooa ouo a az oo |a at||cac|o oo |a
Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo |oas Coooa|os oo Looc|o |oto-
oac|ooa| ||vaoo
41
, aoootaoa oo |a Souooa Coooooc|a |sooc|a||zaoa oo
|a c|uoao oo |ootov|ooo, oo o| ao +``, o| cacto ocooc|ooa| oo| o-
ooo ob||co so |a oa|aoo oo o| Looc|o |os|t|vo aoot|oo. |o oocto,
|a osova s|o auto|za a oosc|oo| oo |a ao||cac|o ooa|ooto ao||ca-
b|o s| uoo ...ao||ostaooto coota|a a |os o|oc|o|os oo su oooo ob||-
co (at. S), coo o| aao|oo oo| aovob|o ao||ostaooto so |aco ||oca-
o| oo o| cacto ocooc|ooa| oo| ocuso. Ta| os o| a|caoco ouo |uua
c|o, |o|vos|oao |ac|ooa| oo |osa|o, +``3, o. . /s||so, sost|ooo ouo o| ,uoo oo |as oau-
tas s o ooos abstactas oaa osuaoa |a o|stooc|a oo| b|to ocooto aoto |a oos|b|o
aooaza oo |a osouosta oc|b|oa ov|oooc|a ouo |a |otoac|o so va|o oo |a o|s|ouc|o oo
|as osovas oo |os oatc|oos oo| oocoso, oo /ootos oaa uoa tooa oo |as osouostas ,u-
o|cas, |ovost|ac|o Locooc|a, | 3, |acu|tao oo Looc|o, |o|vos|oao |ac|ooa| oo |osa-
|o, 200+, o. +2S.
40
C|C|v., sa|a |, ab|| 20-+``S- |atov, Sauo| s/sucos|o ab-|otostato, aoa. V||-souooo
oao, |L, +62-S`8.
41
Vo oota 3.

122
|o otoa a |a c|usu|a oo osova oo |a c|taoa Loc|aac|o, a| a|a ouo
...|a u|a aoobaoa cooota uoa auto|zac|o ocooc|ooa| a |os o|s-
t|otos |staoos |atos oaa ouo oo oa oo o|scoc|ooa| uooaoa, ooc|a-
oo oo ao||cab|o |os oocootos oo |a |o otao,oa cuaooo stos ooooao
oo oa coocota, avo ao||osta, ooas o|oc|o|os osooc|a|os oo
oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa| oo |os ouo caoa |staoo as|ooto su |oo|v|oua||-
oao ,uo|ca.
|sa uo |a |ooa auoota| oo| ooouoc|a|ooto oo |a Coto Su-
ooa oo ust|c|a oo |a |ac|o oaa ooa o| ||ba|ooto oo uo o|c|o a|
|o|sto |ac|ooa| oo 3uouos oaa |a caoco|ac|o oo uoa ||ootoca oava|,
aov|t|oooo ouo o| acoooo ||ootoca|o, oot||caoo oo o|c|o, caoc| oo
|a oos|b|||oao oo toa coooc||ooto oo |a sootooc|a oo oato o|ctaoa
oo ,u|so|cc|o otao,oa oo t|ooo t|| coo oaa oao|za oosoota
|a oooosa oo sus oooc|os coo aoto|o|oao a |a subasta. /cooo a| o|o-
c|o|o coost|tuc|ooa| oo| oob|oo oocoso |oa|, o| ooaooaoo t|ooo o| ooo-
c|o a so c|taoo /o oo|azaoo oo oa ou|a coo t|ooo su|c|ooto,
oo ooo ouo |aa o|souosto oo |a ooct|va oos|b|||oao oo at|cu|a su
oooosa ,uo|ca oo o| oocoo||ooto ab|oto oo o| otao,oo.
|a ,u|souoooc|a |a soa|aoo ouo o| ob,oto oo| oocoo||ooto oo
oooatu oo os |a o|ac|o sustaoc|a| oobat|oa oo o| oocoso cua sootoo-
c|a so ootoooo |aco ocoooco, s|oo |a ooc|s|o o a||o otao,oo coo
ta|, a tavs oo uo oaoo oo ooo|o oocosa| tooo|ooto a vo||ca su |oo-
oo|oao o,ocuto|a oo o| oas
42
. || ||to oo oooo ob||co oo o| oooatu
at|oooo a |a ootocc|o oo va|oos uooaoota|os oo ooo|o soc|a| o oco-
o|ca oo| oo, oo uo t|ooo ||st|co ooto|oaoo, os ooc|, oo |os va|o-
os oosootos oo o| oooto oo ouo so so||c|ta o| ocoooc||ooto, oo oo
42
C|C|v., sa|a C, azo 2+-+`8`- |., /./.|. Y., C.S. , o|o oao, || Looc|o +3-+0+
coo oota a a||o oo |aoz|os'|, /|o,aooo |., || ocoooc||ooto oo sootooc|as otao,oas oo
o|voc|o oo /oot|oa. |a Caa C|v|| |oauua |a ooct|oa a cuo tooo o| tost|oo|o oo |a
sootooc|a oo o|voc|o otao,oa os subst|tu|b|o oo uo cot | caoo oaoaoo oo uoa auto|-
oao ,uo|c|a| oo| |staoo oo o| cua| |a ooc|s|o uo ooouoc|aoa (Cao 3otaa), s|ooo ouo
sat|saa oo s|o |os ocauoos oo ooo|o oa| autoot|cac|o, taoucc|o s|oo ouo oo sus
oouoc|ac|ooos osu|to acoo|taoo ouo so co|ao tooos |os otoos o||oos oo o| at. S+
oo| Co|o |ocosa| C|v|| Cooc|a| oo |a |ac|o oaa coosoot| ouo |a sootooc|a oooa
ooso||ouo sus ooctos oo o| oas.

123
o| oo o|ctaso |a oso|uc|o ,uo|c|a| otao,oa
43
. |aa ooc|sa cu|os soo |os
o|oc|o|os uooaoota|os oo| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co aoot|oo, os ooc|so
oa|oa, oo o|o |ua, |os o|oc|o|os cootoo|oos oo |a Coost|tuc|o
|ac|ooa| v. . |ua|oao aoto |a |o, oo o|sc||oac|o oo azo oo soo,
|ua|oao oo |os couos o oo |os ||,os, |a ootocc|o oo| ooo, o| Loo-
c|o a |a |oo|ooao ||vaoa, ||botao oo ooosa otc.
|| |oc|o oo oa|oa ouo |a sootooc|a otao,oa oo soa coota-
|a a| oooo ob||co |otooac|ooa| aoot|oo, oo |o||ca ouo ooba oa||za-
so uoa ov|s|o oo oooo oo o|c|a ooc|s|o, osto os, cooto|a |a |o ao||ca-
oa oo o| ,uoz oo| |staoo oo o|oo o |a va|oac|o oo |os |oc|os ouo
o|c|o aoo ,u|so|cc|ooa| oa||z
44
. |o oso soot|oo, a |os ooctos oo ovo-
ca |a oso|uc|o oo o|oa |ostaoc|a |a Caa |ac|ooa| |a o|c|o ouo o|
,uoz aoot|oo caoco oo acu|taoos oaa ov|sa |a so|uc|o oo oooo oaoa
oo o| t|buoa| oo| |staoo oo V||o|a (||||) oo |a sootooc|a cuo ocooo-
c||ooto so ootoooo oo va oo oooatu oo o| caso, |a ouo ||zo |ua
a uo ooo|oo oo cab|o oo oobo o| s|ou|oa cuaooo o|c|o t|buoa| |a
ao||caoo Looc|o |ato|a| aoot|oo
45
.
Coov|ooo tab|o oo,a oo c|ao ouo taoto o| |oo |otooo
coo coovooc|ooa|, ou|ao oo aooa sooaaoa o| cooto| oo |as aao-
tas oocosa|os o| cooto| oo oooo ob||co (C|CC|, at. S+, |ocs. 2 +,
Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa, at. 2, |ocs. o), ), |).
|oooos cooc|u| ouo o| ooscoooc||ooto o |a ut|||zac|o |oco-
octa oo |os coovoo|os oo oato oo |os aoos ,u|so|cc|ooa|os otas
|ostaoc|as ob||cas oo uo oas, ||ova a usta |as voota,as ouo b|ooa o|
43
|oooooz |osas, os Ca|os Soc|oz |ooozo, S|to, Derecho Internacional Privado, ob. c|t.,
o. 2`3.
44
Ca|vo Caavaca, /|ooso |. Caascosa Cooz|oz, av|o, Introduccin al Derecho Internacional
Privado, ob. c|t., o. S+0.
45
|| a|staoo aoto|o oc|az o| ooo|oo oo |osc|oc|o oo |a oat|oa oo oac||ooto otao-
,oa |a sootooc|a ouo ||zo |ua a uo ooo|oo oo cab|o oo oobo cuo ocoooc||ooto
so ootoooa, ooouo osu|taba v|o|ato|a oo |os o|oc|o|os oo oooo ob||co ostab|oc|oos oo
|a |o sobo o| |obo oo |as |osooas |atua|os | +8.2+8 (3.C. 2+/6/+`6`). Coota|a-
ooto a |o ooosaoo oo |a oso|uc|o ocu|oa, |a Caa coos|oo ouo ta| sootooc|a oo
aoctaba o| oooo ob||co |oca|, oosoo ouo |a ooo|a |o oo| oobo ao|to ocooc|ooos a|
o|oc|o|o oo |outab|||oao oo o| at. +S. C|C|v., sa|a |, 3//200+- Caooo, C|auo|a |. |a
|o, t. 2002-/-+`8.

124
Looc|o Coovooc|ooa|, auoouo |oab|o oo c|oto osu|to |a act|v|oao ,u|s-
o|cc|ooa| o|||oa a coo| ostos ocosos. |a ovocato|a ,uo|c|a| oo coos-
t|tuo o| oaao|a oo| oocooo ,uo|co, oaoo ouo sta oosuoooo uo |a-
o ca|oo ouo oob|||ta |a sou|oao ,uo|ca |a coo|aoza o||oo|a ouo
ooboa oosco||a ab |o|t|o oo |as o|ac|ooos ooto |os |staoos.
S|o oos osta osooa ouo o| oso|tu oo co|aboac|o ouo sub-
aco oo |as oso|uc|ooos oosootaoas, otoaooo a |a ocooc|o oo oooo
o b||co |otooac|ooa| su ,usto a|caoco, ooocto su |uz o ||u|oo o| ,u|c|o oo
|os a|staoos ||aaoos a oso|vo |as cuost|ooos ooo|as oo| Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo.

125
Bi bl i ograf a
Ca|vo Caavaca, /|ooso. (+`86). La sentencia extranjera en Espaa y la competencia del juez
de origen.
Ca|vo Caavaca, /|ooso |. Caascosa Cooz|oz, av|o. (+``). Introduccin al Derecho Inter-
nacional Privado. Caoaoa. |o|to|a| Coaos,
C|uo Ca|oao|, ||uo| oo|. (+``3). 3asos oaa |os oooos oo ,u|so|cc|o |o ao||cab|o
oo |a |otoac|o oo| |||CCS||. Investigacin y Docencia, 23, . |acu|tao oo Looc|o, |o|-
vos|oao |ac|ooa| oo |osa|o.
______. (200+). /ootos oaa uoa tooa oo |as osouostas ,uo|cas. Investigacin y Docencia,
37, +2S. |acu|tao oo Looc|o, |o|vos|oao |ac|ooa| oo |osa|o.
Loz|o oo ||o, /o|aoa. (200+). |a cooooac|o ,uo|ca |otooac|ooa| oo caa a| /|C/. |o
Estudios en homenaje a la doctora Berta Kaller Orchansky (oo. 8`-+06). |ooo uo|c|a| oo |a |o-
v|oc|a oo Cooba - T|buoa| Suoo|o oo ust|c|a. Cooba. |o. /ovocatus.
|o|osto|o oo Coooas, Saa |. (200+). Coleccin de anlisis jurisprudencial- Derecho Internacio-
nal Privado y de la Integracin. 3s. /s.. |o. |a |o.
|o , |ouaoo |oooo|oo. Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo - Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo
|oas Coooa|os. Enciclopedia Jurdica Omeba, /ooo|co, t. S.
|oooooz /oo, L|oo. (cooo.). (2003). Derecho Internacional Privado de los Estados del
MERCOSUR. 3s. /s.. |o. Zava|a.
|oooooz |osas, os Ca|os Soc|oz |ooozo, S|to (+```). Derecho Internacional Privado
(+ |o.). |ao|o. C|v|tas.
Caau Sob|oo, |ooo|co. (+``2). Los efectos de las resoluciones extranjeras en Espaa. |ao|o.,
|o. Tocoos.
Co|osc||ot, \ooo. (+`8S). Derecho Internacional Privado (S |o.). 3s. /s.. Looa|a.
|a||o Cc|aos', 3ota. (+``+). Nuevo Manual de Derecho Internacional Privado. 3s. /s. . |o.
||us ||ta.
|a,u|ota, |aa Susaoa. (+``+, |oboo, 6). |ocoooc||ooto o,ocuc|o oo sootooc|as oo
ato|a c|v|| ooto |a |oob||ca /oot|oa |a |oob||ca |ta||aoa. El Derecho.
Coott| 3aoo, L|o|o. (+``). |a as|stooc|a ,uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa|. |o oooouo oooa|. | t| os
oosao||os oo o| b|to oooa|. |o /oo| |aoooo| Sosa (L|.), Curso de Derecho Procesal Inter-
nacional y Comunitario (oo. +33-++). |o|vos|oao oo |a |oob||ca oo |ootov|ooo. |uooac|o
oo Cu|tua |o|vos|ta|a.
|aa /aouoo, Cooza|o. (+`82). Codicacin del Derecho Internacional Privado en Amrica -
Las seis convenciones suscriptas en Panam 1975. |o|vos|oao Coota| oo Vooozuo|a, |acu|tao
oo C|ooc|as uo|cas |o|t|cas, Caacas. |ooota |o|vos|ta|a.
|oz ||||a, av|o. (2000). La noticacin judicial internacional., Caoaoa. |o. Coaos.

126
To||oc|oa 3oao, |ouaoo. (+``). |a cooooac|o uo|ca |otooac|ooa| oo oo t|to
oobato|a. |o /oo| |aoooo| Sosa (L|.), Curso de Derecho Procesal Internacional y Comunita-
rio (oo. ++`-+6+). |uooac|o oo Cu|tua |o|vos|ta|a, |o|vos|oao oo |a |oob||ca oo |ooto-
v|ooo.
||oooo oo |at|oo||, /a||a. (+``6). Integracin regional - Derecho Procesal Internacional. C -
ooba. |o. /ovocatus.
J uri spr udenci a
+) C|C|v., sa|a |, oboo 2+-2000, Caaooo, |stobao |. oto c. So|aoot, |ooo|o oto
s/o|oto, coo oota a a||o oo |aao, |a| /|boto, || au|||o ,uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa| aoo-
t|oo oo ato|a oo ooc|aac|o oo tost|os, || Looc|o oo ++ oo sot|obo oo 2000.
2) C|C|v., sa|a |, ab|| 20-+``S, |atov, Sauo| s/sucos|o ab-|otostato, || Looc|o, t. +62-S`8.
3) C|C|v., sa|a C, azo 2+-+`8`, |.,/./.|. ., C.S. , coo oota a a||o oo |aoz|os'|, /|o,aooo
|., || ocoooc||ooto oo sootooc|as otao,oas oo o|voc|o oo /oot|oa, || Looc|o, t. +3-
+0+.
+) TS Cooba, sa|a cootooc|osao|o|stat|vo-o|c|obo 2+/+`8` 3., 3. c.L.oo 3., |.|. , |a |o -
Cooba, +``0- 8`.
S) C|C|v. sa|a , aosto 2S-+``8, |.,S.|. C.|.|. s/o|voc|o, || Looc|o, t. +8+-3S.
6) CS, octubo +S-+``6, ||ooa, S.|.|. c.Taosootos ||uv|a|os /ooo, S./. s/o|oto, coo oota
a a||o oo |a|ac|o, ||oo |o|ouo /|uoas oo|ooos acoca oo| ocuso otaoo|oa|o ooo-
a| ooto a |a ao||cac|o oo tataoos |otooac|ooa|os. || Looc|o, + oo ab|| oo +``.
) C|C|v., sa|a |, 3//200+, Caooo, C|auo|a |. |a |o, t. 2002-/-+`8.

127
En materia de calicaciones, reenvo y otros
asuntos de Derecho Internacional Privado
Eugenio Hernndez-Bretn
I Introduccin
El Difcil Problema de las Calificaciones
en el Derecho Internacional Privado
|| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos
1
oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa|
||vaoo |a s|oo toa oo |oto|oab|os o|scus|ooos oosoo |a ooca oo
|aoz |a|o |t|oooo 3at|o. |ooooooo|ootoooto oo |as o||cu|taoos to|-
cas s|ooo oosootos oo |as o|scus|ooos ooto ouo|tos, oo t|ooos s
oc|ootos |a su|oo uo ouovo oob|oa, a sabo. so oos|b|o ou|a
oo|aoto |o o a|o acto oo| oooo |o|s|at|vo o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||ca-
c|ooos oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo: |o os c|| osooooo osta
oouota. So |a o|c|o ouo o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos os ...uo oos
t|os |os o|us o|scuts oo oo|t |otooat|ooa| o| v
2
, souaooto, so-
1
|a to|oo|oa casto||aoa os bastaoto uo|oo oo acoota |a ooos|o calicaciones. |o
otos |o|oas oo |a t|oo uo|oo, oo o,oo|o oo o| |o|oa |o|s.Vaso |uooo |. Sco-
|os, |oto a, |at|c' . 3oc|os, Sooo C. Sooo|oos, Conict of Laws, 3
a
|o|c|o, 2000,
oo. ++`-+20. Sobo |a ovo|uc|o oo |as o|scus|ooos oo tooo a osto toa oo o| uooo oo
|ab|a |o|osa vaso o|ut \obo, L|o T|oo|o oo ua||'at|oo. |aoz |a|o, |t|oooo 3at|o
uoo o|o |ot.|c'|uo ||o |o|o b|s zu uo|vosa|oo /oo'ooouo oo ua||'at|oo a|s a||o-
o|oos |ob|o oos |otooat|ooa|oo ||vatoc|tos (+8`0-+`+S), +`86, oo. `0-`2, +6+-+8+.
2
||' ao, Identit culturelle et integration: Le droit international priv postmoderne. Cours gene-
ral de droit international priv, |ocuo|| oos cous 2S+ (+``S), o. +08. |o ao ooo oo auto-
[
]

128
u| s|oooo as ouaoto |os o|os aos
3
. |a ooct|oa |a ,u|souooo-
c|a |ao ooocaoo o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos oosoo o|st|otos ouotos
oo v|sta, ooo ao os oobat|b|o
4
. |os ,u|stas ooboo ooootaso a osta oso|-
oosa oouota
5
. || |ooso ||ooz.o| ||a a| oob|oa oo |as ca|||ca-
c|ooos ...uoa |ooootuoa ao|c|o a |a ooct|oa ootoao|caoa
6
. |oo oo
|os aotaoo|stas s oocos oo |a tooa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos coo |ost|tu-
c|o oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, o| |oosso uooo, o|o|ooaba
coo oscoot|c|so acoca oo| oob|oa cuost|ooaba s| sto toooa a|u-
oa oos|b|||oao oo so|uc|o. aco a|uoos aos o| |so uooo osc| b| .
|sta ost|| cootovos|a (acoca oo| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos) |a
o|st|oo ouaoto s||os, |o cua| os uoa |oo|cac|o ouo su so|uc|o s|ooo
osta uoa oo| a|caoco oo |os oootos
7
. || oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|o-
oos oooa taota coous|o ouo so |a oostacaoo ouo oaa osto oob|oa
oo o|sto uoa oo||cac|o |oa| o| ||ca
8
. |o coosocuooc|a, uooo ooo-
s ouo ouosto toa ost o|v|o|oo ooto |o osouoo||co ooc|oo oo
to |cos o| oosoo oo |aco ,ust|c|a, oo |o taoto, ...a|uoos t|buoa|os so
os cooatoo osto ouoto oo v|sta, ooto |os cua|os ost |ost Sto|ooo, Sachnorm im inter-
nationalen Privatrecht, +`S8, o. S2, ou|oo o|,o. L|o |otooat|ooa|o|vatoc|t||c|o ua||'at|oo
.|o ooc| |outo a|s o|oos oo sc|.|o|stoo uoo uoo'|stoo Cob|oto oos |otooat|ooa|oo
||vatoc|ts bozo|c|oot (|as ca||cac|ooos oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo soo coos|-
ooaoas tooava |o coo uoo oo |os oob|oas s o|c||os s ooco c|a| caoos oo|
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo).
3
||' ao, ua||'at|oo uoo |avo |oot|| | |otooat|ooa|oo ||vatoc|t, oo Estudos em
Homenagem a Professora Doutora Isabel de Magalhes Collao, Too |, 2002, oo. 20`-2+S.
4
ao, (|. 2), oo. ++0 ot soo.
5
Soo |o ooosaoo oo |oo Sc|ouc|o, 3uc|bosooc|uo voo /oo| Sc|o|tzo, aoobuc| oos
|otooat|ooa|oo ||vatoc|ts o|osc|||ossooo |ozossoc|t, uoto bosooooo 3oc's|c|t|uo
oo sc|.o|zo|sc|oo Cosotzobuo uoo |oc|tsooc|uo. +
a
|o|c|o, +`S, Vo|uoo |, oo
Zeitschrift fr Rechtsvergleichung +`6+, o. 2S6 (oo|o ua||'at|oosao).
6
/|bot /. ||ooz.o|, C|aacto|zat|oo |o t|o Coo|ct o |a.s. /o uo.o|coo aoo|t|oo to
/o|cao Loct|oo, oo |ut |aoo|aoo/ /t|u T. voo |o|oo aoo o|o azao (|o|tos),
XXth Century Comparative and Conicts Law. Legal Essays in honor of Hessel E. Yntema, +`6+,
oo. 3`S ot soo.
7
||oo|c| |. uooo, Choice of Law and Multistate Justice, +``3, o. 3.
8
\ooo ||oooo, Die Frage der Qualikation als Grundproblem des internationalen Privatrechts,
+`+0, o. 8`. L|o |ao oo ua||'at|oos-|ob|o sc|o|ot ou so|aoo uo|sba, a|s .| o|oo

129
|o ato|a oo ca|||cac|ooos... Eugenio Hernndez-Breton
|oooo aoto uoa coocootua||zac|o ost|| |ootas otos ocuoo a at|-
aas coo o| |o oo obtooo |os osu|taoos aooo|aoos. Lo |oc|o, |a o|ca
caactost|ca atact|va oo| |sto|oso oocoso oo ca|||cac|ooos os su |oc||-
oac|o |ac|a |a oost|o||tac|o
9
. |aa ao ooscooc|oto ooto |os
oootos, a|uoos |ao soa|aoo ouo |os t|buoa|os |ao coot|bu|oo coo
ao coous|o a uo toa a oo oo s coouso
10
.
El Resultado de la Desesperacin General
|a a|ta oo acuooo oo cuaoto a |as so|uc|ooos to|cas |as oo|-
c|ooc|as coocootua|os oct|cas oo |as ooc|s|ooos oo |os t|buoa|os ouao-
to aos |ao oooaoo uoa act|tuo ooat|va uo ostaoo oo oososooac| o
oo o|ac|o coo |a |oos|b|||oao oo uoa so|uc|o |o|s|at|vaooto ou|a-
oa oaa o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa|
||vaoo. |a ustac|o oo cua|ou|o osuozo ouo so oa||co a| osoocto so
ouooo oo||ca c||ooto sobo |a baso oo uoa oc|ooto ooo|ooc|a |ta||a-
oa. |o||ab|to oo||a o|aboaz|ooo oo||a |oo su| o||tto |otooaz|ooa|o o|-
vato (|o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo |ta||aoa oo +``S), j...] |a oua-
|||caz|ooo oa stata ootto o| |otooso o|scuss|oo|, j...] Coo ooto, s| oa
a||oa |ouoc|ato a o|sc|o||oao |a oua|||caz|ooo. / |ust||caz|ooo oo||a ot|-
cooza a o|sc|o||oao ouost|oo| oooa|| oo| o||tto |otooaz|ooa|o o|vato oa
stato aoootto c|o |a a|o oato oo| oob|o| ooo oaoo oa||a oott|oa
|so|t| a||uoao||t. | aoc|o so uoa oo|o|z|ooo |o|s|at|va ooo cooc|uooob-
bo oocossa|aooto || cooooto sc|oot||co, ossa |ooobbo tuttav|a so|u-
z|oo| c|o, a oua|c|o aooo, ootobboo ooo os|stoo a||a c|t|ca. Sooata-
ooto |o o|to a||a oua|||caz|ooo oa stato ||ovato coo uoa ooat|va
o|o bo| |c|-|o|sc|o |suo suc|oo, o|o os o|c|t oboo 'aoo (|a cuost|o oo| oob|o-
a oo |as ca||cac|ooos oo oaoco so|uc|ooab|o oo taoto s|o busouoos uoa so|uc|o ||-
co-coocootua|, |a cua| oo oaoco o|st|...).
uooo, (|. ), o. 3.
uooo, (|. ), o. +. |os osu|taoos obtoo|oos oo |os t|buoa|os oo|aoto o|c|as ao|ou|ac|o-
oos oooao so acotaoas, ooo osta c|aso oo to|oo|oa t|ooo uo costo. |os a|staoos
ooboo sac| ca su |ooost|oao |oto|octua| . So ouooo oocoota uoa oo|o|o coota|a oo
acob Lo||oo, |o ooooso o t|o oooa| oat o|oc|o|os, oo International Conicts of Law for
the Third Millenium. Essays in honor of Friedrich K. Juenger, 2000, oo. 28-2`.

130
|o|s|at|va c|o ||ottosso |a too|a oo||a lex fori, saobbo |su|tata |osooo|sa-
cooto. So |ovoco s| osso attoouato || o|oc|o|o oo| |o|ooto a||a lex fori,
oo saobbo coosou|ta |a oo|o|z|ooo o| uoa ooz|ooo c|o, |o a|ooo oo| suo
caattoo oastattozza, ooo avobbo ac|||tato || coo|to oo| |uo|co
11
.
|a ooo|ooc|a austaca as||so |a ooootaoo |ooas sobo |a
coovoo|ooc|a o |ocoovoo|ooc|a oo o|aoota o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||ca-
c|ooos oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. |as ost|ooos oo ||tz Sc|.|oo
oaa osooooo a| oob|oa oo o| coototo oo |a |||-Cosotz austaca
tab|o coo|ooo aoto |a ct|ca. Coo o|co o| |ooso Sc|.|oo, so oc|a-
z |a ooouosta oaa ou|a o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos ooouo |a
tooa ouo so aoootaa (Stufenqualikation) ...ausso |o o|oo To|| oos
stoo|c||sc|oo Sc||tus |otooat|ooa| 'o|oo Coo|sc|at ouoooo
|abo (...sa|vo oo uoa oato oo |a ooct|oa austaca, a o|vo| |otooac|ooa|
oo |a oocootaoo sou|ooos). |o |o taoto, ...o|o |oo||'at|oo voo ua-
|||'at|oos|suooo (osc|o|ot) |ososat |outo |o oo |ac|||toatu a|s uo-
ouc|ba (...oaa |a ||toatua osooc|a||zaoa |a coo||cac|o oo |as so|u-
c|ooos oo| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos oaoco |o |oa||zab|o). Losoo
su ouoto oo v|sta, sa|vo oo oocos autoos, osta |otoootac|o o|o,a |a
oo|o|o coostaoto oo |a ooct|oa oo o| uooo oo |ab|a oaoa
12
.
Cto osu|taoo s|||a so ooo oo |as /|cas ouaoto |a o|scu-
s|o aoobac|o oo |a Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo |oas Cooo-
a|os oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo (C|L|| ||, |ootov|ooo +``). |uo-
vaooto, |a a|ta oo coosooso ooto |a ooct|oa ,u|souoooc|a o|ooa|
uo ooc|s|va oaa as ooto|oa |a ausooc|a oo uoa oso|uc|o ooosa oo|
oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos
13
. |o oso oooto so ooc|oo, aoos,
ouo oo osa Coooooc|a ...|as oo|cas act|tuoos cootaouostas |ous|o-
oo uo osootuoso s||ooc|o sobo o| asuoto, ...|a a|ta oo o|as ooosas
oaa oooota coo ootus|aso o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos, coot|bu-
a ouo oo so |otootaa osooooo|o
14
. |a ooct|oa ostuvo oo acuooo, s|o
11
|oo|ouo aott| Co|oo, ua||caz|ooo |o oooa|o o oua||caz|ooo |o oat|co|ao, oo Co|||s|o
|ou, Studi di Diritto Internazional Privato per Gerardo Broggini, +``, oo. +8-+88.
12
||tz Sc|.|oo, Sc|o|tzos ua||'at|oos|o|o | stoo|c||sc|oo |||, oo Liber Amicorum Adolf
Schnitzer, +``, o. +30.
13
Tat|aoa 3. oo |ao'o|t, Normas generales de derecho internacional privado en Amrica, +`8+, o.
+S.
14
Cooza|o |aa-/aouoo, |a Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo ooas oooa|os oo ooo-
c|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo (|ootov|ooo, +``), oo Anuario Jurdico Interamericano +``, o. +86.

131
obao, ouo ...uc|o s va|| oo oso|vo uo oob|oa ouo so|uc|o-
oa|o oo|c|ootoooto
15
.
II Respuestas domsticas al problema de las
calicaciones: algunos ejemplos en el mundo
|ov|oos aoto o| coouso ab|ooto ouo oooa a| oob|oa oo |as
ca|||cac|ooos oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, |os |o|s|aooos oac|o-
oa|os |ao |otootaoo ou|a |a ato|a. |as |o|s|ac|ooos oost|cas coos-
oooooo a| ostaoo oo |as o|scus|ooos to|cas. |o |a acuooo oo cuaoto
a |a osouosta coocta ouo oobo oaso a| oob|oa. So oooa ooc| coo
oact|tuo, s|o obao, ouo |as |o|s|ac|ooos oac|ooa|os uostao uoa oo-
oooc|a oo |a tooa oo |a lex civilis fori. Coo vooos, s|o oocos s|sto-
as |oa|os so aoatao oo |a toooooc|a oooa| uc|os sooc|||aooto
|ao ooc|o|oo oo,a o| asuoto ab|oto oaa |as o|scus|ooos oo oootos a
|a ,u|souoooc|a.
|| oaao|a oo |as toooooc|as oooa|os so oocuoota oo o| at-
cu|o +2.+ oo| Co|o C|v|| osoao|. C|aaooto ou|a |a tooa lex civilis
fori s|o ocooc|ooos oo o|oo t|oo. |a ca|||cac|o oaa ooto|oa |a oo-
a oo coo||cto ao||cab|o so |a s|ooo coo ao|o a |a |o osoao|a.
|| uooo |s||co s|uo uo oooouo s|||a sobo |a baso oo| atcu|o +0
oo| Co|o C|v|| o|oc|o oo +`+8
16
. |o o,oo|o, o| atcu|o ` oo| Co|o
C|v|| ao||oo oo +`S o|co. |o cas oo coo||t oos |o|s, |a |o| a||oooo ost
cootooto oou oua|||o |a cato|o |aouo||o aooat|oot |o aooot oo
oo|t, ob,ot ou ||t|o, oo vuo oo oto|oo |a |o| ao||cab|o. || atcu|o || oo|
Co|o C|v|| s||o oo +`+` aooota uoa oos|c|o |oot|ca. || atcu|o || oo|
Co|o C|v|| ,ooaoo oo +` oooouco osta ooa as coo o| atcu|o
+0 oo| Co|o C|v|| oo |os ||atos abos |o|oos oo +`8S. / su voz, ||b|a
ao||ca |a |sa so|uc|o oo su Co|o C|v|| oo +`S+ as coo tab|o |o
|aco |u.a|t oo o| atcu|o 30 oo |a |o S/+`6+. |au|tao|a |ocooo |a
15
Soo \ooo Co|osc||ot, c|taoo oo |ao'o|t, (|. +3), o. +S |aa-/aouoo, (|. ++),
o. +86.
16
Sa|vo ouo so |oo|ouo |o coota|o oo osto osc|to, so c|tao |os atcu|os oo oasos oo ouooo-
os soo |a taosc|oc|o ouo so |aco oo ao |oo|o||o, ||a |o, \o|ao ||o|o, -
oo Sat|oboo, |ut S|o| (|o|toos), Aussereuropische |||-Cosotzo, +```.

132
|sa so|uc|o oo o| atcu|o 6 oo| Code des Obligations et de Contrats oo
+`8` Yooo ||zo |o |so oo o| atcu|o 2+ oo |a |o +`/+``2. Suoo
cooato o| |so ouoto oo v|sta oo o| atcu|o +0 oo| Co|o C|v|| oo
+`+. |o Soa||a, o| atcu|o +0 oo| Co|o C|v|| oo +`3 ost|ou|a. |a oua-
|||caz|ooo oo||a catoo|a a||a oua|o aooat|ooo uo oato aooto |u|o|co,
a| |oo o| |oo|v|ouao |a |oo aoo||cab|o |o caso o| coo||tto ta |o| o|vo-
s|, o atta |o baso a||oo|oaooto |u|o|co soa|o. || atcu|o + (+) oo|
Co|o C|v|| |aou oo +`S+ cooato o| |so ouoto oo v|sta, sa|vo oo
|a ocooc|o ostab|oc|oa oo o| atcu|o + (2) oo o|c|o Co|o, soo |a
cua| |a |o oo| situs ooto|oa |a oatua|oza tao|b|o o |otao|b|o oo |os
b|ooos. |oa va|ac|o oo |o ouo aotocooo so oocuoota oo o| atcu|o 2
oo| Co|o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo tuooc|oo oo +``8, o| cua|
ost|ou|a ouo. |a oua|||cat|oo sooctuo so|oo |as catoo|os ou oo|t tuo|-
s|oo s| o||o a oou ob,oct| o|ooot||o |a |o oo coo||t ooottaot oo
ooto|oo |o oo|t aoo||cab|o. /oos, aoa |o s|u|ooto . |os oo |a
oua|||cat|oo, || soa toou cooto oos o|ootos catoo|os ,u|o|ouos |oto-
oat|ooa|os ot oo soc||c|ts ou oo|t |otooat|ooa| o| v. |sta o|soos|c|o
oa|ooto so aoata oo |as toooooc|as abo |a ouota a otas tooas, oa-
t|cu|aooto a |a oos|b|||oao oo uoa ca|||cac|o autooa o to|oo||ca.
|| Co|o C|v|| oo |zbo'|sto oo +`` os ocoot|vo a |a tooa lex
civilis fori. || atcu|o ++S` oo o|c|o Co|o ost|ou|a oo su oato o|ovaoto
ouo. |a ca|||cac|o |oa| oo coocootos |oa|os oo oato oo uo t|buoa| u
oto oao|so oo| |staoo so basa sobo |a |otoootac|o oo sta oo
cooo|oao coo |as |oos oo |a |oob||ca oo |zbo'|sto coo oas oo|
|ua oo |a ooc|s|o oo |a cootovos|a sa|vo ouo uoa |o o|soooa |o coo-
ta|o...
|| atcu|o 308 oo| Co|o oo uboc oo +``+ coot|ooo uoa
o|soos|c|o s|||a a |a oo| Co|o C|v|| |aou, os ooc|, |ootas aooota |a
tooa oo |a lex civilis fori coo ooa oooa|, ostab|oco uoa ocooc|o
oaa |a ca|||cac|o oo b|ooos su,otos a |a tooa lex civilis causae. |o osto
soot|oo o|co ouo. |a oua|||cat|oo ost ooaooo au ssto ,u|o|ouo ou
t|buoa| sa|s|, toutoo|s, |a oua|||cat|oo oos b|oos, coo oub|os ou
|oub|os, ost ooaooo |a |o| ou ||ou oo |ou s|tuat|oo.
|o /|ca |at|oa, |a toooooc|a s|uo o| oato oooa|. || atcu-
|o 2S oo |a |o oo| Cao|so uo|c|a| uatoa|toca oo +`8` ostab|oco
ouo. |a ca|||cac|o oo |a oatua|oza oo |a |ost|tuc|o o o|ac|o ,uo|ca so
ooctua oo acuooo a |a |o oo| |ua oo ouo so ,uzuo. || atcu|o +8 oo|
Co|o C|v|| cubaoo oo +`8 ou|a su vos|o oo osta aooa. |a ca||-

133
|cac|o oo| acootoc||ooto oatua| o acto ,uo|co oocosa|a oaa ooto-
|oa |a ooa ao||cab|o oo caso oo coo||cto oo |oos, so |a s|ooo
coo ao|o a |a |o cubaoa. /uoouo o| Co|o C|v|| oouaoo oo +`8+
uaoa s||ooc|o sobo o| asuoto, o| |oocto oo Co|o C|v|| ost|ou|aba.
|aa ooto|oa |a oatua|oza ,uo|ca oo |as o|ac|ooos v|ocu|aoas coo
ooooa|ootos otao,oos so ao||cao |as ca|||cac|ooos oo| Looc|o oo-
uaoo. / a|ta oo o|soos|c|ooos |oa|os o|octaooto oot|oootos so ao||ca-
o |as ooas oo coo||cto ouo so ooouzcao oo aoa|oa oo |as oos
oo| tataoo o oo| Looc|o oouaoo , oo |t|o t|oo |os o|oc|o|os
oooa|os oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
17
. /oaootoooto, |a az o
oo |a cua| oo so |oc|u osta o|soos|c|o oo |a vos|o |oa| oo| Co|o
C|v|| uo |a acootac|o oooa| oo |a tooa lex civilis fori ooto |os osooc|a-
||stas oouaoos
18
. || s|stoa bas||oo oo coot|ooo uoa ou|ac|o oooa|
sobo |as ca|||cac|ooos. S|o obao, |a |o oo |otooucc|o a| Co|o C|v||
oo +`+2 coot|ooo ou|ac|ooos osooc|a|os oaa |a ca|||cac|o oo |os b|oo-
os oo |as o|ac|ooos ,uo|cas sobo o||os (atcu|o 8) oaa |as ob||ac|o-
oos (atcu|o `). |o abos casos |a |o oo |otooucc|o aooota |a tooa
lex civilis causae. |o +`+2, |ooo |aouo| /caa oub||c oo Vooozuo|a su
|oocto oo |o oo /o||cac|o oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. Su at-
cu|o S, s|u|oooo |a tooa oo |a lex civilis fori, o|soooa. So sou| |a |o
vooozo|aoa oaa ooto|oa o| cacto oo |a |o otao,oa oo cua ao||-
cac|o so tata oaa ca|||ca |a oatua|oza oo |os actos ,uo|cos. |sto
|oocto ouoca so coov|t| oo |o
19
. |a oovooao s oc|ooto v|ooo oos-
oo /oot|oa, a sabo, o| |oocto oo Co|o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa|
||vaoo oosootaoo oo ab|| oo 200+ a| Coooso aoot|oo. || atcu|o 6
in ne oo| |oocto aooota |a tooa oo |a lex civiles causae coo ooa
oooa|. |o su oato, |os ouotos oo cooo|o so ca|||cao, sa|vo o|soo-
s|c|o oo coota|o, soo o| Looc|o aoot|oo
20
.
|os oasos oo |ab|a ootuuosa s|uoo o| oato ooto|oaoo
oo o| atcu|o +S oo| Co|o C|v|| oo +`66. |sta o||oa| o|soos|c|o o|co.
/ coootooc|a at|buoa a ua |o| abaoo soooto as ooas ouo,
17
|aa oo| Caoo Tova C|| av|o Tova C||, Derecho Internacional Privado, +`8, o. S+.
18
Tova C|| Tova C||, (|. +), o. S2.
19
|| toto oo| |oocto /caa ouooo voso oo |. |aa-/aouoo, (|. 22), Too |, oo. 6S ss.
20
|o cuaoto a |as ooouostas aoto|oos vaso /o|aoa Loz|o oo ||o, |os o|oc|oa|os oosao-
||os oooto oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo o| o|o s||o oo /oot|oa, oo Revista

134
oo|o sou cootooo o oo|a uoo ouo to oossa |o|, |otoa o o|o
oo |ost|tuto v|saoo oa oa oo coo||tos
21
. || atcu|o +S oo| Co|o C|v||
oo /oo|a oo| Co|o C|v|| oo |ozab|ouo, osooct|vaooto, oooou-
coo o| |so toto.
III El enfoque venezolano
|a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo vooozo|aoa uo oou|-
aoa o| 6 oo aosto oo +``8
22
. |o coot|ooo uoa ou|ac|o ooosa oo|-
o|t|va oo o|ac|o coo o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos. |a |oos|c|o oo
|ot|vos oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oosc|b| o| toa oo
|as ca|||cac|ooos ...coo |a s o|c|| oob|ot|ca cuost|o oo tooo o|
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
23
. |o o|ac|o coo o| oob|oa oo |as ca||-
|cac|ooos, |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo s|o ootooo| aoo-
ta uoos s|o|os ||ooa|ootos oooa|os ouo s|vao oaa o|oota a| |ot-
ooto oo cuaoto a| soot|oo oooa| oo| oob|oa
24
.
Mexicana de Derecho Internacional Privado, |oo |sooc|a| 2000, oo. S+ ss., Cua|boto
|ucas Sosa, |as ooas oooa|os oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo o| |oocto oo Coo|-
cac|o oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo /oot|oa, oo ao ||o|o|o|sto'ao Cooza|o
/. |ooozo |o|ato (Cooo|oaooos), Avances del Derecho Internacional Privado en Amrica Lati-
na. ||bo /|cou oo Sat|oboo, 2002, o. 203.
21
Vaso /otoo|o |oo Coo|a, Direito Internacional Privado. Alguns Problemas, +``6, oo. +S0 ot
soo., Stoao Cuooaoo, Qualikation gegen die Sachnorm. Deutsch-portugiesiche Beitrge zur
Autonomie des internationalen Privatrechts, +`8S, oo. `3 ot soo.
22
||sto abuooaoto ||toatua sobo |a |o. |o aas oo |a bovooao s|o c|ta a|uoos, a sabo,
Cooza|o |aa-/aouoo, |o vooozo|aoa oo +``8 oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo,
Netherlands International Law Review +```, o. 383-3`+, Tat|aoa oo |ao'o|t, Das neue venezo-
lanische Gesetz ber Internationales Privatrecht, |abo|sZ 6+ (2000), oo. 2`` ot soo., |uoo|o
oooooz-3oto , Neues venezolanisches Gesetz ber das Internationale Privatrecht, |||a
+```, o. +`+-+`6. |a ao oato oo |a ||toatua o|stooto sobo o| |oocto so |a ocoo||a-
oo oo uoa co|occ|o oo cuato ||bos oub||caoa oo o| T|buoa| Suooo Vooozo|aoo oo |os
aos 200+ 2002. |os oat|cu|aos soo. |ooaooo |aa-/aouoo (|o|to), Ley de Derecho
Internacional Privado de 6 de agosto de 1998 (Antecedentes, Comentarios, Jurisprudencia). Libro
Homenaje a Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren.
23
Toaoo oo |. |aa-/aouoo, (|. 22), Too |, o. 86.
24
Vo |ota 23.

135
|| atcu|o 2 oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo o|co. ||
Looc|o |tao,oo ouo osu|to coootooto so ao||ca oo acuooo coo
|os o|oc|o|os ouo |,ao oo o| oas otao,oo osooct|vo, oo aooa ouo
so oa||coo |os ob,ot|vos oosou|oos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo-
||cto. |a ooct|oa vooozo|aoa coos|ooa ouo osta o|soos|c|o oo ou|a o|
oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos
25
. |o obstaoto, os |oo|scut|b|o ouo |a |o oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo coot|ooo uoa ooa sobo o| oob|oa oo
|as ca|||cac|ooos oo o| atcu|o 2 |ooooooo|ootoooto oo cuo s|o|o ouo-
oa so|a. |sta os |a cooc|us|o ouo so |o|oo oo |a ooooc|a |oc|a a| oo-
b|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos oo |a |oos|c|o oo |ot|vos oo |a |o oo Loo-
c|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo.
|| atcu|o 2 oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo so o|a-
bo ooto |os aos +`S8 +`63. || |oocto o||oa| so oub||c oo +`63
uo ov|saoo s aoo|aoto oo +`6S. || toto oo| |oocto oo +`63 o|co.
|| Looc|o |tao,oo ouo osu|to coootooto oc|b| |ua| tata|oo-
to ouo o| Looc|o |ac|ooa|. So ao||ca oo cooo|oao coo |os o|oc|o|os
ouo |,ao oo o| oas otao,oo osooct|vo, oo aooa ouo so oa||coo |os
ob,ot|vos oosou|oos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto.
Coo so ouooo vo, o| atcu|o 2 oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooa-
c|ooa| ||vaoo, o| cua| os o| osu|taoo oo |a ov|s|o oooa| oo| |oocto
o||oa| ouo tuvo |ua ooto +``S-+``8, so coosooooo sustaoc|a|ooto
coo |a ooacc|o oo| |oocto o||oa|. So tata, oo tooo caso, oo uoa us|o
oo |os oos oaos oo| atcu|o 2 oo| |oocto o||oa|, ooo o| oooo oo
|a o|soos|c|o oo so oo|| c . |sta ooooc|a os u |ootaoto ooouo
so oobo ootoooo o| atcu|o 2 coo oooucto oo su ooca. |o osto soo-
t|oo, uoa ov|s|o oo o| t|ooo uosta ouo |a ao||cac|o oo |a ooa o-
ooa su,ota a |os o|oc|o|os oo o|c|o Looc|o |tao,oo oo soa uoa
oovooao, s|o obao, |a ooooc|a a |os ob,ot|vos oosou|oos oo |as
ooas oo coo||cto oo| oo oo oa coo oo ouosto ooooa|ooto
,uo|co. C|otaooto, |a oosootac|o s c|aa oo osta ooct|oa so
oocuoota oo |a oba o||oa| oo |a |oosoa oo |aa||os Co||ao
26
. So
25
Tat|aoa oo |ao'o|t, Ley Venezolana de Derecho Internacional Privado. Tres Aos de su Vigencia,
2002, oo. 88-`+, C|auo|a |ao|o, |ost|tuc|ooos Coooa|os oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa|
||vaoo vooozo|aoa, oo |. |aa-/aouoo, (|. 22), Too ||, oo. 8+-86, os |uc|-/ba|a,
3osouo,o oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo |. |aa-/aouoo, (|. 22), o. ++.
26
|sabo| oo |aa||os Co||ao, Da Qualicao em Direito Internacional Privado, +`6+.

136
ouooo osu| osta tos|s oo |as s|u|ootos oa|abas. o a |aco oo soot|-
oo o a|caoco oo|o oas catoo|as ut|||zaoas oo|a ooa oo coo||tos
too oo osta sooo oosootos as |oa||oaoaos osooc|cas oa ooa o
ouosto j...] |sto o|oco|o o|sooosa-oos oo oota, oo u o|co oos ca|-
oos oooostos o toso oa| oa a |otoootao oos cooco|tos c|ass||ca-
t|vos. |aoa aaoto a priori ouo a osa so|uo so |ooo|a ooto a to-
oas as ooas ouo ocoo a cooco|tos oosso t|oo j...] |as, coo osu|-
ta oo tooo o ooosto, s ooaoto caoa ooa oos|t|va oooo o |t|a
ao||so ooc|o|-so acoca oo va|o a at|bu| aos cooco|tos c|ass||cat|vos ouo
o|a ut|||za
27
. S|o obao, osto ||bo s|o uo oub||caoo oo +`6+, oosous
oo |a oub||cac|o oo| |oocto o||oa|. Lo |oc|o, a | o,o sabo oo-
toooo, |a oba oo |a |oosoa oo |aa||os Co||ao uo oosootaoa a |a
auo|ooc|a vooozo|aoa oo|aoto |a taoucc|o oo uoa ocoos|o oo o|c|a
oba oa||zaoa oo ||||o 3ott| oo +`6
28
. |stas c|cuostaoc|as so ouoooo
vo coo uoa o||z co|oc|oooc|a, ouo oo o|st|otos oootos oo |otua|
oo Vooozuo|a, oo|aoto osuozos |ooooooo|ootos, oo o|ac|ooaoos, |os
oootos obtuv|osoo |os |sos osu|taoos.
L|c|os osuozos osto ooa|zaoos oo o| oosao||o ooct|oa| oo
aouo| ootoocos. S|o |||ta |as vooaooas |o|uooc|as sobo o| |oocto
vooozo|aoo oo |o oo |oas oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, |os coo-
cootos oo Co|ao |oo| ooosaoos oo |a ||oa |o|c|o oo su oba c|-
s|ca. o|o Sstobo|o, o|o .| |o ooo |o|||s|oosoooo oos ||| aoto-
oo, s|oo oau auszu|ooo, uoo z.a oac| ooo Z|o|oo, o|o o|oso |o|||s|oos-
oooo voo|oo (...|os coocootos ca|||caooos ouo ut|||zaos oo |as
ooas oo coo||cto ooboo |otoootaso soo |os ob,ot|vos oosou|oos
oo o|c|as ooas oo coo||cto),
29
,uaoo uo oaoo| u |ootaoto oo
|a ou|ac|o oo |a so|uc|o vooozo|aoa. ||tz Sc|.|oo
30
|oo|c ouo o| at-
27
Lo |aa||os Co||ao, (|. 26), oo. 2++-2+2.
28
||||o 3ott|, |otoootac|o oo |os Coocootos C|as|caooos oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||-
vaoo (taoucc|o oo 3oo|to Saos), oo Libro Homenaje a la Memoria de Roberto Goldschmidt,
+`6, oo. 68 ot soo.
29
C|taoo soo Co|ao |oo|, Internationales Privatrecht. 8
a
|o|c|o, 2000, o. 2`6.
30
||tz Sc|.|oo, L|soos|c|ooos Coooa|os oo| |oocto vooozo|aoo oc|ootos toooooc|as oo|
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo |. |aa-/aouoo (|. 22), Vo|uoo |, o. +30.

137
cu|o 2 ocoooco |as |ooas oo /oo| Sc|o|tzo
31
|oo Sc|ouc|o
32
. |s u
oobab|o ouo |as |ooas oo |o.a|o,
33
|aocosca'|s,
34
|ouoo,
35
Sto|ooo,
36
Sc|oo
37
, ||oooo,
38
||au,
39
3ott|,
40
|aaoo,
41
aott|
42
tab|o |aao
s|oo coos|ooaoas coo o| |o oo oosao||a ovootua|ooto ooacta o|
atcu|o 2, ooouo oo |a bsouooa oo uoa so|uc|o a| oob|oa oo ca|||ca-
c|ooos oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo |a ooosa|ootos a|s|aoos. |s
uoa so|a caoooa oo |ooas, uoa ||ova a ov|sa, aooa o ooa |as otas.
Lo ta| aooa, so tataa oo uoa ca|||cac|o uoc|ooa| o to|oo|-
|ca. |at|oooo oo |as ooc|ooos ato|a|os oo| oo, oouo|a ootoocos
cooaa |a uoc|o oo |a ooa otao,oa coo |a oo |a ooa oo coo-
||cto vooozo|aoa. Ta| ca|||cac|o so basaa, oo taoto, oo |a uoc|o u ob,o-
t|vo oo |a ooa vooozo|aoa oo coo||cto, s|oooo as |o|ovaoto o| cacto
tco|co-,uo|co at|bu|oo oo o| ooooa|ooto otao,oo ao||cab|o. |o
|ootaoto soa ouo |a ooa otao,oa oosao||o uoa uoc|o oou|va-
|ooto a |a oosou|oa oo |a ooa vooozo|aoa oo coo||cto.
31
Vo /oo| |. Sc|o|tzo, Handbuch des IPR einschliessend Prozessrecht, unter besonderer Berck-
sichtigung der schweizerischen Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung. Too |, +
a
|o|c|o, +`S.
32
Vo |oo Sc|ouc|o, Einige Bemerkungen zum Qualikationsproblem, Z|V +`6+, oo. 228 ot soo.,
as||so vo Sc|ouc|o (|. S).
33
aos |o.a|o, Rgles gnrales des conits de lois, |ocuo|| oos cous 6` (+`3`-|||), oo. 8 ot soo.
34
||oc|oo |aocosca'|s, La thorie du Renvoi et les conits de systemes en droit international pri-
v, +`S8.
35
|obot |ouoo, Der Sinn der international-Privatrechtlichen Norm. Eine Kritik der Qualikations-
theorie, +`32.
36
Sto|ooo, (|. 2).
37
oc|oo Sc|oo, Die Anpassung von Kollisions-und Sachnormen, +`6+.
38
||oooo, (|. 8).
39
|aoo|s ||au, La thorie des qualications en droit international priv, +`S6.
40
||||o 3ott|, Problematica del Diritto Internazionale Privato, +`S6, vo tab|o 3oo|to Saos, |a
uoc|o oo |a |otoootac|o oo |a bsouooa aoaotac|o oo |a |o otao,oa ao||cab|o, oo
Estudios Jurdicos, +`8+, oo. 30+, 303 ss.
41
|oo |aaoo, Internationales Privatrecht. + |o|c|o, +`SS.
42
|aco /. aott|, Die Anwendung fremden Kollisionsrechts durch den inlndischen ||c|to, +`6+.

138
IV Los objetivos de las normas venezolanas de conicto
|a ooct|oa vooozo|aoa ost taba,aooo oaa oosc|a o| soot|oo
oo| atcu|o 2 coovot||o oo uoa |oa|oota t|| oaa oso|vo casos
coo o|oootos otao,oos
43
. |at|cu|aooto, so |a ooocaoo o|oc|oa|-
ooto o| oob|oa oo |os ob,ot|vos oo| coo||cto oo ooas vooozo|aoas
soo so ooc|ooa oo o| atcu|o 2, as||so oo o| atcu|o S oo |a |o oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
44
. /o|c|ooa|ooto, coo vooos, o| at-
cu|o 2 ,uoa, aoos, uo oaoo| |ootaoto oo o|ac|o coo o| ooovo o
renvoi. |sto so oobo a ouo a| o|scut| s| |a ooooc|a a uo Looc|o |tao-
,oo |oc|a oo uoa ooa oo coo||cto vooozo|aoa os uoa ooooc|a |o-
ba| o ato|a| a uo s|stoa otao,oo (Gesamtverweisung o uoa Sach-
normverweisung , va|a ooc| uoa o|s|o |oba| o uoa o|s|o ato-
|a|), o| atcu|o 2 |a sov|oo oaa ost|o| o| a|caoco oo| atcu|o +, o|
cua| ou|a o| ooovo o renvoi oo Vooozuo|a
45
oo uoa oa u s|||a a|
atcu|o +(+) oo |a |C3C3 a|oo
46
.
|a |o vooozo|aoa oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo +``8 os
uoo oo |os ooouctos |o|s|at|vos cootoooooos oo ao |ouoza coo-
cootua|. |s |ootaoto oostaca, s|o obao, ouo |a |o oo Looc|o |oto-
43
|uoo|o oooooz-3oto , |os ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo|cto, oo ||o|o-
|o|sto'ao |ooozo |o|ato (Cooo|oaooos), (|. 20), oo. +6`-+8.
44
|| toto oo| /tcu|o S os. |as s|tuac|ooos ,uo|cas coaoas oo cooo|oao coo uo Looc|o
otao,oo ouo so at|bua coootooc|a oo acuooo coo c|to|os |otooac|ooa|ooto ao|-
s|b|os ooouc|o ooctos oo |a |oob||ca, a oo so ouo cootao|ao |os ob,ot|vos oo |as oo-
as vooozo|aoas oo coo|cto, ouo o| Looc|o vooozo|aoo oc|ao coootooc|a oc|us|va oo
|a ato|a osooct|va, o ouo soao ao|ostaooto |ocooat|b|os coo |os o|oc|o|os osooc|a-
|os oo| oooo ob||co vooozo|aoo.
45
|| atcu|o + o|soooo. Cuaooo o| Looc|o otao,oo coootooto ooc|ao ao||cab|o o| Loo-
c|o oo uo toco |staoo, a su voz, so ooc|ao coootooto, oobo ao||caso o| Looc|o |oto-
oo oo osto toco |staoo. Cuaooo o| Looc|o otao,oo coootooto ooc|ao ao||cab|o o|
Looc|o vooozo|aoo, oobo ao||caso osto Looc|o. |o |os casos oo oov|stos oo |os oos
oaos ouo aotocoooo, oobo ao||caso o| Looc|o |otooo oo| |staoo ouo ooc|ao co-
ootooto |a ooa vooozo|aoa oo coo|cto.
46
oooooz-3oto, (|. +3), o. +.

139
oac|ooa| ||vaoo ocoo o| ooosa|ooto |otooac|ooa| o|vat|sta oo oos
oocas c|aaooto o|oooc|aoas |as cua|os ooboo tata oo ooaoaso
coo |a |oa||oao oo |oa uo s|stoa |o|s|at|vo coouooto coos|stooto
oo asuotos oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. |oo oo |os coocootos ut|||-
zaoos oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ouo |a oooaoo c|a-
as o|oooc|as |otoootat|vas , oo taoto, sosooc|as acoca oo su oa| uo-
c| o, oosoo su ou|ac|o o||oa|, ouo a |a voz oosoota ao ootoo-
c|a| oo booo|c|osa |ca o|scus|o, os o| oo ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas
vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto o oo ob,ot|vos oosou|oos oo |as ooas vo-
oozo|aoas oo coo||cto. Ta|os coocootos soo ut|||zaoos oo |os atcu|os S
2 oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, osooct|vaooto.
So tata oo oa|oa o| a|caoco oo |o o|souosto oo o| atcu|o 2
oo o| atcu|o S oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. || atcu|o 2,
oo ato|a oo ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o |tao,oo, soa|a ouo sto so ao||-
ca ...oo acuooo coo |os o|oc|o|os ouo |,ao oo o| oas otao,oo os-
ooct|vo, oo aooa ouo so oa||coo |os ob,ot|vos oosou|oos oo |as oo-
as vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto. |o su oato, o| atcu|o S oo |a |o oo Lo-
oc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ooooa ouo |as ...s|tuac|ooos ,uo|cas coaoas
oo cooo|oao coo uo Looc|o |tao,oo ouo so at|buo coootooc|a
oo acuooo coo c|to|os |otooac|ooa|ooto ao|s|b|os soo ocoooc|-
oos oo Vooozuo|a (ooouc|o ooctos oo |a |oob||ca) s|ooo ouo oo
(a oo so ouo) cootao|ao ...|os ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo
coo||cto, ouo o| Looc|o vooozo|aoo oc|ao coootooc|a oc|us|va oo
|a ato|a osooct|va, o ouo soao ao||ostaooto |ocooat|b|os coo |os
o|oc|o|os osooc|a|os oo| oooo ob||co vooozo|aoo.
|a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo uo o|aboaoa oo oos
ooooos o|oootos. || o|o ooooo o ooooo |o|c|a| coosooooo a |os
taba,os oo |a Co|s|o oos|oaoa oo o| ||o|sto|o oo ust|c|a o |otoa-
oa oo |os ooosoos |oboto Co|osc||ot, Cooza|o |aa-/aouoo
oaouo Soc|oz-Cov|sa. Sus taba,os so ooctuaoo ooto +`S8 +`6S. ||
souooo ooooo o ooooo oo ov|s|o cooc|us|o oo |a |o oo Loo-
c|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo coosooooo a |os aos +``S-+``8. Luaoto
ostos aos uo oscataoo o| |oocto o||oa|, ov|saoo, actua||zaoo, soo-
t|oo a |a coos|ooac|o oo| ootoocos Coooso |ac|ooa|, saoc|ooaoo
oou|aoo oo o| |os|oooto oo |a |oob||ca o| 6 oo aosto oo +``8.
|os atcu|os 2 S oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
coosoooooo a| Caotu|o |, L|soos|c|ooos Coooa|os oo |a |o oo Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. |sto Caotu|o oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa|

140
||vaoo coooooo |a ou|ac|o oo |as |ost|tuc|ooos oooa|os o tooa
oooa| oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. || atcu|o 2 tata oo |a ao||ca-
c|o oo| Looc|o |tao,oo, |ootas ouo o| atcu|o S tata oo| osooto
a |os Looc|os /oou||oos. |o abos casos so tata, s|o obao, oo oo-
b|oas ouo so susc|tao coo ocas|o oo |a ooc|aato|a oo ao||cab|||oao oo
uo Looc|o |tao,oo, a soa oo v|tuo oo uoa ooa oo coo||cto, oo o|
caso oo| atcu|o 2, o oo v|tuo oo |a ocooc|o cootoo|oa oo o| atcu|o S.
|a ooacc|o oo |as o|soos|c|ooos oo oaoo, |os atcu|os 2 S
oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, os oooucto, cas| oc|us|va-
ooto, oo |os taba,os oo| ooooo |o|c|a|. Coo a so |oo|c, tao so|o o|
oocaboza|ooto oo| atcu|o 2 oo| |oocto o||oa| su| uoa ||oa va|a-
c|o oo su ooacc|o ouaoto o| ooooo oo ov|s|o cooc|us|o oo |a |o
oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, s|o ouo ta| va|ac|o a|toaso |a osooc|a
oo oso atcu|o 2.
|as ooos|ooos ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||c-
to u ob,ot|vos oosou|oos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto |ao
s|oo ooco ostuo|aoas. Luaoto |a aso |o|c|a| o| |oocto o||oa| uo ob,o-
to oo cooota|os. |o osto soot|oo, \ooo Co|osc||ot ooos ouo |a
oato o|ovaoto oo| atcu|o 2 ...cootoo|a o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|o-
oos su|oo, s|o oa|o uoa so|uc|o cato|ca, |a coovoo|ooc|a oo oo|-
ta sobo o| ac|oto oo |a tooa oo |a lex civilis causae suooo|tooo|a, s|o
obao, oob|oaooto a |as |oa||oaoos ooo|as oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas
oo coo||cto
47
. |o obstaoto, o| auto aotos c|taoo |oo|caba ouo s| b|oo |a
oato o|ovaoto oo| atcu|o 2 coot|bua a o|aotoa |a tos|s b|s|ca oo |as
ca|||cac|ooos, su |ootaoc|a oct|ca oa u ooca| a
48
.
|o su oooto, ||tz Sc|.|oo a| cooota |a oato o|ovaoto oo|
atcu|o 2 oo| |oocto o||oa| |oo|c ouo ta| o|soos|c|o ostab|oca ...|a
baso oaa uoa aoaotac|o oo| Looc|o |tao,oo oo o| soot|oo oo |as oo-
as oo coo||cto vooozo|aoas. /oos aao| ouo |as ooooc|as |oc|as
oo |a ooos|c|o oo ot|vos |acoo ooosa ouo coo osta o|soos|c|o ta-
b|o oouoao ostab|oco ooas oaa |a so|uc|o oo| oob|oa oo |as ca||-
|cac|ooos. / oosa oo ouo o| oooso Sc|.|oo ocoooc| o| cacto oo
s|o|o ooa oo o|ootac|o oo |a o|soos|c|o oo cuost|o, ooc|s ouo
47
\ooo Co|osc||ot, || |oocto Vooozo|aoo oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo F. Parra-
Aranguren, (|. 22), Vo|uoo |, oo. ++S, ++`.
48
Ibdem.

141
|a so|uc|o |oc|a oos|b|o aou, os ||boa| oo taoto ouo o| Looc|o |tao-
,oo, uoa voz ooc|aaoo ao||cab|o, oobo ao||caso oo |a |sa aooa ouo
oo su oa oo va||ooz o||oa| , oo taoto, oo ost su,oto a |a ca|||cac|o
oo| Looc|o |o|tooto. |s sto uo ooosa|ooto oo oos ooooo, o|
cua|, oo | coocooto, s|o |a ooozaoo a |ooooso oo |a ooct|oa oo
|o|uooc|a oo Sc|o|tzo, cua coo||cac|o oobab|oooto so |a |otootaoo
oo o|oa voz aou
49
.
|a |oos|c|o oo |ot|vos oo| |oocto o||oa| soa|aba ouo oo
...ato|a oo ca|||cac|ooos , oo oooa| oo o| toa o|at|vo a |a ao||cac|o
oo| Looc|o |tao,oo, |oc|u|oo ba,o o| ooao oo tata|ooto oo| Lo-
oc|o |tao,oo, so |a |||taoo o| |oocto a ou|a s|o|os ooas
oooa|os oo o|ootac|o, ouo a|otoo a| |otooto sobo o| soot|oo ooo-
a| oo |os oob|oas, ooo so |a o|uo|oo oo||boaoaooto o| |ot|| ooo-
o oo oso|vo oo|aoto o|as |o|s|at|vas |a cuost|o oobab|oooto s
o|c|| oob|ot|ca oo tooo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
50
.
Luaoto o| ooooo oo ov|s|o cooc|us|o oo |a |o oo Loo-
c|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo uo ao||aoa |a otoos|o oo| Caotu|o | oo| |o-
octo o||oa|. |o ta| soot|oo, aoos oo |os atcu|os a o|stootos oo o|
|oocto o||oa| o|at|vos a |as uootos (atcu|o +), tata|ooto oo| Loo-
c|o |tao,oo (atcu|o 2), coo||cto oo |oos oo o| Looc|o |tao,oo u
ooooa|ootos o|u||o|s|at|vos (atcu|o 3), ooovo (atcu|o +), oooc|os
aoou||oos (atcu|o S) oooo ob||co (atcu|o 6), so aao|ooo ooas
sobo |a cuost|o |oc|ooota| (atcu|o 6), aoaotac|o (atcu|o ), |ost|tuc|o
ooscoooc|oa o ao|oa (atcu|o `) ooas oo ao||cac|o |ooo|ata o
oocosa|a oo| oo (atcu|o +0). |o |a |oos|c|o oo |ot|vos oo |a |o oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo so |oo|ca ouo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooa-
c|ooa| ||vaoo |a ooo|oo ou|a s|o|os ooas oooa|os oo o|oo-
tac|o a tavs oo |a aoaotac|o (atcu|o ), ouo a|otao a| |otooto aco-
ca oo| soot|oo oooa| oo |os oob|oas. / osto so oobo |a ausooc|a oo |a
ou|ac|o ooosa oo |a ca|||cac|o, oobab|oooto, |a s o|c|| oob|o-
t|ca cuost|o oo tooo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. || atcu|o 2
oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo tuvo cooota|o a|uoo
ouo oostacaa |a uoc|o oo |a ooooc|a a |os ob,ot|vos oosou|oos oo
49
||tz Sc|.|oo, L|soos|c|ooos Coooa|os oo| |oocto Vooozo|aoo |oc|ootos Toooooc|as oo|
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo |. |aa-/aouoo, (|. 22), Vo|uoo |, oo. +2S, +30.
50
|| toto ouooo voso oo |. |aa-/aouoo, (|. 22), Vo|uoo |, oo. 83, 86.

142
|as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto. |o cuaoto a| atcu|o S, |a |oos|c|o
oo |ot|vos oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo so |||t a soa-
|a ouo coosaa ...o| osooto a |as s|tuac|ooos ,uo|cas coaoas oo o| o-
tao,oo, s|ooo cuaooo oo cootao|ao |os ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas
vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto
51
.
|os cooota|stas vooozo|aoos a az oo |a oub||cac|o oo| |o-
octo ov|saoo soa|abao oo cuaoto a| atcu|o 2 ouo o| |so |,aba oo
uoa oato, |a o|s|o |oba| a| Looc|o |tao,oo, o| cua| oobo so ao||-
caoo oo acuooo a |os o|oc|o|os ouo |oo oo o| oas osooct|vo, os ooc|,
|ooot||coooso coo o| ,uoz otao,oo toaooo oo cuoota tooas |a uoo-
tos oo| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo , oo |a ota, |a coosaac|o oo
ouo oo |a ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o |tao,oo so oa||coo |os ob,ot|vos oo |a
ooa oo coo||cto vooozo|aoa ouo s|ooo t|ooo oo ooto |a so|uc|o
oou|tat|va oo| caso. Coo osto so coa |a baso oaa |a aoaotac|o oo| Loo-
c|o |tao,oo a |os |oos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto
52
. |a
ooooc|a a |os ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto, cootoo|-
oa oo o| atcu|o S oo| |oocto ov|saoo, oo uo ob,oto oo cooota|o
osooc|a|.
|o su oato, o| oooso Vcto uo Cuoa o|aotoaba, s|u|oo-
oo |as |ooas oo |a ooosoa |ao'o|t, ouo |a ooos|o ob,ot|vos oo |as
ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto oobo ootooooso coo oo|oa a|
|oo oo |a ,ust|c|a |a oou|oao oo caoa caso. / coot|ouac|o cuost|ooa-
ba ...ou sucooo s| oo so cuo|oo coo ta|os ob,ot|vos:, so oocooo aca-
so a oc|aza |a ao||cac|o oo oso Looc|o |tao,oo: |oouoab|oooto,
oo so tata oo ostos casos oo |as c|s|cas ocooc|ooos a |a ao||cac|o oo|
Looc|o |tao,oo, coo |o soo |a c|usu|a oo osova o| auoo a |a |o,
s|o obao, |a osouosta ouo a osta oouota b|oooo |as auto|oaoos
vooozo|aoas uoa voz aoobaoo o| |oocto, oobo osta o|ootaoa oo o|
oocosa|o ba|aoco ooto |as ooc|ooos oo |a ,ust|c|a oa| |a ,ust|c|a ato-
|a| oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
53
.
51
|oos|c|o oo |ot|vos oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo |. |aa-/aouoo,
(|. 22), Vo|uoo |, oo. 20, 2+0-2++.
52
Tat|aoa oo |ao'o|t, /otocooootos |otooo|oa oo| |oocto. |ato Coooa| oo| Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo Proyecto de Ley de Derecho Internacional Privado (1996). Comentarios,
+``8 oo. +S, 30.
53
Vcto uo Cuoa oooooz, |a /o||cac|o oo| Looc|o |tao,oo, |a |cac|a oo |as Soo-

143
|oa voz ootaoa oo v|ooc|a |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||-
vaoo, |a ooct|oa vooozo|aoa |a ooouc|oo |||taoos cooota|os oo cuao-
to a |os ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto. /s, so |a soa-
|aoo ouo osos ob,ot|vos so o|ooo a |a bsouooa oo |a ,ust|c|a oo| caso
coocoto
54
. Ctos autoos oo o|scutoo |as |o||cac|ooos oo |a u|a
osco|oa oo o| |o|s|aoo vooozo|aoo, auo cuaooo asoc|ao |a u|a coo
o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos
55
. || oaoo s oc|ooto oo| atcu|o 2
oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ooc|sa ouo o| |oc|o oo ouo
so tooo oo cuoota |os ob,ot|vos oosou|oos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas
oo coo||cto oo ob||a a ao||ca o| Looc|o |tao,oo soo su cootoo|oo
s|oo soo |os ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas aotos oo|oas. Lo osta aooa, oo
so tata oo ov|v| |a toooooc|a a |a ao||cac|o oo |a lex fori. So tata oo uoa
oa|ac|o oo |a ||botao oaa obtooo uoa aoocuaoa so|uc|o oo| caso
coocoto
56
. So |a soa|aoo ouo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
oos|uo |a ,ust|c|a ato|a|, oo taoto, |os ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooozo-
|aoas oo coo||cto coos|stoo oo obtooo o|c|a ,ust|c|a ato|a|
57
. /s||so,
oo ato|a oo ca|||cac|ooos |os cooota|os s oc|ootos so |||tao a
|oo|ca ouo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo |a ou|a ouo,
oo taoto, |a ooc|s|o ouooa oo aoos oo| ,uoz
58
. |o obstaoto |os aoto|o-
os cooota|os, soos oo |a oo|o|o ouo |as o|soos|c|ooos oo oaoo t|o-
ooo uo ao a|caoco. |oa|ooto, taoto |a o|soos|c|o oo| atcu|o 2 coo
oo| atcu|o S oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ooso||oao su
tooc|as |tao,oas |a Cooooac|o uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa|, oo Proyecto de Ley de Derecho
Internacional Privado (1996). Comentarios, oo. +0`, +20.
54
Tat|aoa oo |ao'o|t, |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. Cooota|os Coooa|os, oo F.
Parra-Aranguren, (|. 22), Vo|uoo ||, oo. 8`, +00, tab|o Cuoa oooooz, |a ooc|o oo
,ust|c|a coocob|oa oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo vooozo|aoa, oo El Derecho pri-
vado y procesal en Venezuela. Homenaje a Gustavo Planchart Manrique, Too ||, oo. +`8, S0+
ss., Claudia Madrid, (|. 2S), oo. 6+, 82 (caoa ooa ouooo tooo uo ob,ot|vo, ooo oo ooo-
a|, |a |o busca |a so|uc|o oou|tat|va oo caoa caso coocoto).
55
C|auo|a |ao|o, (|. 2S), oo. 8+-86; os |uc|-/ba|a, 3osouo,o oo |a |o oo Looc|o |oto-
oac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo |. |aa-/aouoo, (|. 22), Vo|uoo ||, oo. +33, ++.
56
Tat|aoa oo |ao'o|t, Das neue venezolanische Gesetz ber Internationales Privatrecht, |abo|sZ
6+ (2000), oo. 2``, 3++.
57
Tat|aoa oo |ao'o|t, (|. S6), oo. 306-30.
58
Tat|aoa oo |ao'o|t, (|. S6), oo. 3+S-3+6.

144
uoc|o oo ato|a oo ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o |tao,oo. |o osto soot|oo,
|a ooa oooa| os |a oo| atcu|o 2. |a ooooc|a a |os ob,ot|vos oo |as
ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto cootoo|oa oo o| atcu|o S oo |a |o oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo t|ooo o|ovaoc|a oaa o| caso oo ouo so ta-
to oo| osooto a |as s|tuac|ooos ,uo|cas v||oaooto coaoas soo uo
Looc|o |tao,oo. |o tooo caso, |a s||||tuo to|oo||ca ob||a a bus-
ca o|oootos couoos.
/oto tooo, |os ob,ot|vos oo|oos oo o| atcu|o 2 oo o| atcu-
|o S oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ooboo so |oot|cos. Coo
osto, s|o obao, oo ouooos ooc| ouo so tato oo ob,ot|vos oooa|os
ta|os coo |o |a ou|aoo |a ooct|oa vooozo|aoa ouo |oos c|taoo coo
aoto|o|oao (|ao'o|t, Cuoa). Taooco soos oo |a oo|o|o ouo osos
ob,ot|vos so coosoooooo coo |os ob,ot|vos oo |a |o oo Looc|o |oto-
oac|ooa| ||vaoo. |o osto |t|o soot|oo, so oooa ooosa ouo |os oo|-
oos ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto, oo |a oo|o|o oo |os
ouo sost|oooo ouo ta|os soo |os ob,ot|vos oooa|os, co|oc|ooo coo |os
oooo|oaoos oo |a |oos|c|o oo |ot|vos coo ob,ot|vos o|oo|a|os
oo osta |o. |a oouoac|o cootoo|oa oo |a |oos|c|o oo |ot|vos ||sta
o|c|os ob,ot|vos o|oo|a|os as.
oso|vo |os aot|uos oob|oas oo| s|stoa vooozo|aoo oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, caacto|zaoo oo sus cootao|cc|ooos
ooto |os atcu|os cootoo|oos oo o| Ttu|o |o|||oa oo| Co|o C|v|| (8,
`, +0, ++ 26), oo su cacto ostatuta|o, oo |a o|soos|o oo sus o|soo-
s|c|ooos oo |os co|os oo |oos osooc|a|os oo o| |oaoocuaoo acto oo
cooo|o oosooa|,
a,usta |a |o|s|ac|o vooozo|aoa oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||va-
oo a |a oa||oao soc|a| oo| oas,
aoaota |as so|uc|ooos |otooas a |os avaocos coosaaoos oo |a
coo||cac|o coovooc|ooa|, osooc|a|ooto |as coovooc|ooos oo |a aa
|as coovooc|ooos |otoao|caoas sobo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo,
aoaota |as so|uc|ooos vooozo|aoas a| oosao||o uo|vosa| oo |a
ato|a a |as |o|s|ac|ooos s oc|ootos ouo so |ao coovot|oo oo |os-
tuootos v||oos oaa o| ao|co oosao||o oo |as o|ac|ooos ,uo|cas
ooto |os oat|cu|aos
59
.
59
|oos|c|o oo |ot|vos, oo |. |aa-/aouoo, (|. 22), Vo|uoo |, oo. 20`-2+0.

145
Ta| ||staoo, s|o obao, so o|oo a |os ob,ot|vos oo |a |o oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo a |os oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo
coo||cto. |sto bastaa oaa ooscata |a |ooot||cac|o ooto ob,ot|vos oo
|a |o |os ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto. |s aoo|ao-
to vo|vooos sobo o| asuoto.
|osu|ta |ootaoto oostaca ouo taoto oo |o ouo osoocta a|
atcu|o 2 coo oo |o ouo osoocta a| atcu|o S oo |a |o oo Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, |o o|ovaoto soo |os ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooo-
zo|aoas oo coo||cto, oo o| cootoo|oo ato|a| oo| Looc|o vooozo|aoo. So
tata oo ob,ot|vos |otooac|ooa| o|vat|stas.
Lo osta aooa, |a so|uc|o oo |os atcu|os 2 S oo |a |o oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo so o|oooc|a oo |a so|uc|o oo| atcu|o
oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo ato|a oo aoaotac|o. |sta
|t|a o|soos|c|o oosc|bo ouo oaa o| caso oo ouo o|vosos Looc|os
ouooao ou|a |os o|oootos asooctos oo uoa |sa o|ac|o ,uo|ca,
soo ao||caoos ao|caooto oocuaooo oa||za |as |oa||oaoos ooso-
u|oas oo caoa uoo oo o|c|os Looc|os.
V El reenvo y los objetivos de las normas
venezolanas de conicto
S| b|oo oooa a|aso ouo o| atcu|o 2 oo |a |o oo Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo coosaa uoa ooa o|ootaooa oo ato|a oo ca||-
|cac|ooos oo o| soot|oo oo oooooo |a ca|||cac|o uoc|ooa| o to|oo||ca,
su uoc|o va uc|o s a||. a ouo aao| ouo o| atcu|o 2 a| coota-
|o oo| atcu|o S oo t|ooo oo |oa||oao sov| oo |ostuooto oaa oc|a-
za |a ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o |tao,oo, s|oo oaa oos|b|||ta su o,o ao||-
cac|o. Lo osta oa, |ootas o| atcu|o S s|vo oaa oc|aza o| oco-
ooc||ooto oo s|tuac|ooos ooocc|ooaoas soo uo Looc|o |tao,oo,
inter alia, oo caso oo ouo cootao|a |os ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooozo-
|aoas oo coo||cto, o| atcu|o 2 |oooo uo oobo oo aoo|za o| osu|ta-
oo oo |a ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o |tao,oo coo |a |oa||oao oosou|oa oo
|as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto.
Coo soa|aos aotos, |a ov|s|o oo| |oocto o||oa| |ocooo-
ooas oo ato|a oo aoaotac|o, |ost|tuc|o ooscoooc|oa ao|oa,
ooto otas cosas. Lo osta aooa, so oosca |a uoc|o oo| atcu|o 2 oo
|a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. |so atcu|o oo su coocooc|o

146
o||oa| s|vo oaa ou|a oo aooa abstacta oooa| tooos |os casos
oo ao||cac|o oo Looc|o |tao,oo. /s, sova oaa |aco|o ooto a |os
casos oo aoaotac|o oo |ost|tuc|ooos ooscoooc|oas. o oo oa osas uo-
c|ooos |as cuo|oo ooas |ooooooo|ootos.
Coo o|a oooa|, |a o|s|o |oc|a oo |as ooas oo coo||c-
to vooozo|aoas a uo ooooa|ooto otao,oo os |oba| o |a. |s ooc|,
oo |a so|uc|o oo |os casos oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, o| Looc|o
|tao,oo oc|aaoo coo coootooto oo |as ooas oo coo||cto
vooozo|aoas coooooo |a tota||oao oo |as ooas oo oso Looc|o
|tao,oo, |oc|uoooo sus ooas coo||ctua|os otao,oas |as cua|os uo-
c|ooao aotos oo ouo actoo |as ooas ato|a|os oo oso Looc|o
|tao,oo
60
. Soo, oo coosocuooc|a, |as ooas coo||ctua|os otao,oas
|as ouo, oo |a ou|a|oao oo |os casos, soa|ao o| Looc|o, |ac|ooa| o
|tao,oo, ao||cab|o a| caso. S|o obao, |a ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o soa-
|aoo oo |a ooa oo coo||cto otao,oa ouooa soot|oa a |o ouo a|
osoocto o|soooa o| Looc|o Coo||ctua| vooozo|aoo. /s, so acoota o|
ooovo oo o|o aoo (aoato o|oo oo| atcu|o + oo |a |o oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo) , oo uo caso osooc|a|, o| ooovo u|to|o
(oo souooo aoo) (oocaboza|ooto). Lo osta oa, so ao|to o| ooo-
vo ...cuaooo ooooooo a uo||ca |a so|uc|o oac|ooa| coo |a so|uc|o oo|
Looc|o |tao,oo, o cuaooo, coo ocuo ocuootoooto oo o| ooo-
vo s|o|o, abas soo |oov|tab|oooto o|voootos
61
. || |t|o aoato oo|
atcu|o + oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oc|uo o| ooovo
, oo coosocuooc|a, coosaa uoa o|s|o o|a oaa |os casos oo oo-
v|stos oo o| oocaboza|ooto o oo o| o|o aoato oo| |so atcu|o. |o
osto caso, so ao||ca o| Looc|o |ato|a| oo| |staoo ouo oc|ao |a ooa
vooozo|aoa oo coo||cto
62
.
|o obstaoto |a ao|s|o oo| ooovo oo |os casos |oo|caoos, su-
o |a cuost|o oo sabo s| ooct|vaooto |a o|s|o |oc|a oo |a ooa
vooozo|aoa oo coo||cto, a tooo oo| atcu|o + oo |a |o oo Looc|o |oto-
oac|ooa| ||vaoo, os s|ooo uoa o|s|o |a o |oba|. || atcu|o +
60
Sa|vo o| caso oo |as ooas oo ao||cac|o |ooo|ata o oocosa|a oo |as ooas ato|a|os
oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo.
61
|oos|c|o oo |ot|vos, oo |. |aa-/aouoo, (|. 22), Vo|uoo |, o. 2++.
62
|oa so|uc|o s|||a ouo oo ost oov|sta oo |a |o |ta||aoa so oocuoota oo |a |o o|at|va a
|os ||oc|o|os Coooa|os oo| Co|o C|v|| oo |a |oob||ca oo |stoo|a, aoobaoa oo o| ||||'o-

147
oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ost ou|aoo oo t|oos
abso|utos. |o cootoo|a ocooc|ooos ooosas coo |o |aco, oo o,o-
o|o, o| atcu|o +3 oo |a |o |ta||aoa | 2+8 oo |ooa oo| S|stoa |ta||a-
oo oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo +``S
63
. |aa oa osouosta a osta
|otooaoto oaocoa azooab|o tco|caooto aooo|aoo acuo| a| o|s-
oos|t|vo cootoo|oo oo o| atcu|o 2 oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||-
vaoo. Lo ta| oa, o| Looc|o |tao,oo oc|aaoo oo |a ooa vooo-
zo|aoa oo coo||cto so ao||ca oo acuooo coo |os o|oc|o|os ouo |,ao oo
o| oas otao,oo osooct|vo, oo aooa ouo so oa||coo |os ob,ot|vos oo-
sou|oos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto. /s toooaos ouo auo
cuaooo o| atcu|o + oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo coo-
too|a ocooc|ooos ooosas a| o|oc|o|o oo o|s|o |oba| o |a a
uo Looc|o |tao,oo |oc|o oo |a ooa vooozo|aoa oo coo||cto, uoa
|octua coocooaoa oo| atcu|o + oo| atcu|o 2 oo |a |o oo Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo cooouco a ooa o| o|oc|o|o oo |a o|s|o |oba| o
|a acoota coo ocooc|o |a o|s|o o|a oo aouo||os casos
oo ouo |a o|s|o |oba|, os ooc| |a oos|b|||oao oo |otovooc|o oo oo-
as oo coo||cto otao,oo oo |a ooto|oac|o oo| Looc|o /o||cab|o,
|o|o|oso |a oa||zac|o oo |os ob,ot|vos oosou|oos oo |as ooas vooo-
zo|aoas oo coo||cto. Lo osta oa, |a so|uc|o vooozo|aoa, so aoo|aa
a |a so|uc|o cootoo|oa oo o| atcu|o +(+) oo |a |o oo |otooucc|o a|
Co|o C|v|| a|oo. Ta| o|soos|c|o coosaa, coo o|oc|o|o, |a o|s|o
|a o |oba| , oo o||o, |a ao||cac|o oo |as ooas oo coo||cto oo |a
lex causae oo taoto ouo o||as oo soao coota|as a| soot|oo oo |a o|a oo
coo||cto a|oaoa.
u o| 28 oo ,uo|o oo +``+, ooc|aaoa oo o| |os|oooto oo |a |oob||ca oo|aoto |oso|u-
c|o | 383 oo| +3 oo ,uo|o +``+, oub||caoa oo |a |||| Toata,a, |ato | +``+, | S3, /tcu|o
88`, cuo oaao +26 o|soooo. +26 |oovo|. (+) | t||s |a. o ao ot|o |stoo|ao |a. oos-
c|bos aoo||cat|oo o t|o |a. o a oo|o couot aoo t|o |a. o t|at couot oosc|bos aoo||-
cat|oo o |stoo|ao |a., t|o |stoo|ao |a. s|a|| aoo|. (2) | t||s |a. o ao ot|o |stoo|ao |a.
oosc|bos aoo||cat|oo o t|o |a. o a oo|o couot aoo t|o |a. o t|at couot oosc|bos
aoo||cat|oo o t|o |a. o a t||o couot. T|o |stoo|ao |a. s|a|| aoo|. || toto oo |o|s ouo-
oo voso oo |||a +``6, oo. +3` ss., ++0.
63
|| ooovo oo so ao|to oo |os s|u|ootos casos. (a) oo |os casos oo |os cua|os |as o|soos|c|o-
oos oo |a oosooto |o ooc|aao ao||cab|o |a |o otao,oa coo uooaooto oo |a so|occ|o
ooctuaoa oo ta| soot|oo oo |as oatos |otoosaoas, (b) osoocto a |as o|soos|c|ooos cooco-

148
So tata oo| ocoooc||ooto oo uoa s|tuac|o oo ato|a||zac|o
oo |as ooas oo coo||cto. |a ooa oo coo||cto, oo suouostos oat|cu|a-
os, oos|uo ob,ot|vos osooc|cos oo Looc|o |ato|a|, uo osu|taoo
ooto|oaoo oosoo o| ouoto oo v|sta oo| Looc|o |ato|a|. Lo ta| aoo-
a, o| ooovo soa |oao|s|b|o, o o,o o|c|o, |a o|s|o |oc|a oo |a oo-
a oo coo||cto oo| oo soa o|a, s| o| ooovo o |a ao||cac|o oo |as
ooas coo||ctua|os otao,oas coooucoo a osu|taoos |ocooat|b|os coo
o| ob,ot|vo oo Looc|o |ato|a| (sustaot|vo) oosou|oo oo |a ooa oo
coo||cto oo| oo
64
. |a ooooc|a cootoo|oa oo o| atcu|o 2 oo |a |o oo
Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo ouooo ootooooso coo |oc|a a| ob,o-
t|vo oosou|oo oo o| coo,uoto oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
65
. |o ouo o|o |a ooa coosaaoa oo o| atcu|o 2
oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo os ouo oaa caoa caso oat|-
cu|a, oaa caoa ooa vooozo|aoa oo coo||cto, so ooto|oo cu| os o|
o|ootos a |a oa oo |os actos, (c) oo o|ac|o coo |as o|soos|c|ooos oo| Caotu|o | oo| oo-
sooto Ttu|o (Looac|ooos), (o) oo |os casos oo |os atcu|os 33 (||||ac|o), 3+ (|o|t|ac|o)
3S (|ocoooc||ooto oo |,o |atua|), oo so t|ooo cuoota oo| ooovo s|oo cuaooo cooouco
a |a ao||cac|o oo uoa |o ouo oo|to o| ostab|oc||ooto oo |a ||ac|o, (o) oo tooos |os casos
oo |os cua|os |a oosooto |o ooc|aa ao||cab|o uoa coovooc|o |otooac|ooa|, (atcu|os +2, oo-
tocc|o oo oooos, +S, ob||ac|ooos a|||aos a||oota|as, S, ob||ac|ooos coovooc|ooa|os,
S`, ttu|os oo co|to), so s|uo s|ooo, oo ato|a oo ooovo |a so|uc|o aoootaoa oo |a
coovooc|o. || toto oo |a |o |ta||aoa (|oo 3+ |a|o +``S, | 2+8) ouooo voso oo |||a
+``6, oo. 3S6 ss. (|ta||aoo a|oo). |o oooa|, vo C. |aa-/aouoo, || ooovo oo |a |o
|ta||aoa oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo +``S, oo Curso General de Derecho Internacional
Privado. Problemas Selectos y otros Estudios. 3 |o|c|o, +``8, oo. 3` ss., |austo |oca, Das
neue italienische Internationale Privatrecht, |||a +``, oo. ++S ss., +S0-+S+, |aocosco |os-
coo|, /t|co|o +3, oo Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale +``S, oo. `S6 ss.
64
|a o|soos|c|o oou|va|ooto oo o| Looc|o a|oo a |a so|uc|o vooozo|aoa oo ato|a oo
ooovo, oooucto oo |a |otoacc|o oo |os atcu|os + 2 oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|o-
oa| ||vaoo, os, coo so soa|, o| atcu|o + (+) oo |a |o oo |otooucc|o a| Co|o C|v||. Ta|
o|soos|c|o |a oooaoo oo||ca oo oso oas u |otoosaotos ostuo|os, oo ooto |os cua-
|os c|to o| taba,o oo |ooao Sc||ot, Die Sinnklausel der Rckverweisung und Weiterverweisung
im Internationalen Privatrecht nach Artikel 4 Absatz 1, Satz 1 |C3C3, +``8.
65
/s, s|o obao, oaoco so o| c|to|o oo |os ooosoos |ao|o, |ao'o|t Cuoa ooo-
ooz, aotos c|taoos.

149
ob,ot|vo oosou|oo. /s, so oocooo a ooto|oa |os ob,ot|vos oaa o|
suouosto osooc|co ou|aoo oo |a oat|cu|a ooa oo coo||cto vooozo-
|aoa oo ouo so tato. |sta os |a o|ca cooc|us|o coooo coo |os aotoco-
oootos oooos oo |as |ooas oco|oas oo |a |o.
Lo ta| aooa, toooaos ouo |a o|a cootoo|oa oo o| atcu|o
3 oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, ouo o|to a|tooat|va-
ooto a |os ooooa|ootos ,uo|cos a|| soa|aoos, t|oooo a avooco |a
va||ooz oa| oo| acto oo cuost|o. |o tooos osos casos |a o|s|o a osos
ooooa|ootos ,uo|cos oos|uo uo osu|taoo ato|a| osooc|co. |a va||-
ooz oa| oo| acto.Ta| osu|taoo oooa oo |oaso oo oo|t|so |a |oto-
vooc|o oo| Looc|o Coo||ctua| |tao,oo. |a osouosta oo cuost|o a |a
va||ooz |a oaao |ooo|ataooto |as ooas ato|a|os oo osos ooooa-
|ootos. S|o obao, s| |as ooas coo||ctua|os oo osos ooooa|ootos
coooucoo a |a ao||cac|o oo uo ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo |os casos oo|-
t|oos oo o| atcu|o + oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, cuos
oooc|os ato|a|os ooc|aoo v||oo o| acto oo cuost|o oo cuaoto a |a o-
a, ootoocos ooboa ao|t|so o| ooovo oo osos casos, ouos so a|caoza
o| ob,ot|vo oosou|oo oo |a ooa vooozo|aoa oo coo||cto
66
.
VI Conclusiones
|o o|stoo osouostas c||os a |a oouota oo s| so ouooo oso|-
vo o| oob|oa oo ca|||cac|ooos oo|aoto uoa o|soos|c|o |o|s|at|va. |o
uo ao ooo oo oasos ao so ||ovao a cabo uotos oobatos. |o |oo-
taoto uoo oo oasos |a ooc|o|oo ou|a o| oob|oa. |a aoa oo
stos s|uo |a tooa lex civilis fori. S|o obao, osta oostua oo os sat|sac-
66
/ oo ttu|o oo o,oo|o, |ua| azooa|ooto soa ao||cab|o oo o| caso oo |os atcu|os +,
+8, 2`, 30, 32 3+ oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo cuo ob,ot|vo oo caoa caso
coocoto os |a ou|ac|o oo| suouosto oo o| Looc|o ato|a| oo| ooooa|ooto oc|aa-
oo oo |a ooa oo coo|cto oo| oo. /s, oo o| caso oo |os atcu|os + +8 aotooo |a
va||ooz oo| acto oouc| |os suouostos oo ou||oao oo |ocaoac|oao, oo o| suouosto oo| at-
cu|o 2`, o| Looc|o |ooo|ataooto osco|oo oo |os cootataotos, oo o| caso oo| atcu|o
30, o| Looc|o coo o| cua| o| cootato oosoota |os vocu|os s ostoc|os, oo o| caso oo|
atcu|o 32, o| Looc|o osco|oo oo |a vct|a oo o| caso oo| atcu|o 3+, |a uo|oao oo| |-
oo sucosoa|.

150
to|a. |oto |as so|uc|ooos oost|cas so |a a|abaoo |a osouosta ootuuo-
sa. |s oo|o|t|vaooto uoa ooouosta o||oa| ouo o|o,a uo ouoto oo v|sta
aos|vo sobo osto toa. |o obstaoto |o aoto|o, su ou|ac|o oo os
tao c|aa coo so oosoaa. || oooouo vooozo|aoo cootoo|oo oo o| atcu-
|o 2 oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, o||oa|ooto ooactaoo
ooto +`S8-+`63, os uoa ooa s sooc|||a , oobab|oooto, s coo-
voo|ooto oaa |oa o| coocooto oo internationalprivatrechtliche Gerechtig-
kei (,ust|c|a |otooac|ooa| o|vat|sta). Coo o|co o| |ooso ao, |a
|ooa oo ouo o| oob|oa oo |as ca|||cac|ooos so oobo oso|vo oo s|o oo
o|ac|o coo o| asuoto ato|a| ouo os ob,oto oo |as ca|||cac|ooos, s|oo o|-
oo o|oc|oa|ooto oo|aoto o| S|oo uoo Z.oc' oo |o|||s|osoo
(soot|oo ooos|to oo |a ooa oo coo||cto) so |a ooostaoo ouo
os oat|cu|aooto t||
67
. |sta os |a osouosta vooozo|aoa a| oob|oa oo
ca|||cac|ooos, |o cua| oobo voso coo o| osu|taoo oo uoa ao||a oota-
||aoa ov|s|o oo |ooas o|oc|oa|os oo o| oo|o ab|ooto oo| Looc|o
Cooaaoo.
|a ooc|o oo ob,ot|vos oo |as ooas vooozo|aoas oo coo||cto
os oovooosa oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo vooozo|aoo. So tata oo
uoa ooc|o ouo |otov|ooo o|oc|oa|ooto oo o| caoo oo |a ao||cac|o oo|
Looc|o |tao,oo, auoouo tab|o oooa |oacta oo ato|a oo o|-
cac|a oo sootooc|as otao,oas
68
. Coo |oos soa|aoo oo osto taba,o,
o|c|a ooc|o aoos oo o|oota |as so|uc|ooos oo ato|a oo ca|||cac|o-
oos t|ooo |oc|oooc|a oo |a ato|a oo| osooto a |os oooc|os aoou||oos ,
u osooc|a|ooto, a| oa|oa o| oob|oa oo| ooovo. |sto |a s|oo uo
|otooto s tataooo oo oo||ca su s|o||caoo. Y, souaooto, oo so o|
|t|o.
67
ao, (|. 3), o. 2++.
68
Vo |uoo|o oooooz-3oto , Problemas Contemporneos del Derecho Procesal Civil Inter-
nacional Venezolano, 200+, o. +3S.

151
El Cdigo de Napolen y su inuencia
en Amrica Latina: Reexiones a propsito
del segundo centenario
I Euforia codicadora del siglo XIX
1. |o uo ooto|oaoo oooto ||st|co |a ooc|o oo Co| o,
oou|va|ooto |asta ootoocos a |a ooc|o ||bo oo |oos
1
, aoou|oo uo ouo-
vo soot|oo coo coouosto oo ooas ootoooc|ootos a uoa |sa
aa oo| Looc|o ooooaoas s|stot|caooto
2
. S| |a ocoo||ac|o oo
os ota cosa ouo uo coo,uoto oo |oos oo v|o, ooo s|o coost|tu| oo s
|sa uo vooaooo cuooo ooat|vo, o| Co| o |o||ca uoa |o ooo-
a| s|stot|ca oo|oa, oooa|ooto, a uoa aa oo| ooooa|ooto ,u-
o|co
3
. Looto oo| ooosa|ooto oo |a ||ustac|o ...uo Co|o os uoa |o oo
cootoo|oo |ooooo oo azo oo |a ato|a, ouo oo oa s|stot|ca
at|cu|aoa, ooosaoa oo uo |ooua,o ooc|so, ou|a tooos |os oob|oas
oo |a ato|a uo|ta|aooto acotaoa
4
. |o oso o| oooo|oaoo ov||oo-
1
|o ostuo|o uooaoota| sobo |a ooc|o ||st|ca oo |a coo|cac|o so oocuoota oo |a ooo-
aa oo . Vaooo||oooo, Le concept de code en Europe occidentale du XIIIme au XIXme si-
cle, 3uo||os, o|t|oos oo ||ost|tut oo soc|o|o|o, +`6, S00 oo.
2
/. C. /oo|osco, La technique lgislative en matire de codication civile: tude de droit compa-
r, |a|s, |. Lo 3occao, +`30, 8S3 oo.
3
Cf. . |. oo |os |ozos, |usoatua||so oaoooct|so oo |as aooos coo|cac|ooos ooooas,
Estudios Jurdicos en homenaje al profesor Ursicino Alvarez Surez, |ao|o, So|oa|o oo Loo-
c|o |oaoo, |acu|tao oo Looc|o (|C|), +`8, oo. 268-26`.
4
Cf. |. Tos Va||ooto, Manual de Historia del Derecho espaol, + oo., |ao|o, Tocoos, +``2, o.
+6S.
[
]

152
to coo||caoo va a |ocoooa uoa obsos|o oo |a s|stot|ca ouo oo
s|o va a ooocta oo |a o|v|s|o ooto Looc|o |b||co Looc|o ||va-
oo, s|oo ouo ooo|c|a uoa acaoa osooc|a||zac|o oo |as aas ,uo|cas
osta ouova coocooc|o tooo coosocuooc|as s|o oocooootos
5
. /s||s-
o, o| ov||ooto coo||caoo, ba,o |a |o|uooc|a oo| ooosa|ooto |oo|v|-
oua||sta-||boa|, tooo |a v|tuo oo taosoa o| |oo oo |a ooo|ooao
ouoa| o oo| /ot|uo ||oo oo oas ooooas oo oo|o|o usu-
ucto, auoouo so tao s oo uo s||o oaa oa oa a uo coocooto uo|-
ta|o oo ooo|ooao, v||oo oaa cua|ou|o s|tuac|o oo |a v|oa cot|o|aoa. |o
|uooa so ooouco oo o| s||o | oato oo| , tas |a o|ao||cac|o oo|-
t|ca cu|tua| coosocuooc|a oo |a ||ustac| o
6
, uoa ouo|a coo||caooa coo-
so||ooooso uoa cu|tua basaoa oo o| Co|o, cua cootoo|ac|o ||oa a
saca||zaso (|a o|o aostt|ca, o| altare consolidato ...) coo uo o|o-
ooto |ootaoto oo |a |to|oa ooooa
7
. |a coocooc|o uo cuooo
oo co|os so basaba oo uoa |ooa ovo|uc|ooa|a ouo ootoooa oouc| a
uoa uo|oao ato|a| oa| |a |o|s|ac|o |o||caooo uoa ouooac|o
oo |as o|vosas aas oo| Looc|o
8
.Y, coo os oatua|, ba,o ta| coocooc|o
ooscaosaba |a o oo |a vo|uotao oooa| oooct|ca oo |os ouob|os, uoa
vo|uotao oooos|taoa oo uoa |azo ouo so o|ovaba a |a cooo|c|o oo
uooto coota| oo| Looc|o. a o|oooc|a oo tao|c|ooa| ius comune, osu|ta-
ba s cooat|b|o coo |a aso|ac|o oo |a ouova o|o|ca soc|a|, uo ooo-
oa|ooto ,uo|co s uoc|ooa| s coocoto.
|s ov|oooto ouo o|c|a ouo|a ost o|octaooto cooo|c|ooaoa
oo o| t|oo oo |ooo|oa oooo|oaoto oo |a ooca caacto|zaoa oo o|
||boa||so c|s|co, oo o| ac|ooa||so oo o| oac|ooa||so. || o|oo
o|aotoaba ouo o| |staoo ooba |||taso a aaot|za |as cooo|c|ooos ooco-
sa|as oaa o| ||bo oosoovo|v||ooto oo |os c|uoaoaoos , oo |o taoto, oo
5
/. . /oauo, Pour une pense juridique europenne, |a|s, |||, +``+, o +3S.
6
. Cauooot, Les naissances du droit. Le temps, le pouvoir et la science au service du droit, |as,
|ootc|ost|oo, +``, oo. +`0-22+.
7
Cf. |. Coss|, Assolutismo giuridico e diritto privato, |||o, C|u, +``8, o. +. Vid., as||so, . |.
|avoz oooooz, || |to oo |a coo|cac|o |a ||sto|a oo| Looc|o, Anuario Mexicano
de Historia del Derecho, vo|. V, 2003, oo. +`+-2++.
8
Vid. o| taba,o c|s|co oo |. L|oz-||cazo |ooco oo |oo, Coo| cac|o, ooscoo|cac|o
ocoo|cac|o, ADC, vo|. |V, +``2, oo. +3-+8S

153
|| Co|o oo |aoo|oo... Jos Carlos Fernndez Rozas
ooba actua oo |os caoos oo |as autoooas o|vaoas, ooto |as cua|os so
oocootabao |as ocoo|cas |a ||bo |o|c|at|va ooosa|a|
9
, o|c|o oo
otos t|oos, o| |staoo |aba oo abstoooso oo coo|oto oo |a |oto-
vooc|o oo |as act|v|oaoos cooc|a|os, ouooaooo stas ou|aoas oo |a
ost|cta |o oo| ocaoo. || souooo oo oa s|oo uo |otooto oo ac|ooa||-
zac|o oo |a v|oa ,uo|ca a tavs oo uo ootaaoo ooat|vo cua |s|o
coos|sta oo soa|a |a coooucta a obsova, b|oo oo aooa o|octa o b|oo
oo oo|o oo| azooa|ooto |a oooucc|o ||ca. oosu|oooo oo uo su-
ouosto oo |oc|o oooa| abstacto uoa coosocuooc|a ,uo|ca ouo ta-
b|o oosoa uo cacto oooa|
10
, oo oso, ooto a |a acuu|ac|o oo to-
tos s|o uo|oao |otooa aoaoco uo s|stoa oo ooas oao|zaoas coo
ootoos|ooos oo oooa||oao oo o|oo|tuo
11
. || tocoo ta,o coos|o
uoa so|o oo ooosootac|ooos ,uo|cas oac|ooa|os |ocoooas uoas osooc-
to oo |as otas o|oaooo o| ius comune oaoo-caoo|co coo oooo
coo tao|c|ooa|, ta| ooscooo|o so o|o,a oo s|o oo |as |o|s|ac|ooos
ostata|os s|oo tab|o, oo o| s|stoa oo oosoaoza oo| Looc|o oo tooa
|uooa, ouo va a ouooa |||taoo a| ostuo|o oc|us|vo oo |os s|stoas osta-
ta|, ost|o|oooo oo buooa oo|oa |a cootoo|ac|o oo |as ooo|ooc|as
,uo|cas oo |as ooct|oas otao,oas
12
, a o||o oobo aao|so, tab|o
coo acto ouo oo||ca o| oo|ooo, o| oscaso o|vo| oo |otoac|o ocoo-
|ca |otooac|ooa| oo |o cua| |as coo||cac|ooos oac|ooa|os oo ooo|oo-
tabao |o|uooc|as oo |as ou|ac|ooos oa||zaoas oo otos s|stoas ,uo|cos.
2. Losoo uoa oosooct|va otooo||ca, o| ov||ooto coo||caoo,
sobo tooo tas |a oub||cac|o oo| Co|o C|v|| aocs oo +80+, ooou,o
uo coos|ooab|o oosao||o oo| tao|c|ooa| tooo oo |as |osas o oo |a
oos|s. Lo acuooo coo |a oo|oa oosooct|va o| Looc|o os a|o oo-
9
. Va||ot oo Cot|so|o, | ou,o oo |a |ovo|uc|o |aocosa oo o| Looc|o c|v||. Su |oc|oooc|a oo
|a |o|s|ac|o osoao|a, ADC, vo|. |||, +`8`, oo. 26+-3+6.
10
Vid. C. |uootos |ooz, El racionalismo jurdico, ||co, |ost|tuto oo |ovost|ac|ooos uo|cas,
||/|, 2003, oo. 236 ss.
11
Vid. oo tooos C. Tao||o, |o |ooo oo||a coo|caz|ooo, Il diritto privato nella societ moderna,
3o|oo|a, || |u||oo, +`+, oo. 3+ ss.
12
|. |oaoto, Laos |ooo tab|| oa |o Cooo c|v||, La scienza del diritto al tramonto dellillumi-
nismo giuridico, |||o, C|u, 2002, =S20 oo., |. Z|oaoo, Estudios de Derecho privado
europeo (tao. o|oo oo /. Vaouo /|o), |ao|o, C|v|tas, 2000, 32S oo.

154
octaooto oaoo, acabaoo oo|o|oo oo o| Co|o, oo taoto, |a uoc|o oo
|a c|ooc|a os ouaooto oot|ca. Looto oo |os oooosoos oo osta
|ootaoto co|ooto otooo||ca, oo|oaoto oo |aoc|a oo 3||ca
|asta |oa|os oo| s||o |, cabo c|ta a oobos coo |.-T. Too|oo, |.
Loo|obo, |. |auoot, C|. /ub o C|. |au tuvo su o|oo, ooc|sa-
ooto, a oat| oo |os cooota|os a| Co|o oo |aoo|oo. Coovot|oa |a
oba oaoo|oo|ca oo uo oocuooto |otocab|o, |os ootas ocooooa-
bao s|ooo vo|vo a | sus o,os oo sa||so oo sus caucos atoo|oooso a
su |ota cuaooo sta os c|aa, o a |os o|oc|o|os oooa|os oo sus |oos, caoa
voz ouo so oosooto uoa s|tuac|o oo vaco o ab|ooao oo sus ooas.
Ta| co|ooto oocoot uoa otaoo|oa|a ooocus|o oo /|ca |at|-
oa
13
, ooo ta| ocooc|o oobo cootoo|aso coo c|ota cauto|a ouos cuao-
oo ||o a| Coot|oooto a |aba |oc|o c|s|s oo |uooa a oao coooc|-
oas otas ooc|ooos otooo||cas.
|o t|oos u oooa|os ouooo a|aso ouo su ouoto oo oa-
t|oa oa o| coooc||ooto oo| Co|o a tavs oo |as |sas oa|abas oo-
oos|c|ooos oo|oaoas oo su ooacc|o a oat| oo tos oo|sas. oo o|o
|ua, tooo o| Looc|o C|v|| so oocuoota oo o| Co|o (os b|oo coooc|oa
|a c|obo aso at|bu|oa a 3uoot. |o cooozco o| Looc|o C|v||, s | o
oosoo o| Co|o oo |aoo|oo), oo souooo |ua, o| coooc||ooto oo|
Looc|o oobo ocao sobo sus atcu|os so|aooto sobo o||os, , oo
|t|o, |a |o oobo |otoootaso aoa||zaooo cu|oaoosaooto |as oa|abas
oo|oaoas oo |a ooacc|o oo |os atcu|os. |||o tooo uoa ov|oooto ooo-
cus|o oo |a oosoaoza oo| Looc|o C|v|| o| |a uoc|o ,uo|c|a|, oo o| soo-
t|oo oo ouo |os ,uocos ooboo |||taso a ao||ca ost|ctaooto o| Co|o
otaoooo oo| tooo ||toa| oo caoa atcu|o so|uc|o aooo|aoa oaa |os
suouostos cootovot|oos. Lo osta suoto oo oscuo|a oo |a oos|s ouo
oo|va oo| Co|o oo |aoo|oo ost caacto|zaoa oo ooo| cu|to a| to-
to |oa|, osootaooo |a vo|uotao oo| |o|s|aoo, ouo so oobo |ovost|a, oo
caso oo ouoa, a oat| oo |as o|scus|ooos oa|aoota|as. so tata oo uo
tooo ouo ostab|oco uotos |||tac|ooos a| ,uoz oo taoto ouo oo oo|-
to su ||bo |otoootac|o s|oo, oc|us|vaooto, |a ao||cac|o oo |os totos
13
/ osta ato|a so ooo|ca otoaooto o| Caotu|o + (|a oscuo|a oo |a oos|s su |ouoo-
c|a oo /|ca |at|oa) oo |a oba oo C. |aos |oz, El Cdigo napolenico y su recepcin
en Amrica Latina, ||a, ||C|, +``, +08 oo.

155
a| caso osooc|co
14
. |o oat|cu|a, oo acuooo a osta coocooc|o, |a |abo
|otoootat|va oo |os ,uocos ooba |||taso a oo uoa oa ao||cac|o oo |as
|oos, coov|t|oooo oo oos |ostuootos oo |a |o oouc|oos a| ostab|o-
c||ooto oo |os |oc|os a |a subsuoc|o oo |os |sos ba,o |os t|oos
oo |a |o, osto os, |a ao||cac|o ost|cta oo |a |o. dura lex, sed lex. 3asto atoo-
oo a |a o|souosto oo o| at. + oo| Cooo. Le juge qui refusera de juger, sous
prtexte du silence, de lobscurit ou de linsufsance de la loi, pourra tre
poursuivi comme coupable de dni de justice .
3. |os |o|c|os o| ov||ooto coo||caoo ouoooo oo so a|o,ao, oo
t |oos oooa|os, oo |os Looc|os tao|c|ooa|os bvao, ous|aoo o aus-
t|aco ouo oooucoo |os o|oos Co|os. |as, oo ostos totos ao oo
osto oosootos coo o|t|ooz |as |ooas oo ||botao o| oo|too v|s|uba
uoa |o vo|uotao oo ooa buuosa coo |uoo acootocoa oo |ao-
c|a, basto atoooo a ouo o| |oo|v|ouo oo so oocuoota oo o| cooto |so
oo| o|soo ooat|vo, aotoo|oooso uo boovo|o o| oatooa||so ooo|o
oo| oosoot|so ||ustaoo, ooca|oaoo a ota|oco o| oo|o|o oo| oooo
oo|t|co abso|ut|sta. |o o| coota|o o| oaao|a oo| ouovo s|stoa, o|
Co|o |aoo|oo, os uoa a|ac|o oo| oooo|o|o oo| Looc|o |oo|o
ooto a| Coo oo |a acc|o oo| |staoo soboaoo, ouo oo oo|to ouo
oat|cu|aos ooto|ooo |o ou os ,usto |o ou oo |o os. |||o oo |o||ca
|a oosaoa|c|o oo| Looc|o Coo. aotos a| coota|o, so |otoa oo |a
|o|s|ac|o oac|ooa|. So as|sto, oo osta suoto, a uo ouovo oou|||b|o oo| s|s-
toa ouo ootoooo oo so|aooto to|oa coo |o ouo so coos|ooaba uo
oosoooo ,uo|co |oacootab|o, s|oo ouo so aoovoc|a |a couotua oaa
|otoouc| |ooo||caooto ouovos coocootos ooto |os oostaca |a oostuc-
c|o oo |as basos oo|t|cas ocoo|cas ouo sustootabao a |os ostaoo-
tos o|v||o|aoos |ooooso, oo |o, |a ||botao ouo |aba coosou|oo |a
buuosa tas o| t|uoo ovo|uc|ooa|o
15
.
14
Vid. . 3oooocaso, Lcole de lxgese en droit civil, 2 oo., |a|s, |. oo 3occao, +`2+.
15
Vid. |a oba c|s|ca oo . |. L. 3ooao|, De lorigine et des progrs de la lgislation franaise, ou
Histoire du droit public et priv de la France, depuis la fondation de la monarchie justes et com-
pris la Rvolution, |a|s, 3oc|ot, +8+6.

156
4. |o ouoo oouc|oo o| ov||ooto coo||caoo a |os oasos oo
Looc|o osc|to. Loso|o tab|o uoa uoto osooaoc|a oo uo oas oo|
common law coo |os || ||. |o vaoo oo +8++, o| ||soo |o|s oo
3oot|a (++8-+832), osc|b| a| oos|oooto aos |ao|soo uoa cata oo
|a ouo, a |a voz ouo atacaba |a |ocot|oubo oo| common law
16
, ooca sus
sov|c|os oaa ||ova a cabo |a coo||cac|o oo| Looc|o ootoao|caoo.
|ao|soo ooc||o |a oota, ooo aos oosous, oo o| ooo|o oas su|a |a
|ooa oo o|aboa uo Co|o. |o +836, o| |a|aooto oo |assac|usotts oo-
s|o uoa Co|s|o coo oso ooos|to, oo o||a oabao oato oaoa
ooos ouo uoo oo |os ,u|stas as b|||aotos oo |a ||sto|a ootoao|ca-
oa, osoo| Sto. |sto ov||ooto taooco tuvo |to. |ooo, |a causa
coo||caooa uo otoaoa oo |uova Yo' oo o| tooaz aboaoo Lav|o
Luo|o ||o|o, cuo Co|o C|v|| (+8S8-+86S) oc|azaoo oo osto |staoo
oosous oo uo |ao oobato, uo, oo obstaoto, aco|oo oo La'ota (+86S),
Ca||oo|a (+82), |oa|o (+88) |ootaoa (+8`S). || ob,ot|vo oo osto au-
to coos|sta oo cooooosa o| common law oo u|as s|stot|cas acco-
s|b|os, o|||oaooo aoacoo|sos aoaotaoo a |as cooo|c|ooos oo |a ooca.
|o os casua| taooco ouo |ub|oa too|oo |to oo |os |staoos s ,vo-
oos oo| Costo, ooos ataoos a |as u|as ||st|cas oo| common law,
|ootas ouo oo |uova Yo', uo |staoo oo v|o,o o|oo co|oo|a| v|ocu|a-
oo s ostoc|aooto a |a tao|c|o |o|osa, tuvo uoa oa os|stooc|a oo
|os aboaoos oct|cos. |o tooo o||o, || || oo ostuvo a| aoo oo| oo-
coso coo||caoo. Y o||o ooouo tuvo, coo |oos v|sto, oo|so|cos |otoo-
tos oo coo||cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo ooouo +8 o|abo uoa
Coost|tuc|o osc|ta, aoatoooso oo oso soot|oo oo |a oostua otoooa
oo| common law ouo |o |aba o||oo uoa Coost|tuc|o basaoa oo |a ta-
o|c|o oo |as costubos , oo toco |ua, ooouo oo su ooo|o to|to-
|o subs|stao o|ooos ouo ootooocao a| s|stoa oao|sta, coo |a o
co|oo|a aocosa oo |ous|aoa, ooooo so o|ct uo Co|o C|v|| oo +808, a
tao so|o c|oco aos oo |a voota oo| |oooso to|to|o oo |uova C|oaos
a avo oo |os || ||
17
.
16
|. Luoot, De lorganisation judiciaire et de la codication: extraits de divers ouvrages de Jrmie
Bentham (taouc|oo coo obsovac|ooos oo |. |oss|), |a|s, 3ossaoo, +828, +83 oo.
17
|| o|o Co|o C|v|| o|t|oo oo /|ca uo o| oo |a |u|s|aoa, oosoo +803 ootoooc|ooto a
|| || oo cos|o oo |a |aoc|a oaoo|oo|ca. |||o ocu| oo +808, o| cuooo |oa| ootoo-
cos oou|aoo o||b| o| oobo oo Digeste de la loi civile. |a o|oc|oa| caactost|ca oo osta

157
II El Cdigo Cvil de los franceses de 1804.
Cdigo de Napolen y su expansin
Un Cdigo sinnimo de certeza y plenitud
5. |o uoa oc|a ouo |o os uo ||to oo |a ||sto|a cootoooooa, o|
2+ oo azo oo +80+, o| o|o cosu| 3ooaoato oou| o| Co|o
C|v|| oo |os aocosos. |o Co|o ouo oosoo sus oooos ouso oo o||ovo
su cacto oc|ct|co oo ex novo. oo uoa oato, sus ooactoos ooctua-
oo uoa |ovost|ac|o sobo |as costubos oo |aoc|a , oo ota, soo-
t|ooo ostas costubos a| oaoo oo |a azo a |a |oooc|a oo |a |ovo-
|uc|o. |s obv|o ouo o| oooo|o|o oo |a azo as ootooo|oa cooou,oso a
|os ooooos oo |os s||os V| a V||| a oouo|a coo cacto oooa| |a
a|ta oo s|stoat|c|oao ouo oosco||aba oo |a v|oa soc|a|. |o oo vaoo o|
ac|ooa||so oc|a oo t|oa |a auto|oao oo |a costubo. |os ataouos
oo T. obbos
18
, |.|./. Vo|ta|o . 3oot|a, oo tos oootos o|st|otos
c|avos oo| ooosa|ooto ooooo, ov|oooc|aoo o|ocuootoooto o| ooosa-
|ooto ||u|o|sta, ouo oaba oo sootaoa |a saac|oao oo| ooc|oo coo
|o|s|aoo ouo |os|sta oo o| cacto oo|co, uo|oo ov|oootoooto
ac|ooa| oo |a |o|s|ac|o.Y os ootoocos cuaooo so ooouco uoo oo |os a-
oos |tos oo |a ||ustac|o. ooto a |a |oooto|oac|o oooaoa oo |a
o|ua||oao oo ooas o|stootos, |os ||u|o|stas oosootao o| Co|o coo
s|oo|o oo cotoza o|oo|tuo, oou|s|tos ostos a |os ouo, c|otaooto,
oba oa uo aouoc|o oo |a ouo |aba oo oos|st| oo |as sucos|vas coo|cac|ooos |ou|saoas
oo o| coot|oooto ouaoto uoos cuaoota aos, a sabo, |a cas| oc|us|va |ouooc|a oo| Code
Napolon oo o||a. || Digeste de la loi civile, oo oocto, so bas oooooooaotoooto oo oso
co|o , |o ouo osu|ta u cu|oso, tab|o oo o| ouo uo su ooocto oosootaoo oo +800
oo |a c|obo co|s|o ouo oos|o| |ota||s. |aa a|uoos ostuo|osos, |oc|uso uo ao |a
| ouooc|a oo oso ooocto oo o| Digeste ouo |a oo| co|o |so. Vid. 3. Sc|.atz, The Code
Napoleon and the Common Law World: the Sesquicentennial Lectures Delivered at the Center of
the Law Center of New York University, |uova Yo', |o|vos|t |oss, +`S6.
18
|aa T. obbos |a tao|c|o ,uo|ca ao|osa,ooa basaoa oo |a ,u|souoooc|a (costubo oo |os
t|buoa|os), coost|tuo, a| |ua| ouo oaa . 3oot|a, uo caso ato|co. /s, oo o,oo|o, a a
oo o| Leviatn ouo |a sootooc|a oo uo ,uoz oo |o ob||a a oa a | o a oto ,uoz oosto|ooo-
to |a |sa sootooc|a oo casos ao|oos (caotu|o 26).

158
oobo at|bu|so o| co|oozo oo |a aotuoaoa s|o|aoua oo| as||so
oooo|oaoo Master system. |a o|at|vaooto o|oa acootac|o oo| |so,
|oc|uso ouaoto o| s||o V|||, ooooooo oo ooto|oaoas c|cuostaoc|as oo-
sootos a oo |a ooca ouo so ao|ostaoo o ooosaoo a tavs oo soo-
oos o|oc|o|os a ootoocos v|ootos, o| ostata||sta o| aaot|sta
19
.
6. |o Vo|ta|o, o| oc|azo oo |a costubo so uooaootaba oo su
ooos|c|o oota| a| oat|cu|a|so ,uo|co. |a o||ca vo|to|aoa |aoota
ouo, |oaoa |a uo|oao oo|t|ca oo |aoc|a ocoo oo buooa oato a |a too-
oooc|a coota||sta ooso|oaoa oo |a ooaoua abso|uta, |a uo|oao ,uo|ca
tooava oaoca u |o,aoa tooa voz ouo oo |aoc|a so aotooa uoa a-
caoa o|v|s|o ooto o|ooos oo droit crit oo droit coutumier. uo o|ua||s-
o ,uo|co |osoootab|o oaa o| ||u|o|so ouo ooba caacto|za |a oba
oo| |o|s|aoo ost|o|oooo |a |abo oo |otoootac|o ,uo|ca oo oato oo|
,uoz
20
.
|s c|oto ouo 3oot|a oo ooscoooca |tos a |a costubo,
ao|t|oooo ouo sus acos oouooas |a |ovostao oo c|ota auto|oao, oo
obstaoto o|scooaba coo |a |ooa oo oosova|a coo ta|, s|o uoa oov|a
|oo|oac|o |o|s|at|va. / su ,u|c|o, o| Looc|o o|a, oo oo|o oo uo
Co|o, |a oa oo uo cuooo |o|s|at|vo ouo, ooooo caoa oato so |oto-
aso a |as otas coooo a |os c|to|os oo |a a|tt|ca oo |a ooo-
ta. |o ta| coostucc|o |a costubo tooa uo |ua o|ovaoto s|ooo ouo
uoa absob|oa tota|ooto oo |a |o , oo taoto osta c|cuostaoc|a oo tu-
v|oso |ua ooba coos|ooaso a sta coo uoa o|a |ocoovoo|ooto o ||o-
t|a, oo |a cua| oocao obooaso s|o |os ao|a|os. uoa uooto
osoootooa, oat|cu|a, soootaoa |oca||sta ouo, oo su oo|o|o, ooba ouo
so coos|ooaoa coo |oo|oooc|a oo ou|oo oocuaba |o|aota oo o| o|a-
oo ,uo|co o| |oo|o oo |a |azo. |a costubo ooba ootoocos so coo|-
|caoa tooa voz ouo o| Looc|o oouoa, oo oo|o oo| Co|o, |a oa
19
Vid. C. |vaoz /|ooso, |a |o|t|ac|o oo| s|stoa. |o|s|aooos, ,uocos ,u|stas oo |soaa
(+8+0-+80 c. a.), Historia Contempornea, | +, ,uo|o 2003. |tto.//|.c.oo||s.os/cuato/at|-
cu|os.
20
|||o |aa ooc|aa a Vo|ta|o. ||stoo oo |aoc|a c|ooto cuaoota costubos ouo t|oooo
uoza oo |o, tooas o||as o|oootos. |oa oosooa ouo v|a,o oo osto oas cab|a oo |o coo
|a |sa ocuooc|a ouo su caba||o cab|a oo |ua. Voz Coutuos, oo |a oo|c|o aocosa
oo| Dictionnaire Philosophique, vo|. V, |as, +833, o. 2+8.

159
oo uo cuooo |o|s|at|vo ouo, ooooo caoa oato so |otoaso a |as otas
coooo a |os c|to|os oo |a a|tt|ca oo |a ooota. |sto o|aotoa-
|ooto oobo s|tuaso, s|o obao, oo uo coototo soc|o-||st|co uo
ooc|so. |o |a |o|atoa oo |a ovo|uc|o |ooust|a|, ooooo osc|bo 3oot|a,
|a |ooooos|o oa |a oota oo|oaoto o|caooto o| |oo|o oo |a |o
osc|ta oooa oota oo sou|oao ,uo|ca a uo c|uoaoaoo ouo caoca oo
o||a cuaooo oo tooa oto |ostuooto ouo |a costubo oo |a oso|uc|o
oo coo||ctos. |s ooc|saooto oo o| ootooo |o|s ooooo 3oot|a oos-
tu|a su |s|o coo||caooa ouosto ouo |a costubo oo sootaba o|ouoa
ooo|cc|o |o acoca oo cua| |ba a so |a oacc|o oo| Looc|o aoto uoa
|oacc|o o aoto uo coo||cto oo |otoosos o, |oc|uso, sobo cua|os oao |os
suouostos ,uo|cos oov|stos oo o| Looc|o. |a costubo s|o Looc|o
osc|to ob||co s|o booo|c|aba a ,uocos aboaoos, o|cos caoacos oo
oscuta o| |oov|s|b|o cootoo|oo oo| Looc|o, oo,uo|caba a| c|uoaoa-
oo ouo costoaba oocosos |oto|oab|os |ato oosos. Cuaoto s so
o||ataa o| oocoso s booo|c|os obtooa uo ,uoz s|o sa|a|o |,o ouo
cobaba soo |os |oooa|os oo| caso.
Un Cdigo tributario de la razn universal
llamado a aplicarse a todos los pueblos
a) Fundamentos polticos
7. || Co|o |aoo|oo|co os ooos|o oo uo oooto ooto|-
oaoo oo |a ||sto|a, o,o ao. o| coo|a|o, v|ooo a so a|o as coo |a
coosuac|o oo |a |ovo|uc|o |aocosa
21
. |o o||o, t|buta|o oo |a az o
uo|vosa|, oaa sus ooactoos o| Co|o C|v|| ostaba ||aaoo a ao||caso
a tooos |os ouob|os. Coovot|oo oo uo o|caz |ostuooto oo taosoa-
c|o oo |a soc|ooao aocosa oo su ooca, |o sat|saco |os |otoosos oo
|a buuosa. oo uo |aoo, coo|uaooo uo coototo soc|a| ooc||vo a o|||-
oa |as oos|ua|oaoos |otoc|as|stas, oo oto ostab|oc|oooo uo s|stoa ab|o-
21
Vid. coo cacto oooa| |a oba co|oct|va oo C. |u|z Saoz otos, La codicacin: races y pros-
pectiva. El Cdigo Napolen, 3uooos /|os, |ouca, Co|occ|o |uooot|a |u|s, 2003, 23 oo.

160
to a |a ||bo c|cu|ac|o oo b|ooos, oo oo vaoo o| Code |a s|oo coos|ooa-
oo coo |a ooos|o oo| oooo oo| ocaoo
22
.
S|o obao, ooso a |a oovooao ouo s|o||c oaa |aoc|a, o| Code
oo ooou,o uoa uotua ao|ca| coo o| oasaoo s|oo ouo uo s b|oo uoa
oba oooaoa aoataoa oo ao oo|oa oo| ooosa|ooto ,acob|oo. So
tata, oo oocto oo uo Co|o ouo oo so o|ct o| a| co|oozo o| a |a |tao
oo |a |ovo|uc|o
23
, s| oo cuaooo sta a |aba |oa||zaoo, oo suoto ouo oo
uo, coo |a Loc|aac|o oo |os Looc|os oo| obo oo| C|uoaoaoo
oo o,oo|o, uo |ostuooto abso|utaooto oooct|co o ao|ca|. Coos-
t|tuo s b|oo |a ooos|o |o|s|at|va oo uoa buuosa a t|uoaoto, ouo
|a |oaoo |a toa oo| oooo oo |o ouo soa uo oo coos|ooa ouo a|
Co|o |aoo|oo|co coo uo Co|o ao|ca|
24
. 3asto atoooo a ouo |os
|otootos ouo so oa||zaoo ouaoto |a |ovo|uc|o |aocosa oaa o|aboa-
|o acasaoo.
8. So o|co ouo |os Co|os t|oooo ouo so oba oo ,u|stas, oo oo
|oo|oos o| oo ||soos, coo |oooooooooc|a oo ouo aou||os |ocooooo
su ooo|a |ooo|oa. /| aoo oo |a boooao oo osta a|ac|o os ov|ooo-
to ouo |os uc|os ,u|stas coovocaoos oo |aoo|oo oaa |a ooacc|o
oo| Co|o |abao oaoo oato oo| aot|uo |oo o, |oc|uso, a|uoos
oo o||os |abao s|oo uoc|ooa|os, uoo oo o||os |aba s|oo aboaoo oo |u|s
V|. |as o| Co|o C|v|| aocs uo aoto tooo |a ooos|o oo |a vo|uotao
oo|t|ca |oa||b|o oo 3ooaoato, ouo suoo oooaso oo o|oootos ,u|stas
oocooootos oo |as s o|vosas a|||as oo| Looc|o oo |a oo|t|ca.Too-
c|ot, |ota||s, 3|ot oo |aooou |a|ov|||o
25
. Lo |a o|cac|a oo ostos
22
. |at|o, |oooooots oo||t|ouos ou Cooo |aoo|oo, Rev. trim. dr. civ., +02, o 2, 2003, oo.
2+-26+ , id., Mythologie du Code Napolon, 3ouo, Lo|o|ouo |ato |o|o, 2003, S+0 oo.
23
|as o|st|otas tootat|vas coo|caooas ||ovaoas a cabo ouaoto |a |ovo|uc|o |ao s|oo ostuo|a-
oas oo . -|. a|o|o, Limpossible Code civil, |a|s, |||, +``2, 30` oo.
24
. |ato oosc|bo a| Co|o |aoo|oo coo o|oooto oo co|os|o sbo|o oo| s||o oo
|as |ucos a |a voz, cootoo|ooo|o coo uo |otooto oo oooo oooo a |a otaoa oosovo|u-
c|ooa|a. Human Nature and The French Revolution, From the Enlightenment to the Napoleonic
Code, Coo-|uova Yo', 3o|ao 3oo', 2003, 302 oo.
25
|os o|o|oos uooo. |aoco|s Loo|so Tooc|ot. |os|oooto oo| T|buoa| oo Casac|o, aboaoo
oo o| |a|aooto oo |as o|outaoo oo o| toco ostaoo, ooooso oo |u|s V| oo o| ,u|c|o
ouo to|o coo su coooooa a uoto, oa oooto oo o| Looc|o oo| cooto ooto oo|

161
|obos oac| uo coo,uoto ,uo|co co|oooto, c|ao, accos|b|o oaa tooos,
oo o| ouo so ooctu |a sotos|s oo| aot|uo Looc|o oo |as cooou|stas
ovo|uc|ooa|as. ||ouoo oo |os ,u|stas ouo ||zo o| Code oooa ooc|so
ouo oa c|aaooto ,acob|oo ooc|saooto |aoo|oo tuvo |a saac|oao
(Ta||oaoo v. |ouc|) oo o|o||os coo |a |oa||oao oo ooacta uo Co|o
ouo tuv|oa uoa oatua|oza |asta c|oto ouoto oc|ct|ca. ocoo c|otas
cooou|stas oo |a |ovo|uc|o (||botao o |ua|oao aoto |a |o), aotoo|oooo
uo ouovo oooo soc|a| ouo oo so a|o,aso oo uc|os o|oootos coosustao-
c|a|os a| aot|uo |oo. |o oso oooto oo |a |to|oa |o|oooto a| Co|-
o oo |aoo|oo so suo|o |os|st| oo sus acotas coosovaooas. |o tooo
caso, |a ooooa ||sto|oaa coocooo uo oaoo| o|ovaoto a| oo ootoo-
cos ||o Cosu| oo |a ooacc|o oo| Co|o ouo ||ova su oobo ouo
a |aba s|oo ouosto oo o||ovo oo |oo Savat|o oo uoo oo sus o|oos
osc|tos
26
, sobo tooo oo |o ouo so o|oo a| Looc|o oo |a oosooa.
|aoo|oo ouoca o|v|o su coocooc|o oo tooo a |a uo|oao ,uo|ca oo |a
a|||a ouos oa ooc|o|oo oat|oa|o oo uoa a|||a uoto soot|oa a |a
auto|oao oo| oaoo oo v|o|za |a |ost|tuc|o at|oo|a| ostab|oc|oooo
taat|vaooto ouo |os osoosos so ob||ao utuaooto a couo|oao oo
oas o| Looc|o coo |o cuoo |a osooosab|||oao oo oos|o| |a Co|s|o. oao |t|oooo
|a|o |ota||s, Co|sa|o oo| Cooso,o oo |osas, aboaoo oo toooooc|a oooaoa, oob| o|-
|aso ooto +` +800 oo oocootaso v|ocu|aoo coo |os o|aoos oo|t|cos, a su oo-
so uo oobaoo sooaoo |o|sto ouaoto o| Coosu|aoo o| |oo|o, oa aboaoo oo| oa-
|aooto oo /| coooca b|oo |a costubo oo| |sto, uo auoo ct|co oo |a ooca oo| too
oo so |ooot|caba coo |as |ooas ovo|uc|ooa|as o| coo o| ac|ooa||so, a| ouo |outaba |a
oostucc|o oo |a tao|c|o. |o|| u||oo oao 3|ot oo |oaoooau, Co|sa|o oo| Cob|ooo
aoto o| T|buoa| oo Casac|o, aboaoo oo o| oooataooto oo |oooos osooc|a||sta oo |a cos-
tubo oo| Costo. acouos oo |a|ov|||o, /boaoo oo o| oa|aooto oo 3uooos, |oto o| T|-
buoa| oo Casac|o coo Socota|o coooca |a costubo oo| suooosto, oub||c oo +80S
uoa oba ooooo aoa||zaba |a o|scus|o oo| Co|o aoto o| Cooso,o oo |staoo.
26
Vid. o| ooscu|o oo |. Savat|o, LArt de faire les lois. Bonaparte et le Code Civil, |a|s, La||oz,
+`2, + oo. || auto oosc|bo, oo s|o c|oto aoas|ooa|ooto, a ouosto oosooa,o. Le Premier
Consul tait alors maigre, ple, passionn, avec des yeux brillants. Il habillait ses trente ans dun
habit vert qui nengonait rien, ne vieillissait pas en lui le jeune homme, ne transformait pas en civil
le soldat et ne dteignait nullement sur la couleur peu parlementaire de son loquence. Il tait le
plus naturel, le seul fantaisiste, le seul spontan de lAssemble, le seul, propos du mariage,
parler des brunes et des blondes, des yeux noirs et des yeux bleus, et se permettre de croire

162
v|oa (at. 2+S). Coo os ov|oooto, oo |os oob|oas oo ooscoooooc|a
ouo |o ob||aoo a oouo|a a oso|oa a su oosa, tab|o ostaba |oc||oaoo
a ooza |a aoooc|o. Y auoouo oo aouo||os oootos coooooaba sus
ovootua|os ocosos, oo so ooooa a| aotoo||ooto oo |a ooa||oao oo
o|voc|o oo coosoot||ooto utuo |ostauaoo oo |a |ovo|uc|o
27
.
|ocoooa o| Code civil sobo tooo uoa coocooc|o oo| Looc|o
ooaooa oo |a soc|ooao, uo||caooa oo |a oac|o o |ostuooto oo
|ua|oao. So coo|ua oo ta| soot|oo coo uo oto oo oooo|zac|o oo
|a soc|ooao c|v|| oaa asoua |a oooaac|o oo |as |ooas oo |as |ucos oo
|a |ovo|uc|o. / oat| oo su ootaoa oo v|o tooos |os |oo|v|ouos ozao
oo oooc|os ooboo acata |as |sas o|as, sooaaoas oo |as oosc|o-
c|ooos o|||osas. |as oosooas so oocuootao, a oat| oo oso oooto,
su,otas oosoo su oac||ooto |asta su uoto a uo |staoo c|v|| |a|co s|bo-
||zaoo oo o| at|oo|o c|v||. |sta |a|c|oao os oatooto a| suo||so cua|-
ou|o ooooc|a a |a o|v|o|oao, oo o|v|ooos ouo |aoo|oo coo| c|o-
tos cab|os oa||zaoos oo |a |ovo|uc|o a| oooo ouoto |oa| a |a sooaa-
c|o ooto |as ||os|as o| |staoo, ostab|oc|oooo uo o|o uba| oo
|a|c|zac|o. Lo osta suoto, ooso a |os booo|c|os oaa |a ||os|a oo|vaoos
oo| Coocooato oo +80+
28
, o| |staoo t|ooo uo uooaooto |a|co, o| Co|-
o C|v|| oo |os aocosos oo |oc|uo oosc|oc|o o|||osa a|uoa. So |a|c|za
o| ostaoo c|v||, o| at|oo|o c|v|| coost|tuo uo oou|s|to oov|o ob||a-
to|o oo cua|ou|o coooo|a oo at|oo|o o|||oso (||bo acu|tat|vo).
que ces dtails puissent avoir leur importance. Lui seul plaisantait dans cette assemble de gens
graves... Mais, en Bonaparte, ce ntait pas seulement le sducteur qui faisait la conqute, ctait
aussi le matre. Cela se sent la lecture. Lloquence de Bonaparte, ce sont des phrases nettes,
coupantes, qui font image, qui parlent, qui vivent, qui marchent, des traits de feu dit Taine, dards
par son esprit... Enn, lautorit se runissant la sduction et lintelligence, quelque chose de si
saisissant mane de la parole de ce jeune homme passionn et imprieux quau coin de la table
un conseiller dEtat, Thibaudeau, ne se tient pas de noter au vif les incartades de cette parole.
27
Tas |a |ostauac|o bobo|ca |a |ost|tuc|o oo| o|voc|o uo suo||oa oo uoa |o oo 8 oo
ao oo +8+6 so|o uo o|ostauaoa oo |a |o |aouot oo 2 oo ,u||o oo +88+. Ta| suoo-
s|o o|o o|oo a c|obos suouostos oo |a ,u|souoooc|a aocosa oo o| b|to oo| Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| o|vaoo, coo o| c|obo asuoto 3oauooot. || o|voc|o oo utuo coosoo-
t||ooto |ubo oo osooa a |a |o | S-6+, oo ++ oo ,u||o oo +`S.
28
|o o|c|o |ostuooto |o V|| ocoooc| a|uoas ooas ovo|uc|ooa|as cootoo|oas oo |a
Coost|tuc|o C|v|| oo| C|oo, ta|os coo |a ||botao oo cu|tos, |a oac|ooa||zac|o oo |os b|ooos
oc|os|st|cos |a o|s|ouc|o oo| ooo oo o|cos|s. |as |aoo|oo so coooot| a sos-

163
|| osu|taoo oo osto oocoso coo||caoo, |a o|oaoc|a |a c|a|oao
oo su ost||o ooo, sobo tooo, |a oooo|oao oo| oso|tu, o| oou|||b|o ouo
o| Co|o aot|ooo ooto oooc|os ob||ac|ooos, |os va|oos oo |os cua-
|os so uooaoota (||botao, |ua|oao tab|o vo|uotao osooosab|||oao)
oo||cao su asobosa |ooov|oao oo |aoc|a su |to |otooac|ooa|
29
.
b) Rasgos esenciales del contenido del Code
9. Lo| cootoo|oo oo| Code cabo oostaca a|uoos asooctos tascoo-
oootos oaa |os utuos oosao||os oo| Looc|o too|oooo oo cuoota |a
|o|uooc|a ouo o|st oo tooos aouo||os oasos ouoooos |uoo ao|-
caoos ouo aoootaoo |a coo||cac|o coo oa oo ooooa sus ooo|os
s|stoas ubooat|vos.
|| ||bo o|oo ooo|caoo a |as oosooas coot|ooo bs|caooto |a
ou|ac|o oo |a caoac|oao oco oo |os oooc|os c|v||os oaa cua|ou|o
c|uoaoaoo aocs, auo cuaooo ost|oo o| o|o o| oooc|o oo |as u-
,oos, oo oocto, a| oaoo oo a|||a a| osooso so |o at|buo uo |ua oo-
oooooaoto oaa aaot|za o| oooo oo o| sooo oo |a a|||a. So|o o| oaoo
t|ooo o| Looc|o oo |otostao ouo|oooo |ooo| o| at|oo|o |asta |os
2S aos oo |os ||,os vaooos |asta |os 2+ oo |as u,oos, auo cuaooo tu-
v|oao auto|zac|o oo |a aoo. || a|oo t|ooo o| oobo oo aotooo a
|a u,o ouo so ocuoa oo| |oa, oo ouo|oooo osta |t|a cootata o| o|s-
oooo oo |os b|ooos s|o coosoot||ooto oo| couo, o| oosootaso a ,u|-
c|o coo ooaooaoto s|o su auto|zac|o. |c|uo |a |otovooc|o oo|
|staoo oo |as o|ac|ooos a|||aos, coaooo uo Cooso,o oo a|||a coost|-
tu|oo oo oa|ootos |||taba |a ||botao oo o|soooo oo tostaooto so-
o |a caot|oao oo ||,os ouo so tuv|oa. |o o| Code so o|aoota, as||s-
o, |a o|stooc|a oo| o|sto oo| ostaoo c|v||, socu|a|zaooo |as o|ac|ooos
a|||aos, |o cua| |aba s|oo uoa oo |as ooas oo |a ovo|uc|o. |a a|-
||a oat|aca| oo o|oo oaoo uooaoa oo |a oat|a ootostao os ooo|a-
tooo o| cu|to cat||co ,a suo|oo a |os sacoootos, osovoooso o| oooc|o oo ooba
ob|soos ouo |o oobao oosta ,uaooto oo oo||oao, oo obstaoto |o cua| |a |ovost|oua |a
otoaba o| |ootco, coo |o cua| ouooaba ostab|oc|oo oo |oc|o uoa suoto oo oatooato a
avo oo| obooaoto.
29
L. 3ot||au, |o cooo oou |too|t:, Revue dHistoire du Droit franais et tranger, 2003-2,
oo. +`S226

164
zaoa oo |a buuosa, ooooo aouo||a cosa coo |a aoa oo ooao (2+
aos), o|||oaooo cua|ou|o vocu|o ouoa| o o|a| coo o| |staoo
30
. Coo
|oos too|oo ocas|o oo aouota, socu|a|za o| at|oo|o, otaooo|o
oo |a coootooc|a oo |a ||os|a taosoooo|o oo uo cootato c|v||.
Coosova o| o|voc|o-saoc|o oo aou|to|o, cuo|oao o |o,u|a avo
aot|ooo o| ouo so vo||caba oo utuo acuooo
31
.
|v|oootoooto, o| Co|o os t|buta|o oo osto b|to oo |as aot|-
uas |oos ouoa|os ooooo |as u,oos caocao oo caoac|oao ocoo|ca
o|ooa, osto uo c|oto osooc|a|ooto oaa |as u,oos casaoas ou|ooos
ostabao tota|ooto soot|oas a |a tuto|a oo sus a|oos. |o oso os o-
cuooto |a a|ac|o oo ouo o| Co|o coosa |a uoto c|v|| oo|t|ca
oo |a u,o, ooc|aooo|a |ocaoaz |oa| soot|ooo|a, soo |os casos, a
|a auto|oao oo| oaoo, oo| |oaoo o oo| a|oo. |o os oo otaa ouos,
ouo ooto |as o|v|oo|cac|ooos o|oc|oa|os oo |as o|oas o|o|stas ostu-
v|oa o| oooc|o a o|soooo ||boooto oo sus b|ooos, oo| ooo|o sa|a|o,
oo o,oo|o. o|caooto oo o| s||o so coosou| oo ostos oasos
ooo |a |o|s|ac|o o|sc||oato|a.
10. |o cuaoto a |os ||bos ostaotos, so aov|oto |a taosoac|o oo
|a ostuctua oo |a soc|ooao c|v||, a tavs oo| Looc|o oo |oo|ooao |a
ou|ac|o oo |os cootatos. |o|bo |os |oo|co|sos, o|||oa |os aoaz-
os s|oota o| o|oc|o|o oo |a |ua|oao oo |os |ooooos, coo |o cua| avo-
oco |a aootac|o oo |as ooo|ooaoos otoa oo aoos oc|us|va oo |a
oob|oza. |stab|oco o| o|oc|o|o oo |a ||bo o|soos|c|o oo |os b|ooos o|
Looc|o oo |oo|ooao abso|uto oaa oza o|soooo oo |os b|ooos, sa|-
vo o| uso coota|o a |a oa| buooas costubos, acootoc|oooo |o oo-
o|o coo |a autoooa oo ato|a cootactua|. Cuaooo o| Co|o oo |aoo-
|oo oo sus ats. S++ S+S ooc|aa ouo |a ooo|ooao os o| oooc|o oo
oza o|soooo oo uoa cosa oo| ooo s abso|uto s|o otas |||tac|o-
oos ouo |as |oa|os, ouo oao|o ouooo so o|vaoo oo su ooo|ooao s
ouo oo oooo|ac|o, uooaoa oo causa ,ust||caoa oo ut|||oao ob||ca
oov|a |a coosoooo|ooto |oooo|zac|o, oo oa||oao |o ouo |aco os aco-
30
. |at|o, tout o: Su |a ouo ou oouvo| oos oos oaos |o Cooo |aoo|oo, Revue
dhistoire des facults de droit et de la science juridique, | +3, +``2, oo. 2230+
31
Vid. . 3oooocaso, La philosophie du Code Napolon au droit de la famille, |a|s, 3occao, +`28,
oo. 22 ss.

165
o|ta uoo oo |os osu|taoos oo |a |ovo|uc|o oo +8` ouo |uaa oo |a
ooc|aac|o oo Looc|os oo| |obo ouo |o|c| |a Coost|tuc|o oo +`3.
|otoouco o| oosao||o oo |a tooa oo |a osooosab|||oao oo oaos, |oc|u-
oooo |a ob,ot|va oo cu|oa oocabozaooo o| ooosa|ooto utuo oo |a
oooo|oaoa oscuo|a sub,ot|v|sta o c|s|ca oo |a osooosab|||oao, oo|oao-
to oo |os Co|os C|v||os ooc|ooo|cos ouo coosooooa a uoa ocooo-
a oooo|oaotoooto aco|a, coooo a ta| coocooc|o, os |a actua-
c|o cu|oab|o o oo|osa oo ou|oo oa||za o| acto |a ouo ,ust||ca su ob||ac|o
oo osac| oo,u|c|os, oo obstaoto, ou|oo |ocuo|o uoa ob||ac|o o causa
uo oao oo caso otu|to oo ouooa ob||aoo a |oooo|za oo,u|c|os. a
|o |oos|b|o, oao|o ost ob||aoo, oo osta suoto |a cu|oa oo ato|a oo
osooosab|||oao otacootactua| so coo|ua coo uo o|oooto |oo|s-
ooosab|o oo |a osooosab|||oao oo at|bu| a| acto |a oota oo |||c|tuo ouo
oa oac||ooto a| oobo oo osac|.
|| ||bo |oa| tata oo |as sucos|ooos, oo |as ob||ac|ooos |os coo-
tatos oo oooa| oo oat|cu|a oo a|uoos oooc|os oa|os
32
. Cooco-
taooto oo ato|a |ooo|ta|a saoc|ooa o| oocoo||ooto oo |a sucos|o
oaoo, ooo oo |asta o| ouoto oo coos|ooa uoa |sa oosooa a| cau-
saoto a| |ooooo. |a sucos|o oo |a oosooa oasa a so ooo|azaoa
oo uoa sucos|o oo |as t|tu|a|oaoos ,uo|cas. Tooo o| coo,uoto ooosa
sobo |a baso oo uo ooo|o ||boa| cao|ta||sta ouo avooco oosova |os
oooc|os oo |a buuosa, ostab|oc|oooo uo ooct|vo oou|||b|o ooto |os
oooc|os ooboos oo cuo ovo|uc|ooa|o |as costubos oooc|os
ooo|stootos.
11. |a oou|ac|o oo osto toto |oa| aca uo ||to oo o| oosao-
||o oosto|o oo |a coo||cac|o oo| Looc|o C|v|| taoto oo |uooa coo
oo /|ca, s|o ouo su |o|uooc|a so v|oa aoctaoa oo |a caoa oo| |oo-
|o oaoo|oo|co. Lo |o oouosto oo ouooo otaa ouo autoos coo /..
/oauo |aao coos|ooaoo ouo o| Co|o os coo uo ,uoo ouo ostab|o-
co ooto|oaoas o|as, buuosas, oo ooooo so o|co ou|oos ouoooo ,ua
ou|oos oo
33
. u|ooos ,uoao soo osooc|a|ooto aouo||os ouo soo c|uoa-
32
. |. Cazzao|a, Introduction historique au droit des obligations, |a|s, |||, +``2, 2`6 oo.
33
/. . /oauo, Les origines doctrinales du Code Civil, |a|s, |. ||c|oo |. Luaoo-/uz|as, +`6`,
326 oo., id., Essai danalyse structurale du Code Civil franais: la rgle du jeu dans la paix bourge-
oise, |a|s, ||c|oo |. Luaoo-/uz|as, +`3, +82 oo.

166
oaoos, aocosos, vaooos ooo|ota|os. |sta os |a azo ouo ,ust||ca |a
ou|ac|o oo |a at|buc|o |a aoou|s|c|o oo |a oac|ooa||oao aocosa. |o
taoto, oo |as o|as oo ,uoo osto oc|u|oos |os otao,oos (sa|vo acoo|-
tac|o oo |a oc|ooc|oao coo |t|o|os ost|cc|ooos oo o| o,oc|c|o oo
|os oooc|os), |as u,oos, |os oooos oo ooao, os ooc| tooava o| Co|-
o |aoo|oo|co os uo Co|o oat|aca|, ouo tooa o|soos|c|ooos aoca-
ooto coosovaooas. |o o,oo|o, |a u,o oo tooa |a oos|b|||oao oo o|s-
oooo oo sus b|ooos, oo tooa |a ooosootac|o oo |a soc|ooao cooua|,
o| a|oo oooa o|soooo oo |os b|ooos cooua|os s|o ooo||o o|ouoa c|a-
so oo auto|zac|o a |a u,o, ostaba oo||b|oa |a |ooaac|o ,uo|c|a|, os
ooc| s| |ub|oa uo ,u|c|o oaa |oa |a |||ac|o oo |a oatoo|oao otaa-
t|oo|a| ||ot|a, oo ta| aooa ouo |os ||,os otaat|oo|a|os s| oo
oao ocoooc|oos vo|uota|aooto oo sus oaoos so oocootabao oo uo
||bo ,uo|co. |o |o, |a uoa so|o oo oota||os ouo |acoo ouo o| Co|o
|aoo|oo|co ovo|o uo asoocto ||boa| ooo uo ovoso oo |a ooooa oo
cacto c|aaooto coosovaoo. L|c|o oo otos t|oos, os uo o|o,o
oo |as cooou|stas oooct|cas, ooo tab|o |oc|uo uo ta|aoto coosova-
oo ouo vooa oo uoa buuosa t|uoaoto ouo oo oocos|taba oo ou|a
o|ouoa o|v|oo|cac|o ooouo a so oocootaba s|tuaoa oo o| oooo
34
.
Un hito en el desarrollo posterior de la codificacin
del Derecho Civil
12. |a coo||cac|o os uo oocoso ooooo ooa|zaoo a c|otos |sta-
oos ouo ootooocoo a uoa a|||a ,uo|ca oao|sta, o oo| civil law
35
, oo o|
coota|o, oo tooos aouo||os oasos ouo ootooocoo a |a osoa ao|osa,o-
oa |a coo||cac|o |a too|oo uo |oacto o|voso. Cu|osaooto oo || ||
ooooo so o|st uoa ootab|o |o|uooc|a aocosa oaa |a o|aboac|o oo
su Coost|tuc|o oo so ooc|b| oo t|oos oooa|os |a |ooota oo|
Co|o |aoo|oo|co. |os oasos ouo ao |o|uooc|a |ao oc|b|oo |ao
s|oo oo o|oc|o|o |os ouoooos, oo |a |ovas|o oaoo|oo|ca, ooo tab|o
|os oasos |at|ooao|caoos. |o osto caso oo coo uoa |ovas|o s|oo ba,o
34
. |vau|t, Le Code Napolon: ses fondements philosophiques et son rayonnement dans le mon-
de, |uooa-|ost|tut oo |o|vos|tt oos Saa|aooos, +`8S.
35
|. /sc|o|, / Tuo|o |o|ot |o t|o C|v||-|a. Tao|t|oo. o Ius commune to Cooo |aoo|oo,
Tulane Law Rev, vo|. 0, +``6, oo. +0++-+0S+.

167
uo oocoso oo ocooc|o vo|uota|a oo| Looc|o. Coocob|oo o| Co|o
coo uo s|stoa ||co oo ooas uo|vosa|os so coostu uoa osoo-
c|o oo cu|tua oo Co|o ouo |ouso uo ooto|oaoo ooo oo azooa
ouo |a ||oaoo |asta ouostos oas
36
.
|| Co|o C|v|| aocs so |oooo o|oaooto oo o|o |ua
oo o| Looc|o oo cooou|sta ouo s|o||c |a ooaos|o oo| |oo|o oaoo-
|oo|co
37
. /s uo aoootaoo oo 3||ca
38
, |uobuo, |uoo so otooo|
a |os |asos 3a,os, caotooos oo |a Su|za aocosa
39
, o|oc|oaoos |ta||aoos,
oo|acos a|oaoos, ooto otos
40
. Su caoa oo +8+S o||o o|st|otas oac-
c|ooos s| b|oo auo aouo||os oasos ouo |o oooaoo o|ctaoo otos basa-
oos oo su ooat|va.Tab|o |o|u oo su o|us|o |a oo|t|ca co|oo|a| ao-
cosa (Caoao, |u|s|aoa
41
), |ca, C|ooto |oo|o). |aoo|oo ou|so otoo-
oo |as |ost|tuc|ooos ovo|uc|ooa|as oo coov|cc|o |ooo||ca, ouos coa
oo |a suoo|o|oao oo |os |ooa|os oo ac|ooa||oao ,ust|c|a ooo|os oo |a
|ovo|uc|o, oo coos|ooac|ooos oct|cas. coot|bu|ao a |a uo||cac|o
oo| |oo|o sov|ao oaa asoua su cooto|, o|||oaooo cuooos |oto-
oo|os o|v||o|os, oaa su|o|sta o|ooo |obos oaa atao a |a
buuosa a| caoos|oaoo. |oo |a otoos|o oo ostas |ost|tuc|ooos so
acooa oo |a |o|b|||oao oo su ouosta oo oct|ca. |sta |o|b|||oao, ,uoto
coo |a ooos|va oooac|o oo| |oo, ||zo ouo |a |oo||oao oo |a
|o|aotac|o oo |os o|oc|o|os ovo|uc|ooa|os oo ouo oao ootaooas |as
|ost|tuc|ooos uoso o|vosa, oo uoc|o oo| aoo oo cooto| oo |a soc|ooao
oo |a ouo so ao||cabao, o|oooto soo so tataso oo to|to|os |ocoooa-
36
Cf. V. Tau /ozoatou|, |oa cu|tua oo Co|o, Revista de Historia del Derecho (3uooos /|os),
| 26, +``8, oo. S38-S3`.
37
Looto oo |a ouoosa b|b||oaa o|stooto oostaca o| oc|ooto vo|uoo co|oct|vo, Le Code
Napolon, un anctre vnr? Mlanges offerts Jacques Vanderlinden, 3uso|as, 3u|aot, 200+,
S`2 oo.
38
|. ||ot, |o Cooo |aoo|oo oo 3o||ouo, Revue internationale de droit compar, +`S+, oo.
S3-`+
39
. |. |ouoot, |os |||tos oo ||ouooco ou Cooo |aoo|oo su |os coo|cat|oos oaooos ou
|o s|c|o, Revue historique de droit franais et tranger, | 6`, +``+, oo. ++-6+.
40
|. L. 3ocsao, |o Cooo |aoo|oo oo |oua|oo au s|c|o ooo|o, Rev. int. dr. comp., vo|. S6,
200+, oo. +3`-++6.
41
|. 3at|za, T|o |ou|s|aoa C|v|| Cooo o +808. |ts actua| soucos aoo oosoot o|ovaoco, Tulane
Law Review, | +, +`+, oo. +-+6S

168
oos a| |oo|o o oo ostaoos vasa||os o s|o|oooto a||aoos, oo |as caacto-
st|cas oo |a soc|ooao oo ouo so ao||caba, o|st|otas soo |ub|osoo ooo|-
ootaoo o oo uo oocoso oo ooa oov|o o|sous|osoo o oo oo ostuc-
tuas s o ooos oaoc|oas a |as aocosas, oo |a ooca oo ouo o||o tooa
|ua. oo uooo |o |so |os o|oos oootos ouo |os |t|os aos
oo| |oo|o, cuaooo o| |oo so |aba |oc|o s coosovaoo.
13. |o t|oos oooa|os ouooo ooc|so ouo |ubo uoa ao |oo||-
oao a| ooo|o coooo oa s tooaoa ao |a |otoac|o a| |-
oo|o s aooo |a a|o|oao |o|c|a| a |a soc|ooao aocosa. |as, taooco
|a ouo o|v|oa ouo, oaa |a oa||zac|o oo |as ooas, so tuvo ouo coo-
ta coo o| oosooa| ao|o|stat|vo aoocuaoo, ouo oo sus ostatos ba,os oa
oocosa|aooto |oca|, coo |a co|aboac|o oo |os ootab|os oo| |ua, ac-
toos abos ouo tooo|ooo a o||u| |a oouoo|oao oo |as taosoac|o-
oos. |a v|ocu|ac|o oo| Co|o a| |oo|o oo||ca su oscasa |o|uooc|a oo
|otua|. |o oocto, o| Co|o C|v|| ootuus oo +86 uo o| ouo oc|b|
uoa |o|uooc|a ooo oo| Co|o oo |aoo|oo tooa voz ouo oo sus taba-
,os oooaato|os so ou|so coosova oo |a oo|oa oo |o oos|b|o o| aot|uo
Looc|o ootuus. S|o obao o| ooo|o soa aco|oo oo otos oasos
a|o,aoos oo o|oc|o|o a |a |o|uooc|a aocosa coo |uao|a.
III Repercusin del modelo en Amrica Latina
Coc|ooos oo tooo a| Looc|o co|oo|a| |oooaoo
14. |a ovo|uc|o oo |as cootovos|as oo|t|cas, soc|a|os, |ooo||cas,
cu|tua|os ocoo|cas ouo so oosao|| oo |os oasos oo /|ca |at|-
oa oc|ootoooto |ooooooo|zaoos oo|to |a cooaac|o oo |os ooco-
sos oat|cu|aos ouo so o|staoo oo caoa oas oo |o o|at|vo a |a oa-
c|o oo |ost|tuc|ooos oo|t|cas. S| b|oo so |ootaoo ooo|os oo|t|co-|ooo-
||cos oo otos oasos (oooa||sta, coota||sta, ooub||caoo, oos|oooc|a-
||sta, oa|aoota|o, ||boa|, coosovaoo, otc.), |as c|cuostaoc|as osooc|cas
oo caoa oas ob||aoo a ouo so |o||oao at|cos a |os oooctos oo
|staoo, |o ouo o|o oo osu|taoo soc|ooaoos coo aooos o|oooc|as ooto
s, ooo oo a|uoos casos tab|o coo oooos soo,aozas. /oootooo-
oos oo |as ot|vac|ooos ouo |ou|saoo o| oocoso coo||caoo |at|ooao-
|caoo |oov|tab|oooto oos oocootaoos coo uo |ootaoto osco||o.

169
ooco o oaoa so |a o|c|o sobo |as cooo|c|ooos soc|a|os o, cu|tua|os oo
oooa|, ouo acooaaoo o|c|a ou|ac|o
42
.
15. Looto oo| ost|cto caoo oo| Looc|o ||vaoo o, s| so ou|oo,
oo o| |oto|o oo |as acos oo|atas oo| Looc|o oaoo
43
, oo ouooo
ooaso ouo |a |ooot|oao ,uo|co-cu|tua| oo| Looc|o |at|ooao|caoo so
ot|oooo ouaoto o| |ao ooooo oo oo|oac|o co|oo|a|
44
. || Looc|o
|oo|aoo ao||cab|o a |os to|to|os oo u|taa coostu |as basos oo |o
ouo |uoo oo |a |oooooooooc|a oo|t|ca coooz a aoou|| |ooot|oao
oac|ooa| a tavs oo |a coo||cac|o. Lo |oc|o, |a |oooooooooc|a oo |a /-
|ca osoao|a ac o| |o oo |a ooca |oo|aoa, ooo oo oo| Looc|o |oo|a-
oo
45
. || Looc|o |oo|aoo ouo || oo /|ca osoao|a oosoo |a ooca oo
|os ooscub||ootos |asta |a coo||cac|o, os ooc|, oo t|oos oooa|os,
oosoo |oos oo| s||o V |asta |a souooa |tao oo| s||o | , ostuvo coo-
oaoo oo o|oootos oo| Looc|o casto||aoo, |ooooa o| osooc|co
42
Lostacao, |oouoab|oooto, |os taba,os oo /. Caca 3|to oo aoo,o o|octo ouo |aco oo
tooos |os oooctos oo Co|os C|v||os oo tooos |os Co|os C|v||os oo /|ca |at|oa ouo
cu||oaoo oo su oooaa, La codicacin civil en Iberoamrica. Siglos XIX y XX, Saot|ao,
|o|to|a| uo|ca oo C|||o, 2000, 62+ oo.
43
|a oooooooaoc|a oo| Looc|o oaoo oo o| Looc|o oo |os oasos oo /|ca |at|oa os
uoa aac|o ocuooto. Looto oo |a otoosa ||toatua ouo o|sto sobo |a ato|a Vid. .
|. Casto Vzouoz, || s|stoa oo Looc|o o|vaoo ao|caoo, Estudios de Derecho civil en
honor al profesor Castn Tobeas, vo| |V, |ao|ooa, |o|c|ooos oo |a |o|vos|oao oo |avaa,
+`6`, oo. +S-+88, /. |. V|||o|a, L|o|to oaoo o s|stoa ,u|o|co |at|oo-ao|caoo, Revista
de Informaao Legislativa (3as|||a), +`8+, oo. ++S-+2+, |. Cata|aoo, S|stoas ,uo|cos. S|stoa
,uo|co |at|oo-ao|caoo Looc|o oaoo, RGLJ, t. C|, +`82, oo. +66 ss, |. ||os|as
|. |o|ooau, |a |ouooc|a oo| Looc|o oaoo oo o| Looc|o c|v|| o|caoo. |os Co|os
c|v||os oo +80, +88+ +`28, Revista de Derecho Privado (||co), +``2, oo. S+-63, L. |. |o-
ooooz /oo, Sobo |a o|stooc|a oo uoa a|||a |at|ooao|caoa, Anuario Jurdico y Econ-
mico Escurialense, ooca ||, | V||, +``+, oo. 3-+0`.
44
/. |. Cao, |o| cat|oo aoo aoo|zat|oo o ||vato |a. |o |at|o /o|ca, AJCL, vo|. +0,
+``2, oo. S8-6+6.
45
|o ostuo|o oo oouoo|oao acoca oo |a aac|o oo| Looc|o oat|o o oac|ooa|, ooto a|
oo Looc|o coo oo |soaa oo |a oov|vooc|a oo| Looc|o coo oo ||soaooa|ca
so oocuoota oo o| u|t|o aoataoo oo| ||bo oo 3. 3avo ||a, Derecho comn y Derecho pro-
pio en el Nuevo Mundo, Saot|ao oo C|||o, |o|to|a| uo|ca oo C|||o, +`8`, V||| = 33 oo.

170
oo |oo|as. |oto +S+ +S0 so cooso||oa o| Looc|o |oo|aoo ooto
+S0 +`00 o| Looc|o |at|o o |ac|ooa| suo oo ooc|a oo| Loo-
c|o Coo. || Looc|o |oo|aoo oocuoota su |t|a aso oo |a |oooooo-
oooc|a oo /|ca oooco coo |a coo||cac|o
46
.
/|oa b|oo, |a coo||cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo oo /|ca |at|-
oa oo tuvo coo ob,ot|vo oosou| |a uo|o|oao oo| Looc|o ||vaoo
oo |as ,vooos |oob||cas, s|oo s b|oo a|a |a oac|ooto soboaoa oo|-
t|ca oo|aoto uo s|stoa |o|s|at|vo |oto|||b|o s accos|b|o ouo |a o|s-
oosa, oousa coousa |o|s|ac|o co|oo|a|. |o ooscootaoo, ouaoto o| oo-
|ooo oo |a cooou|sta, |ab|a sobo |o|uooc|as ouoooas oo /|ca |at|-
oa os oo|so a| Looc|o osoao|
47
. |o aouo| ootoocos o| Looc|o
osoao| ostaba coost|tu|oo oo uo coo|ooaoo oo |oos o|soos|c|ooos,
coosocuooc|a oo uoa act|v|oao |o|s|at|va casust|ca caooto oo tooo.
|os totos |oa|os oao oo o|st|oto o|oo ooactaoos oo o|st|otas oo-
cas, |o ouo o||cu|taba su coooos|o ao||cac|o.
16. |a aoa oo |as oac|ooos |at|ooao|caoas a|caozaoo su |ooo-
ooooooc|a ooto +8+0 +82S. Coo os ||co, |as |oos ouo v|ocu|abao a
|as o-co|oo|as coo |soaa uooo oooaoas o s|o|oooto ouooaoo s|o
oocto. S|o obao, oo |o ouo osoocta a |a |o|s|ac|o c|v||, o| cab|o ||o-
s taoaooto. Losous oo ooc|aaoa |a |oooooooooc|a, |os ouovos
|staoos oo s|ot|ooo o|ouoa uooc|a oo ooo|caso a |a o|aboac|o oo
|oos ouo ooo|azaao a |a |o|s|ac|o c|v|| osoao|a. |o |a bsouooa oo
ooo|os, so ouooo obsova |ooooo|oao oo tooas |as oob||cas |at|oo-
ao|caoas. Cu|osaooto, oo |o ouo so o|oo a oao|zac|o oo|t|ca,
tooas aoootaoo o| s|stoa ootoao|caoo, ooo oo |o ouo a Looc|o
C|v|| so o|oo, a| ooos oo o| s||o |, so s|uo oo uoa u ota oo|oa a|
ooo|o aocs
48
. |osto|oooto, s|o obao, su| ooto |os ,u|stas,
oo|t|cos o |oto|octua|os oo oooa|, ouo oabao oato oo |os ostatos
o||ootos oo |os ouovos |staoos, |a ootoos|o oo ooa o| v|o,o Loo-
c|o |oooaoo, oo|aoto su sust|tuc|o oo uoa |o|s|ac|o oac|ooa|. |sta,
46
Ibid., oo. S-S+.
47
|. |o|ssot oo |soaoos, Looc|o c|v|| osoao| ao|caoo. Sus |ouooc|as ocoocas, RDP,
+`2, oo. S``-6++.
48
3. 3avo ||a, Coo| cac|o c|v|| oo |booa|ca oo |a |ooosu|a |b|ca (+82-+`+). Loo-
c|o oac|ooa| ouooo|zac|o, oo /. |ova|, oo., Fuentes ideolgicas y normativas..., op. cit.

171
atooo|oa |a ooca, oo oooa ooos ouo so ou|aoa ba,o |a oa oo
co|os a| ost||o ooooo.Ya |oos too|oo ocas|o oo a|a ouo ouao-
to |a o|oa |tao oo| s||o |, o| ooo|o s oost||oso uo o| Co|o
|aoo|oo|co, oo |oc|o, |as o|oas coo||cac|ooos aoaoc|oas oo t|oas
ao|caoas uooo ||tac|ooos |asta taoucc|ooos oo| Co|o aocs.
17. |o ouooo otaa ouo ouaoto osta otaoa oost-co|oo|a|, |a
aooa ,uo|ca |at|ooao|caoa ouooo oa|aoa a tavs oo |a |o|uoo-
c|a oooo|oaoto oo| Code Civil |aoo|oo|co o| abuooaoto cuooo oo
ooct|oa ouo acooa su ocooc|o. |o osto ouoto, s|o obao, coov|o-
oo |aco a|uoas o|st|oc|ooos ooto |a co|ooto coo||caooa c|v|| o-
caot||, ooto o|oootos uoos oo oasos coooo a |a |o|uooc|a s o
ooos o|octa oo| ooo|o aocs o osoao| oostaca a |a voz |a |o|uoo-
c|a ocooca oo |os co|os |at|ooao|caoos. |o oocto, cuaooo so oo-
ouco |a |oooooooooc|a os ||co ouo |os ouovos |staoos |at|ooao|caoos
vuo|vao |a v|sta a |aoc|a ouo s|bo||zaba |os |ooa|os oo |oooooooooc|a
oo ||botao a| t|ooo ouo soua s|oooo uo oas oo cu|tua oao|sta a|
|ua| ouo |as aot|uas ootooc|as co|oo|zaooas |soaa |otua|. |o osta
azo |a ooct|oa |a ,u|souoooc|a aocosa |ao s|oo |a oauta o|oc|oa|
oaa |a coostucc|o oo| Looc|o C|v|| oo |as ouovas oob||cas. Y cuaooo
|os oasos |at|ooao|caoos a so |abao |ooooooo|zaoo, oo uso oo su
soboaoa ooc|o|ooo acoo o| ooo|o oaoo|oo|co s|o o||cu|tao, tooa voz
|os |ooa|os oo |a ovo|uc|o aocosa co|oc|oao coo |os |ooa|os oo |a |ooo-
ooooooc|a. |os o|oc|o|os oo ||botao, |ua|oao, ||bo ocaoo, sou|oao
ocoo|ca, oo ostab|||oao ooota|a, ouo ostabao |osotos oo o| Co|o
|aoo|oo|co oao o|oc|o|os ouo tab|o aoootabao |os oocusoos oo
|a |oooooooooc|a |os oo|t|cos oo |os o|oos aos oo| |oo ooub||-
caoo. |a |oo||oao ostaoa |ac|a |a oba oaoo|oo|ca ooz o| oooo
soc|a| buus ,uoto coo | acootu o| o|oc|o|o oo| |oo|v|oua||so ,uo|-
co, a ocoooc|oo oo o| Code, oo aooa ouo o| |oo|v|ouo oa co|ocaoo
a|oa s ouo ouoca oo o| cooto oo| s|stoa ,uo|co o|soaoo. Lo osta
suoto, |a a|||a auto|ta|a oat|aca|, |a ooo|ooao abso|uta, o| cootato
coo o,o oo |as o|ac|ooos oat|oo|a|os, uooo ooooaoos coo uoza.
|o o,oo|o oo C|||o, o| L|octo Suooo, 3ooaoo C||os, |ub|oa
oosoaoo, oo +822, aooota |a |o|s|ac|o aocosa oo b|oouo, |o ouo oa
|oact|cab|o, s|o oo,u|c|o oo ouo ocaoas s taoo, /oos 3o||o, ooac-
to oo| Co|o C|v|| c|||ooo, s|o toa|o coo uooto oc|us|va o| o|o-
o|a|, so |oso|aa oooootoooto oo o| Co|o |aocs, oooo|oooo|o

172
o| s c|obo oo |os Co|os oo |a ooct|oa o|aboaoa oo sus co-
ootaooos
49
. |oouoab|oooto |a acootac|o oo| Ttu|o |o|||oa oo| Code
aca uo ,a|o |ootaoto oo |a ocooc|o oo osto |t|o oo /|ca |a-
t|oa |oc|uoooo uc|os |staoos oooto oo | |as o||oo|as ooas ouo
oao o| b|to oo ao||cac|o oo |a |o oo o| osoac|o oo o| t|ooo. || t-
tu|o oo|||oa uo oo ta| soot|oo taoso|aotaoo a cas| tooos |os oasos |at|-
ooao|caoos
50
. Cu|osaooto sto o|caooto coot|ooo so|s atcu|os
oo obstaoto osto, |a o||oaoo uoa vooaooa ovo|uc|o oo o| Looc|o.
Soa|aoaooto, |as o||t|vas ooas oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
ouo oo o| Coot|oooto toooao, coo oosto|o|oao, uoa acaoa o|oos|o
|otooac|ooa| oo oba oo |as Coooooc|as |aoao|caoas oo| Co|o
3ustaaoto.
|o ooscootaoo, oo /|ca |at|oa o| Code c|v|| oo |aoo|oo aoa-
oc| coo o| sbo|o oo |a |ovo|uc|o, o| oooucto oo| s||o oo |as
|ucos
51
. |a aoooc|o oo uo Co|o C|v|| a |a |aoo oo| ooo|o aocs s|-
v| oaa a|a |a |oooooooooc|a oo |os ouovos |staoos. Coo so |a |oo|-
caoo, ba,o |a |o|uooc|a oo /oos 3o||o va|os co|os oo /|ca |at|oa
aoootaoo uoa oos|c|o oc|ct|ca coo o| ooo|o aocs. oo uoa oato,
o| osooto a |as ooas oo| Looc|o osoao| oo ato|a oo a|||a
52
, oo
ota, uoa uoto |o|uooc|a |oo|v|oua||sta oo ato|a oat|oo|a|. /s, o|
Co|o C|v|| c|||ooo, ooactaoo oo o| ooo|o /oos 3o||o, so |oso| oo
ato|a oat|oo|a| |otoosaooto oo o| Co|o aocs. |as |a |o|uooc|a
oo| Code oo so oou,o a osto |ootaoto |ostuooto |o|s|at|vo. |a ooc-
t|oa ,u|souoooc|a oo |a Coto oo casac|o aocosa toooo tab|o
uo |oacto |ootaoto ouaoto o| s||o .
S| b|oo a aouo||a |a oocoooo o| Landrecht ous|aoo, o| Code ao-
cs o| ABGB austaco, so aoo|aota a |a coo||cac|o |ta||aoa (+86+), osoa-
49
|. C. ||o., 3oo.|o ||vato |a. |o |at|o /o|ca. /ooos 3o||os uso o t|o Cooo |aoo-
|oo |o Lat|o t|o C|||oao C|v|| Cooo, Lousiana Law Rev., vo|. 6+, 200+, oo. 2`+-32`.
50
|. |ub|o Cooa, |os ttu|os oo|||oaos oo |a coo|cac|o |at|ooao|caoa oo| s||o |,
oo /. |ova|, oo., Fuentes ideolgicas y normativas de la Codicacin latinoamericana, 3uooos
/|os, |o|vos|oao oo| |usoo Soc|a| /oot|oo, +``2.
51
/. |. |abo||o, |ootosou|ou ot |a coo|cat|oo ou oo|t o|v (|o cooo |aoo|oo), Rev. int. dr.
comp., vo|. S2, 2000, oo. ++-+S6.
52
. |. Casto Vzouoz, |a |ouooc|a oo Caca Coooa oo |as coo|cac|ooos ao|caoas,
Homenaje al profesor Juan Roca Juan, |uc|a, +`8`, oo. +S` ss.

173
o|a (+88`) a|oaoa oo| BGB (+8`6). |||o cooouco a ov|sa |a oocoo-
c| o, ooas|aoo s|o||sta, oo ouo |a coo||cac|o avaoza oosoo |a |uooa
|asta o| osto oo| uooo.
18. Coo |a ouosto oo o||ovo oosoo |a oosooct|va |at|ooao|caoa
C. |aos |ooz, ost u |o,os oo |a oa||oao |a oo|o|o, oo ao oo| tooo
abaooooaoa, ouo vo oo oato oo |os co|os ao|caoos uoa coo|a ||to-
a| o o|a oo| Co|o C|v|| aocs, cosa ouo oo o|st| coo act|tuo
oooa||zaoa. Coo vooos a oat| oo| Co|o oouaoo oo +8S2, coo-
s|ooaoo coo o| o|o Co|o ao|caoo autooo, |a |ooa oo |oto-
ouc| o| s|stoa a| Code b|||a oo su ausooc|a.Y, oo osta |ooa oo a|o,a|oo-
to oo| ooo|o oaoo|oo|co, o| Co|o C|v|| c|||ooo coost|tuo o| o,oo|o
s oostacaoo. |||o os as oo cuaoto oo su cootoo|oo oooo|oa |ocoo-
tastab|oooto |a tao|c|o oaoo-casto||aoa, oooto oo o||a oo aoo-
a o|oc|oa| |a oovoo|ooto oo |as S|oto |at|oas
53
. So tata oo uoa act|tuo
ouo oo oobo soooooo oo cuaoto a |a |ooa oo coo||cac|o ouo 3o||o
o|aotoa oo su ooouosta os |a oo |a cooso||oac|o oo| Looc|o, osto os,
ocoo o| Looc|o v|ooto oo o| coototo |booao|caoo, s|oooo o|
Looc|o osoao| |a vot|ooto s abuooaoto oo ato|a uoa voz oou-
aoo oo uc|os oo sus oooctos coo |a aootac|o oo |os co|os otao-
,oos. Y os ooc|saooto aou ooooo o| Co|o oo |aoo|oo ocuoa uo
|ua |ootaoto. |sto os uo oato o|oo oo coos|oa oaoo ouo o| Co|o
C|v|| c|||ooo tuvo uoa otaoo|oa|a o|us|o, at|zaoa oosoo |uoo, oo
oato oo o|vosos oasos ao|caoos coo tooooos ocas|o oo co-
ooba, oasaooo a tooo oo osto coot|oooto uo |ua s|||a a| a|caozaoo
oo |uooa oo o| Co|o oo |aoo|oo
54
.
53
. |. Casto Vzouoz, || Co|o c|v|| oo /oos 3o||o |a uo|oao oo| s|stoa ,uo|co |boo-
ao|caoo, ADC, +`82, oo. +2+-+2`, . Sat|oboo, / | ouooc|a oo /oos 3o||o oo L|o|to
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo |at|oo-/o|caoo, Revista de Direito e Economia, +`82, 8, oo. 3+-383.
54
Vid. o| Caotu|o 3 oo |a oooaa oo C. |aos |oz, El Cdigo napolenico..., cit. supra.

174
Alcance del Code en los diversos modelos
de la codificacin americana
19. |a coo||cac|o so oosao||a oo /|ca |at|oa oo oa s|u|t-
ooa a| oocoso coo||caoo ouoooo
55
. |a |ooot|oao |at|ooao|caoa oo |o
ouo cooc|ooo a |a coo||cac|o oo| Looc|o C|v||, os suscoot|b|o oo so
subo|v|o|oa oo o|oootos uoos, coooo a| t|oo aoo oo |o|uooc|a
oc|b|oa oo |a coo||cac|o oaoo|oo|ca. Looto oo |as |t|o|os c|as||cac|o-
oos ouo so ouoooo ooco, tooas o||as v||oas, oaa obsova |a ao o
ooo |o|uooc|a oo| Co|o oo |aoo|oo oo |os co|os |at|ooao|ca-
oos os act|b|o ostab|oco tos uoos. o| oo |os co|os aaocosaoos, o|
oo |os co|os oc|ct|cos o| oo |os co|os autctooos, ouo o|ooo |ua
a |os ooooos Co|os oo /|ca |at|oa.
20. Co|os aaocosaoos. /|uoos oasos |at|ooao|caoos, coo
oo o,oo|o a|t, |a |oob||ca Lo|o|caoa 3o||v|a (oo su o|o Co|-
o C|v||) aoootaoo o| Co|o C|v|| aocs cas| ||toa|ooto. a|t, oo
+8+`, |o|c|a o| c|c|o coo||caoo |at|ooao|caoo
56
, |o sucooo Saoto Lo|o-
o, ouo ba,o |a oo|oac|o |a|t|aoa, oo +826, aooota |os cinq Codes, taou-
c|ooo|os a| osoao| oo +88+. / ostos oos |os s|uo o| Co|o C|v|| oo
Caaca, oou|aoo ooto +82 +828, oo |o o| o|o Co|o |at|oo-
ao|caoo
57
.
55
/. Cuzo 3|to, La codicacin civil en Iberoamrica. Siglos XIX y XX, Saot|ao, |o|to|a| u-
o|ca oo C|||o, 2000, 62+ oo. Losoo o| ao +` o| auto v|ooo oub||caooo uoa so|o oo ooo-
aas oo tooo a| toa oo |a coo|cac|o oos ||bos. El primer proyecto del Cdigo Civil en
Chile oub||caoo oo +`8, Andrs Bello, codicador. Historia de la jacin y codicacin del Dere-
cho civil en Chile, oo +`82. |o o| os oo ,u||o oo| ao 2000 aoaoc| osto ouovo ||bo, uo u-
to s oo ostos 2S aos oo ostuo|o sobo |a ||sto|a oo |a coo|cac|o.
56
/. |. |o, Code civil dHati: annote daprs la doctrine et la jurisprudence hatennes et frabai-
ses et rfrences aux auteurs. Prcd de la Constitution de 1918 amende en 1928, |uoto
||oc|oo, |ooo|o oo |a |osso, +`3+, `S oo., Vid. /.C. Cabao|s, |o ooo|o oo co||-
sat|oo ,u|o|ouo oou|o. |o Cooo C|v|| at|oo oo +82S ot |o Cooo |aoo|oo, Rev. int. dr.
comp., vo|. +8, +``6, oo. ++3-+S6.
57
|. Ct|z |ou|o|, Oaxaca, cuna de la codicacin iberoamericana, ||co, |oa, +`3,
=38S oo.

175
|o |a ocaoa oo |os aos to|ota oo| s||o |, o| aaocosaoo ooo-
a| /oos oo Saota Cuz, ||taooo a su ao|aoo |aoo|oo 3ooaoato,
o|ctaba oaa su oas, 3o||v|a, |os co|os bs|cos ouo soao uo ooo|o
|ooo|ato oaa tooa |a tooaoa coo||cac|o |at|ooao|caoa
58
. Losoo
oo|aoos oo +836, |a Coooooac|o |o-bo||v|aoa, coooaa a tos
oot|oaoos oo|t|cas o|st|otas. o| |staoo Suo-|ouaoo, o| |staoo |o-|oua-
oo |a |oob||ca oo 3o||v|a. |os co|os bo||v|aoos uooo o| aotocooooto
o|octo oo |os cuooos |o|s|at|vos coo ouo cootaoo |os to|to|os cooo-
ooaoos ouaoto su bovo o|stooc|a
59
.
/ |os Co|os oo Saota Cuz, |o sucooo oo Costa ||ca, o| ao oo
+8++, o| Co|o Coooa| oo 3au||o Ca|||o, ooactaoo oo o| ooo|o |o-
s|oooto oo |a |oob||ca. |stos co|os uooo, oo |ooas oooa|os, uoto-
ooto |oso|aoos oo o| Co|o oo |aoo|oo, sa|vo |as coooos|b|os
oo||cac|ooos |otoouc|oas osooc|a|ooto oo o| caoo oo| Looc|o |a-
|||a, coo baso a |as o|as oo| Looc|o caoo|co, aoobaoas oo o| Cooc|-
||o oo Tooto. |o so o|ooso, oo coosocuooc|a, ouo tooos ostos co|os uo-
oo uoa s|o|o ooooucc|o |otoa| oo| Cooo, ouos taoto o| oo Caaca,
coo o| Co|o bo||v|aoo o| oo Costa ||ca |otoou,ooo a|uoas oo|-
|cac|ooos basaoas oo o| Looc|o casto||aoo-|oo|aoo, atooo|oooo a cuaoos
oo costubos va|oos o|vosos oo| ouo |oso|aoo o| Co|o aocs.
21. Co|os oc|ct|cos. ||sto uo b|oouo oo |staoos, acaso o| s s|-
o||cat|vo oosoo o| ouoto oo v|sta ||st|co, ocoooc| a| Co|o C|v|| ao-
cs coo uooto |oso|aooa o|oc|oa|, ooo ouo so |oc||oaoo oo uo ost|-
|o tco|ca oc|ct|co, aootaooo uoa oos|s s|o||cat|va oo o||oa||oao a|
ov||ooto oo coo||cac|o |at|ooao|caoo. |o |a oota||oao oo |as c|a-
sos o||ootos s |c|oas so ootoooa ouo |a oa aoooc|o oo| Co|o
|aoo|oo|co, coo uoa u ota ooa oo oo oo|o, ostaba |o,os oo aao-
t|za su aoocuac|o a |a oa||oao soc|a| |ooaoto. So oocos|ta ootoocos, oo
uo |aoo, a|ocaso oo o| ooo|o ooooo oo |a coo||cac|o, ooo, oo oto,
58
|osu|ta ob||aoa |a ooooc|a a| ostuo|o oo |. |osso, El sentido de la codicacin civil. Estudios
sobre la circulacin de los modelos jurdicos y su inuencia en el Cdigo civil peruano, ||a, |a|os-
ta, 200+.
59
Vid. C. |aos |oz, |a cu|tua ,uo|ca oo |a ooca oo |a Coooooac|o |o-3o||v|a, Revis-
ta de Estudios Histricos Jurdicos, | 22, 2000, oo. 26-2`, |tto.//....sc|o|o.c|/sc|o|o.o|o:o|o
=S0+6-S+SS20000022000+28sc|ot=sc|_attot8t|o=os=+.

176
cooo||o uo cootoo|oo ooo|o, cooat|b|o coo |as caactost|cas oo|
oo|o a| ouo so ootoooo ou|a.
|o ostas c|cuostaoc|as, aov|ooo o| Co|o C|v|| oouaoo oo +8S2,
ouo, so oosoota coo o| o|o Co|o |at|ooao|caoo ooosaoo oosoo
osta oato oo| uooo , ouo abo oo o| oocoso coo||caoo |at|ooao|-
caoo uoa aso |asta ootoocos |oo|ta. |a oo o|aboac|o autooa. || |o
so aoo|aot oo osto ooo a| b|||aoto Co|o C|v|| c|||ooo, oba oo| ,u|s-
ta vooozo|aoo /oos 3o||o, o| |so ouo oot oo v|o oo +8SS, a|
Co|o C|v|| aoot|oo, oba ootab|o o|scut|oa oo| ,u|sta La|ac|o V|oz
Ss|o|o, ouo || oosoo +8+ , a| oo ooos b|||aoto |sboo oo Co|o
C|v|| bas||oo o|aboaoo oo /uusto To|o|a oo |o|tas, ouo sustaoc|a|-
ooto s|v| oo baso a| Co|o aoot|oo. / o|oooc|a oo stos oo uo
oba oo uo so|o ,u|sta, s|oo o| oooucto taosacc|ooa| oo |as o|vosas too-
oooc|as |ooo||cas ouo oatoc|oabao |ao Cast|||a os |u|oo |c|o-
o|ouo ba,o sus osooct|vos ob|ooos. || Co|o C|v|| |ouaoo oo +8S2 uo
uo |ostuooto ouo oco|, oo vooao, c|otos o|oootos oo| Co|o
|aoo|oo|co, ooo ouo oo |os |ocooo oco|caooto, oo o| coota-
|o, so out| oo o|oootos va|aoos, osooc|a|ooto oo |a aot|ua |o|s|a-
c|o ||soaoa |otoaoa oo |as S|oto |at|oas. |o oocto, oo |soaa ouooa-
bao oo |a ouova oob||ca uc|as |oos, costubos usos, ouo oocosa-
|aooto |o|uooo a| oooto oo oa ooas oaa o| |a v|oa
c|uoaoaoa oo |os oouaoos |ooooooo|ootos, coo ous|oa oo o||ovo /.
Cuzo 3|to, oo |o ouo osoocta a |a ooooac|o oo |as ato|as oo caoa
||bo, o| Co|o oouaoo oo +8S2 so |oso| c|aaooto oo |a s|stot|ca
ouo so|ao sou| |os oct|cos osoao|os, coo Tao|a oo su |oboo oov-
s|o (+828) oo su |oboo oovs|aooto ooactaoo (+8+S), |oc|uso oo
|a ooo|a to|oo|oa. Lo |aoc|a |a o|vosas o|soos|c|ooos oo| Co|o
oo |aoo|oo |asta oatos coo|otas ouo uooo |oso|aoas oo aou|.
/s, oo o,oo|o, o| Ttu|o 3. Lo |os oou|s|tos osooc|a|os oo |os coota-
tos (ats. +.23S ss) oo |a socc|o o|oa oo| ||bo ||| oo| Co|o ooua-
oo, t|ooo oo oooo c|aaooto oocoot|b|o a| Caotu|o 2. Los cooo|t|oos
ossoot|o||os oou |a va||o|t oos coovoot|oos (ats. +.+08 ss.), oo| Ttu|o 3
oo| ||bo ||| oo| Cooo, Coo tooo, taooco so tata oo uoa oa taouc-
c| o
60
. |o cua|ou|o caso |a ooct|oa oouaoa aouota ootab|os o|oooc|as.
60
/. Cuzo 3|to, || tao|c|ooa||so oo| Co|o c|v|| oouaoo oo +8S2, Revista de Estudios
Histrico-Jurdicos, | 23, 200+, oo. S+-S6S.

177
ooo|a||oao, ausooc|a, c| |os, osc|avos, osooosa|os, coocooto oo| at|-
oo|o, o|aootac|o oo |a sooaac|o oo cuooos, oouoa a||oot|c|a,
tuto|a..., |||ac|o, soov|ootos, oosos|o, |ovooc|o, usucao|o oo uob|os,
oosc|oc|o ||boato|a, oooac|o..., tostaootos coo ac|||oao oaa o| oota-
|a| sovo|oaoos oaa o| o|vaoo, o,oa, oos|oooac|o tota| (ooscooo-
c|oa oo |aoc|a), sust|tuc|o oo |ooooos, couo|oao oo b|ooos oo| |-
oo at|oo|a|, aoaoc|a|os, oaaooa|os, osovas, |os|o, otacto, otc
61
.
|as causas oo osta ocooc|o |||taoa obooocoo a| tao|c|ooa||so
oo |a soc|ooao oouaoa oo |a ooca oo sus ,u|stas, ouo s|, coo tooo, us-
tabao oo o|st|ou|so uoos oo otos soo sus toooooc|as ||boa|os o coo-
sovaooas, o||o ostaba ooto|oaoo oo oto ooo oo oocootos, bs|-
caooto oo o| oo |a act|tuo ooto a |a uoc|o a| ostatuto oo |a ||os|a
Cat||ca oo |a o|||o oo |a v|oa c|v||
62
. |oo acaso |a o|oooc|a s
caactost|ca oo| ooo|o aocs uo |,ac|o oo uo ostatuto oo |a osc|av|-
tuo (||bo |, Socc|o 2,Ttu|o S. Lo |os |ooouos, s|ovos ||botos,Ttu-
|o 6. Lo |a aou|s|o), oo azo oo ouo oo +8S2 |o tooava oo
|aba abo||oo osa |ost|tuc|o oo cooota a| Co|o |aco|o. Y a osto so
uoo o| |oc|o oo |abo ooo|caoo uoa o|aootac|o a |os c||os (||bo
|, Socc|o 2, Ttu|o +. Lo |os c||os), oo|to a|a ouo a osto cuo-
oo |oa| ao osu|taba a|o a,ooa |a |ooa oo |a uo|oao oo| su,oto oo Loo-
c|o. || tao|c|ooa||so tab|o so obsova oo |a ou|ac|o oo |as |ost|tu-
c|ooos aot|uas coo |as caoo||aoas o| oatooato (||bo ||, Socc|o ,
Ttu|os + 2) |os coosos (||bo |||, Socc|o S, Ttu|o +).
22. Co|os autctooos. || Co|o ob|ot|co |at|ooao|caoo os,
s|o ouoa, o| Co|o oo /oos 3o||o oo +8SS ouo |aba oo o| oo C|||o
ouo |aba oo tooo uoa |o|uooc|a oo otos oasos oo |booa|ca,
coo Co|ob|a, |cuaoo, ouo |o coo|aoo a| o|o oo |a |ota, va|os oa-
sos cootoao|caoos. |uooo |ab|aso oo osta suoto oo ouo |a co|os
s aaocosaoos ouo otos. /oos 3o||o |aba oc|b|oo oo |o|atoa |a
|o|uooc|a oo ooas 3oot|a, ooosootaoto oo| oos|t|v|so oo| ut|||ta-
|so osta |o|uooc|a uo cuc|a| oo su ooto|oac|o oo |a |o coo o|-
ca uooto oo| Looc|o, as||so coooc| taoaooto |a oba oo |.|. voo
Sav|o oo |a |scuo|a |st|ca, |o ouo coot|bu a suav|za su v|s|o |us-
61
. 3asaoo Co|aoo, Historia del Derecho peruano, 2 oo., ||a, +``, o. 3S8.
62
Cf. /. Cuzo 3|to, || tao|c|ooa||so... , loc. cit., o. S6S.

178
oatua||sta ac|ooa||sta oos|t|v|sta. Su ao coot|buc|o a| s|stoa |oa|
c|||ooo uo |a coo||cac|o oo |a ouo oo |oo a| Looc|o casto||aoo |oo|a-
oo, oosoo o| cua| ooou uc|as ooas oosto|oooto |oc|u|oas oo o|
Co|o C|v||. Tuvo |o|uooc|as oo |a coo||cac|o aocosa oo oat|cu|a oo
|ota||s, oo ou|oo taou,o oub||c oo || /aucaoo totos ooooo so
osa|ta |a oocos|oao oo coouooc|a ooto |as ouovas ooas |a tao|c|o
,uo|ca oo| ouob|o ooooo so ao||caao, oo obstaoto o,oc| uoa |ootao-
to |ooota oo su oac|o ,uo|ca |a oba oo| osoao| |aoc|sco /oto-
o|o |atooz |a|oa, ou|oo |aco uo ,u|c|o ct|co oo |a |ovs|a |ocoo|-
| ac| o aoaoc|oa oo +80S, os ooc|, cuaooo a o| Co|o C|v|| |aocs oa
Looc|o v|ooto
63
. || Co|o C|v|| oo /oos 3o||o uo aoootaoo oo |as
o|oas coo||cac|ooos c|v||os oo |cuaoo (+86+),Vooozuo|a (+863), ||ca-
aua (+86), Co|ob|a (+83), || Sa|vaoo (+880) ooouas (+880).
/| |aoo oo| o,oo|o c|||ooo |a ||sto|a oo |a coo||cac|o oo 3as||
aaoc oo uo o|ao oo ooa oo |a |o|s|ac|o ouo /uusto Too|a oo
|o|tas o|soaa oo +8S+, oo oocao oo| ob|ooo |oo|a|
64
. |a o|oa
aso oo osto o|ao cooc|u oo |a oba coooc|oa coo Cooso||oaao oas
|o|s c|v|s, |a cua| coooooa +333 atcu|os o|st|bu|oos oo uoa c|as||ca-
c|o o s|stot|ca, ouo ooscaosaba oo |a o|st|oc|o oo oooc|os oosooa-
|os oa|os, ouo tooa coo |oa||oao |a s|stoat|zac|o oo tooa |a |o|s-
|ac|o oo osto oas, |oc|uoooo, oo |o taoto, |a ootuuosa aoto|o a |a
|oooooooooc|a |a bas||oa, ostuv|oao o oo oooaoas, sa|vo a|uoas o-
cooc|ooos. |a cooso||oac|o ooba |acoso oo ttu|os atcu|os coo oo-
oos|c|ooos c|aas suc|otas, c|toooso oo ootas coosoooo|ootos |a |o oo
|a cua| so otaa |a oooos|c|o oo|so |a costubo ostab|oc|oa coo-
ta o soo uo toto. ||oa||z osta otoosa |abo oo +8S , s| b|oo uo
soot|oa a| oaoco oo uoa Co|s|o ouo |a aoob, oo so |o o|o va|o
63
. |. oo |os |ozos, /|uoos asooctos oo |a |ouooc|a ||soo|ca oo o| Co|o c|v|| oo /oos
3o||o, RGLJ, +`8, oo. +3-+6.
64
|o +8S3, o| ob|ooo |oo|a| oo| 3as|| ooc|o| oooooo |a coo|cac|o oo| Looc|o
ooca |a oba a| ooutaoo ,u|sta /uusto To|o|a oo |o|tas (+8+6-+883), ou|oo oo uoa
oo|a oo| ao s|u|ooto oo||c o| o|ao ouo ooosaba sou|. |sto coos|sta oo cooocc|ooa
o|oo uoa cooso||oac|o oo| Looc|o, osto os uoa ,ac|o s|stoat|zaoa oo| Looc|o oo
su ostaoo actua|, s|o oo|cac|ooos sustaoc|a|os, oo uoa coo|cac|o ooo|aooto ta|, oos-
ous, ouo |o||caba uoa ouova ooacc|o oo| ato|a| cooso||oaoo uoa ooa oo su coo-
too|oo.

179
|o|s|at|vo, auoouo a|caoz ao auto|oao oct|ca |asta |a ootaoa oo
v|o oo| Co|o oo +`+6, |ac|oooo |as vocos oo uo Co|o. |a souooa
aso oo| o|ao oo ooa oo |a |o|s|ac|o, ostuvo oos|o|oo oo |a ooac-
c|o oo uo ooocto oo Co|o C|v|| oo o| o|azo oo 3 aos, ouo ouova-
ooto o| ob|ooo |oo|a| ooca a Too|a oo |o|tas. |sto ooocto,
coooc|oo coo |sboo, uo oosootaoo oo +860, ooo, uo ob,oto oo uoa
ct|ca ta| ouo oovoc |a susooos|o oo |a |abo oo +86S, oo,oooso s|o
oocto aoos, oo +82, o| cootato ouo o| ,u|sta |aba |aoo coo o|
ob|ooo. Lo osta suoto acas oo 3as|| o| ooocto oo osto ,u|sta, s|oo-
oo, s|o obao, coo so a| coo aoto|o|oao, ao||aooto aoovo-
c|aoo oo V|oz Sas|o|o oo /oot|oa.
|o oocto, taoto o| Co|o C|v|| c|||ooo coo o| aotoooocto oo
|o|tas oosoooaoo uoa |o|uooc|a s|o||cat|va oo o| Co|o C|v|| aoo-
t|oo ooactaoo oo V|oz Ss|o|o, acaso o| ooo|o coo||caoo coo ao-
os ostuo|os oooaato|os oo| Coot|oooto, ouo tuvo |a v|tuo oo |ocooo-
a uo |ootaoto o|oooto oo aouoz oo |a ||sto|a oo |a coo||cac|o
|booao|caoa, ouo a cootaba coo o| oocooooto c|||ooo. |o +86, o|
Co|o oo V|oz uo otoaooto aoootaoo oo o| |aaua, coo coo-
socuooc|a oo su ooota oo |a uoa oo |a T|o|o /||aoza, aoos o,oc|
c|ota |oc|oooc|a o| ooocto oo o| Co|o C|v|| uuuao oo +86`, , oo
|t|o, o| Co|o tuvo |o|uooc|a tab|o oo |os co|os oo ||caaua oo
+`0+ oo o| oo |aoa oo +`+6.
IV La cultura del Code como paradigma en Amrica Latina
Dialctica entre originalidad y dependencia
en el movimiento codificador Latinoamericano
23. |o oa oos|b|o ouo |os co|os uoao abso|utaooto aaocosa-
oos oo tooas sus |ooas. |o o,oo|o, Saota Cuz ouo, coo v|os, oa uo
ao|aoo oo |aoo|oo, oo ou|so |o|aota oo o| |o o| at|oo|o c|v||,
o o| o|voc|o, oo azooos oo cacto |ooo||co. |o |so ocu| oo
||co, ooooo so o|st uo c|ao oc|azo a |a |otooucc|o oo |ost|tuc|o-
oos coo o| |o|sto c|v|| o o| at|oo|o |a|co, coos|ooaoas coota|as a
|a taocto|a oooa||zaoa oo |a oob|ac|o
65
. aba s|oo |ocoovoo|ooto
65
|. oo| |. Cooz|oz, El Derecho civil en Mxico 1821-1871. Apuntes para un estudio, ||co,

180
oosoo o| ouoto oo v|sta oo|t|co ostab|oco |ost|tuc|ooos ouo oaocao u
ooooas oo ta| soot|oo tab|o |os |o|s|aooos actuabao coo uoa
suoto oo aouaoa cu|tua|. uoas |ost|tuc|ooos oao ao|t|oas otas oc|a-
zaoas. So tataba oo a|o ouo |ooaooo oo Tazoo|os |a ||aaoo ooo-
o|zac|o tao|c|ooa||sta, os ooc|, so toao c|otos o|oootos ouo soo coo-
voo|ootos otos oo. |os o|oootos ouo oo so |otoou,ooo uooo osoo-
c|a|ooto o| at|oo|o c|v|| o| o|voc|o, ouo s|o vao a ||oa oo o| s||o
66
. |o oso |a ocooc|o oo| Co|o |aoo|oo|co oo uo uo oocoso
oco|co s|oo s b|oo uo oocoso so|oct|vo.
|| Cooo so oosoota oooto oo |a coo||cac|o coo o| oaao|-
a
67
coos|ooooo|o |. \|oac'o coo uoa oo |as ocooc|ooos s ov|-
oootos oo o| uooo oo| Looc|o
68
. Su osooc|a| oatua|oza oo oooaaooa
ovo|uc|ooa|a, ooo oo osooc|a coosovaooa, |o ||ovaa a so o| ooo||oc-
to oo |a ocooc|o ouo ooo oo |a coo||cac|o |at|ooao|caoa. /s oo
||co usto S|oa, o| coo||caoo oo| |, ao|to ouo |a uooto out|c|a
o|oc|oa| os o| Cooo ouo, oo ao o ooo oo|oa, |a s|oo o| sustato
oo |as utuas oooac|ooos oo co|os c|v||os |asta o| actua| oo +`28
69
. S|o
obao, |a |o|uooc|a aocosa oo so o|st oo osto oas oo Co|o a
||/|, +`88. Soo osta autoa oo so cuoota coo ostuo|os ouo aoa||coo ooooo|zaoa-
ooto |a |ouooc|a oo |os o|st|otos oasos coot|ooota|os ouoooos o oo| common law oo ouos-
ta coo|cac|o c|v||. Taooco cootaos coo ostuo|os ouo aoa||coo |a |ouooc|a oo |os tata-
o|stas ouoooos ao|osa,ooos oo oat|cu|a (o. 63). |a oos|s oo |a |ouooc|a aocosa oo
o| Looc|o o|vaoo o|caoo o|sta uoa otaoo|oa|a coo|o,|oao. Vid. . |. Soboaoos |o-
ooooz, |as coo|cac|ooos oo| Looc|o o|vaoo o|caoo oo o| s||o |, Revista de Inves-
tigaciones Jurdicas, ||co, | +0, +`86, |. 3at|za, Los orgenes de la Codicacin Civil y su
inuencia en el Derecho mexicano, ||co, |oa, +`82, . |. |avoz oooooz, |a c|s|s oo
|a coo|cac|o |a |sto|a oo| Looc|o, Anuario Mexicano de Historia del Derecho, vo|. V,
2003. |tto.//....,u|o|cas.uoa./oub||ca/ov/||soo/coot/+S/cot/cot`. |t=|28.
66
|. oo Tazoo|os Caooa, |osooc|a oo| Co|o |aoo|oo|co oo o| |o. |os coo|ctos ooto
tao|c|o oooo|zac|o, La codicacin: races y prospectiva., op. cit.
67
C. /stut|, La codicazione del diritto civile, |oo|os, |o|z|ooo Sc|oot|c|o |ta||a, +`8+.
68
|. \|oac'o, Historia del Derecho privado de la Edad Moderna (taoucc|o oo| a|oo oo |ao-
c|sco |oooooz aoo, oo|c|o a| cu|oaoo oo os |u|s |ooooo |oz), Caoaoa, Coaos,
2000, S63 oo.
69
|. 3at|za, Los orgenes de la codicacin civil y su inuencia en el Derecho mexicano, ||co,
|oa, +`82.

181
Co|o, s|oo a tavs oo |a ocooc|o oo| Code oo o|st|otas |oos oo |o-
oa, soa|aoaooto oo |oos coo |a oo Sucos|ooos oo +8S, o |a oo|
|o|sto C|v|| oo +8S`
70
. |osto|oooto, coo os obv|o, o| Co|o C|v||
o|caoo oo +`28 ocooa o| oso|tu soc|a| oo |a |ovo|uc|o o|ca-
oa ouo suouso uo ||to ||st|co a| ostab|oco, oo o,oo|o, |a |ua|oao ,u-
o|ca oo |a u,o coo osoocto a| |obo, o| ocoooc||ooto oo |a ooct|-
oa oo| abuso oo| Looc|o oo oooa| oo ooo|ooao oo osooc|a|, |a too-
a oo| |oso ooos|ooa|, |a osooosab|||oao ob,ot|va oo ob,otos
oo||osos, o|soos|c|ooos o|vosas oo ato|a cootactua| oost|oaoas a
ootoo a |a oato s ob||. |oo coo osoocto a sus uootos, s oo |a
|tao oo sus atcu|os coosoooooo a| Co|o oo +80, ouo oovooao
oo| Co|o oo| |oo|o, oo| ootuus |a |o ||ootoca|a osoao|a oo
+86`.
/| |ua| ouo uoa aoc|a oo aco|to so ooou,ooo s|tuac|ooos
oaoc|oas oo tooo o| |o|so|o, a| aoo oo |a |oooto oba oo |os coo|-
|caooos |at|ooao|caoos, ouo coot|buooo coo su oac|o oo u-
c|os casos oao|sta oo Looc|o cooaaoo. |a coosocuooc|a os ouo
s| b|oo ouo|ooo oaso |ooovac|ooos ooouostas stas ooaooc|ooo
s|ooo oooto oo |os oo||os tazaoos oo o| ooo|o. |a tao|c|o |os
Looc|os oat|cu|aos |o|uooo ooco, basto ooosa a |a o|s|o oo| Lo-
oc|o |ooooa (oo ao aoa oo o|oo v|o|oa|), oo |a oao|zac|o
to|to|a|, oo c|otos Looc|os oo couo|oao ouo oosaoaoc|ooo oos-
ous oo |a coo||cac|o.
24. |o tooo caso, |os ooo|os co|os ouo oooo|oaos autctooos
ooc|oao o| |ooa| soc|a| oo| oooo|oaoo oaao|a aocs. |o s|o o|
ooosa|ooto oo coo||ca o| Looc|o C|v|| so basa oo |a |ooa oo| Co|o
aocs s|oo ouo oo so ouooo obv|a |a |o|uooc|a oo| Looc|o aocs oo
o| cootoo|oo oo |a oba oo autoos coo La|ac|o V|oz Sas|o|o
71
. |as,
os ooosto oo|so a| Looc|o aocs oo a| Code a ouo |a |o|uooc|a
70
. |. Soboaoos |oooooz, |as coo|cac|ooos oo Looc|o o|vaoo o|caoo oo o| s||o |,
Revista de Investigaciones Jurdicas (||co), | +0, +`83, oo. 33-38+.
71
C. |oobvo, La Revolucin francesa y el Imperio, ||co, |.C.|., +`86, o. ++, Vid. /. /.Taaboo-
|||, /o||s|s c|t|co oo| Co|o oo V|oz, |a ooa oo 3ooa |a actua||oao, Revista de la
Union de Magistrados de Lomas de Zamora, oov|obo oo 2002 (|tto.//...oooc|ooouo
o|zaoo.o/ooct|oa/oooc|o c|v|| _cooc|a|/aoa||s|s_c|t|co_c|v||).

182
oo |os ,u|stas aocosos uo ao ouo |a oo| Co|o |so. |oc|uso os
oobab|o ouo o| coo||caoo aoot|oo |aa coooc|oo o| Co|o aocs
|oo|octaooto a tavs oo |a ooo|a ooct|oa aocosa. |o osta az o
V|oz Sas|o|o so aoo| a| Co|o aocs coo soot|oo ct|co oo ou-
o oo aoataso oo |a so|uc|o aocosa cuaooo |a oocoot coousa o oos-
aoocuaoa. Lo osta suoto oo s|o |a ostuctua oo| Co|o aoot|oo os
o|st|ota oo |a oo| Co|o |aoo|oo, s|oo ouo o|caooto uo ooo o|a-
t|vaooto ooouoo oo atcu|os oo| Co|o C|v|| aoot|oo osto toaoos
o|octaooto oo| Co|o aocs
72
. /oos, s| cootoo|aos |a |o|uooc|a
oo| Looc|o aocs oo o| Co|o aoot|oo, ooboos oosta atooc|o
tab|o a |a |o|uooc|a ouo tuvo o| Co|o oo |u|s|aoa, ouo aoaoco oo
oocas vocos c|taoo oo |as ootas oo V|oz. |o oocto, |a aoa oo |as vocos
ouo aoaoco oo |as ootas oo V|oz o| Co|o oo |u|s|aoa, |o |aco ,uoto coo
o| Co|o aocs, |o cua| oo oo,a oo so ||co too|oooo oo cuoota |a s||-
||tuo ouo oo ootoocos tooava |aba ooto abos. S|o obao, oo oocas
vocos os oos|b|o oocoota a| Co|o oo |u|s|aoa coo uooto oo ta| o cua|
atcu|o, s|o ouo aoaozca uoa coo|at|va ooooc|a a| Co|o |aoo|oo.
|oouoab|oooto V|oz oocoot oo o| Co|o oo |u|s|aoa uo toto ouo
oosao||aba |as |ooas oo| Looc|o oaoo ooosaoas oo uo |ooua,o s
ooooo os oatua| ouo coooc|oa oo oouoo|oao osto |ostuooto.
Cabo |os|st| oo ouo oo ooo ouo |a |o|uooc|a ouo o| Looc|o aocs
tuvo oo |a oba oo| coo||caoo, uo o| ooso ouo tuvo |a ooct|oa ,uo|ca
aocosa oo o| Looc|o C|v|| aoot|oo |asta b|oo ootaoo o| s||o .
Incidencia de otros modelos
25. Losoo o|oc|o|os oo| s||o |, so |aba voo|oo oaooo oo /|o-
ao|a uoa ouova c|ooc|a ,uo|ca, ||aaoa oaoooctst|ca, |a cua|, ocoo a|
ta|ooto oo |os ,u|stas ouo |a cu|t|vaoo, a|caoz oost||o |otooac|ooa|
ouoo cooot| coo |a ooooosa c|ooc|a oot|ca aocosa. Lo |a oaoooc-
tst|ca oo|v o|octaooto o| Co|o a|oo oou|aoo oo +8`6 ouo
ooto oo v|o oo +`00. |o aouo||os aos o| oocoso oo coo||cac|o c|v||
ostaba oct|caooto to|oaoo oo /|ca, sa|vo oo 3as|| (ouo oo tuvo
uo Co|o s|oo |asta +`+6), oo ooo ouo o| 3C3 caoc| oo |o|uooc|a oo
72
C. /. 3ossot, | ouooc|a oo| Co|o c|v|| aocs oo o| Co|o aoot|oo otos Co|os oo
||soaooa|ca, La Ley (3uooos /|os), ||, | 3+, + oboo 200S, oo. +-S.

183
osas oac|ooos. |oo |a oocooooto c|ooc|a oaoooctst|ca, oo cab|o, s ouoo
|o|u| oo |as coo||cac|ooos oo |os oooctos oo co|os ou|aoos ou-
aoto |a souooa |tao oo| s||o oo /|ca.
|s s|o||cat|vo ouo oos |ootaotos coo||cac|ooos ao|caoas, |a
bas||oa |a aoot|oa, oo |a ato|a oo |as actuac|ooos |uaoas |c|tas
o|ovaotos oaa o| Looc|o, oscaoaao tota|ooto a |a tao|c|o oo| coo-
tato ouo |aba t|uoaoo oo o| Cooo so soot|ooo a |a oo| acto ,u-
o|co ouo |ac|a |a ooca |aba |oc|o sua |a c|ooc|a oaoooctst|ca a|oa-
oa. Lo abas, |a ouo s oooctaooto so aoaot a o|c|a tao|c|o uo
|a bas||oa oo +`+6, coo su aotocooooto oo o| |sboo oo To|o|a oo ||-
tas. Soo o||o, oo uoa oato oooa| so o|v|oo tooo o| Looc|o oo ooso-
oas, cosas |oc|os (oo |os cua|os |os s |ootaotos soo |os actos),
coo vos|o ooooa oo |a t|cotoa aaoo-,ust|o|aooa oo| ius en per-
sonae res actiones. |sto osouoa oo uo sou|oo oo |a /oot|oa, cuo
Co|o caoco oo uoa oato oooa|, oo aooa ouo o| s|stoa oo |os
|oc|os (actos), oo tooo oboo|ooto a |a ooc|ooaoa tao|c|o s|o oba-
o, uo |osotaoo oo |a oato o|at|va a |as ob||ac|ooos, oo |o ouo ouooo
voso, oooo, uo |o,aoo oco oo |a tao|c|o oo| cootato oo| Cooo
C|v|| oo sus asooctos otooos
73
. |ooc|o osooc|a| ooco |o|uooc|a oo|
Co|o |ta||aoo oo +`+2 oo o| Looc|o C|v|| aoot|oo oat|cu|aooto
oo |os oooctos oo ooa oo| Co|o C|v||, oaa o|aotoa |uoo |a oos|-
b|||oao oo oocoota ouotos oo cootacto ooto osto ooooo |a |o|uoo-
c|a ouo tuvo |a cu|tua |ta||aoa oo /oot|oa
74
. |oo os oo |a ooa oo|
Co|o C|v|| aoot|oo +`68 ooooo oo o|oa voz |as so|uc|ooos oo|
Co|o |ta||aoo toao cuooo.
26. |sto aoataoo oo ouooo cooc|u|so s|o uoa ooooc|a oo| Loo-
c|o osoao|
75
. |o oocto, |a oosooc|a oo osto ooooa|ooto os oat|cu|a-
ooto s|o||cat|va oo |a o|ooc|a oo |a ootoa oo |a cosa oaa |a taos|-
73
Cf. /. Cuzo 3|to, |aa |a ||sto|a oo |a oac|o oo |a tooa oooa| oo| acto o oooc|o
,uo|cos oo| cootato, Revista de Estudios Histrico-Jurdicos, | +` (Va|oaaso, C|||o), +``,
oo. `S-+06.
74
|. |ooo, || Co|o c|v|| |ta||aoo oo +`+2 |as ooas a| Co|o c|v|| aoot|oo, Boletn
Mexicano de Derecho comparado, | +03, 2002, oo. +6-+`+.
75
|osu|ta ob||aoa aou |a ooooc|a a . |. Casto Vzouoz, La inuencia de la literatura jurdica
espaola en las codicaciones americanas (o|scuso |ooo o| oa 23 oo oooo oo +`+8, oo su

184
s|o oo uo Looc|o |oa| ouo |ua oo |a |ooosa aoa oo |as |o|s|a-
c|ooos |booao|caoas. S| so aoa||zao |os o|oootos s|stoas oo oosooc|a
oooto oo| Looc|o Cooaaoo |booao|caoo so obsova uoa so|o oo
asos couoos uo oo |as cua|os os, ooc|saooto, |a o|ooc|a oo |a ta-
o|c|o oo |a cosa, coo ooo coost|tut|vo oo| Looc|o |oa| ouo so
oosoa taos|t|. |a o|ooc|a oo osto oou|s|to ooota a| Looc|o oa-
oo, oosoo ooooo oas a |a aot|ua |o|s|ac|o osoao|a, so |a aotoo|oo
oo su Co|o C|v||, ooso a ouo o| ooocto oo Caca Coooa oooooa
oo,a|o oo |aoo, oaa aooota o| s|stoa coosoosua||sta aocs. |os coo||-
caooos |booao|caoos, ouo oo osto ouoto oo,aoo oo |aoo o| ooo|o
aocs, o||ooo |a tao|t|o o|, o ootoa ato|a| oo |a cosa, coo
ooo |otoat|vo oo |a taos|s|o oo| oo|o|o, c|t|caooo ouaooto |a
tao|t|o oo coosoosu, oo coos|ooa |oo|sooosab|o |a o|stooc|a oo uo
acto ato|a| ouo oto|o|co |a taos|s|o
76
.
S|o u oosto|oooto, coo |a saoc|o oo| Co|o C|v|| oo
+88`, |soaa |o oooo oooo oo su Looc|o C|v|| |ac|ooa|
77
, so|aoo-
to cooo|c|ooaoo oo |a o|vos|oao |o|s|at|va o|stooto oo su to|to|o oo
uoc|o oo |os oooo|oaoos Looc|o oa|os
78
. |soaa oo ouoo a| a-
oo oo osta |o|uooc|a boot|a|sta. |a voz oo| |staoo aoa||za ooosaoo-
to o| acaso ouo sucoo| a| |oocto oo Co|o C|v|| oo +8S+, tas |a co-
ac|o oo |a |asta |o v|ooto Co|s|o oo Coo||cac|o oo |oa| Loco-
to oo +` oo aosto oo +8+3. || acaso oo| Co|o C|v|| oo +8S+, a|o,, a o
s, cua|ou|o cooaac|o oo |a s|tuac|o oo| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co
ocooc|o ob||ca oo o| |co. S. ooo os |aa Casto Vzouoz cootostac|o oo| |c-
o. S. ooo /otoo|o oooooz C||), |ao|o, |oa| /caoo|a oo u|souoooc|a |o|s|ac|o,
+`8+, +8+ oo.
76
|. |o|ssot oo |soaos, |a tao|c|o tas|at|va oo oo|o|o (|| co|o c|v|| osoao| o| s|stoa
|booao|caoo), RDP, 200+, oo. +-86.
77
Vid. . a|s, |os osc|tos oo coo|cac|o oo oo 3oot|a su ocooc|o oo o| o|o
||boa||so osoao|, T|os. Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios Utilitaristas, 8, +```, oo. `-2`.
78
|| ov||ooto uo|caoo, oovoo|ooto oo |aoc|a, ovo|uc|ooa a oo|aoos oo| s||o |, coo
|a |ouooc|a oo autoos coo Sav|o |a |scuo|a |st|ca, ouo |uooo coo uoza oo /|o-
ao|a, ooooo|oooo |a coac|o oo| Looc|o oo coo uooto oo |a azo |a |ooa aocosa
s|oo coo oso|tu oo| ouob|o, uoa |ooa coota|a a |a coo|cac|o, o| ov||ooto uo|caoo
oo| oooc|o. /s, cuaooo so oo|oza a v|s|uba |a oos|b|||oao oo oou|a uo o|co Co|-
o C|v|| oo |soaa, o| oo +8S+ (o| Co|o C|v|| aocs oo +80+ os o| o,oo|o oo o| ouo so

185
ooc|ooo|co osoao| coo o| aocs. || oosooc|o oo| oa|aoota|so, |a
|o|ac|o oo o|aootos, |a ausooc|a oo cua|ou|o ooocuoac|o ooct|oa|
sobo |a coosocuc|o oa| oo |as ooas so aotuvo |asta +88`
79
.
|os oasos ouo aoootaoo o| Co|o C|v|| osoao| oo +88` oo
|abo s|oo |os |t|os oo |aboso oosoooo|oo oo| |oo co|oo|a|, |oto-
ao uo souooo uoo ooos otooso. |sto os o| caso oo Cuba |uo-
to ||co, auoouo abos s|stoas ,uo|cos |ao s|oo s|o||cat|vaooto
|o|uooc|aoos, oo o| caso oo Cuba, oo |a suooostuctua oo|t|ca oo |a
|oa||oao soc|a||sta (ouo o|o coo osu|taoo o| ouovo Co|o C|v|| oo
+`8), , oo o| caso oo |uoto ||co, oo |a ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o |oooa|
oo |os || ||. |v|oootoooto |a ocooc|o oo| Code oo osto caso os oo
souooo aoo, oo |a |ooot|oao oo| Co|o osoao| coo o| aocs, sa|vo
c|otas oat|cu|a|oaoos oo|vaoas oo| ooooo oa| osoao|. |uooo ao-
aso aou uo uoo oo oasos oo /|ca Coota| coo ooouas
|aoa, cua o|oa coo||cac|o oo| Looc|o C|v|| tuvo |ua a co|oo-
zos oo| oasaoo s||o oo |o taoto tuv|ooo |a oootuo|oao oo aooaso,
auoouo oo oo oa oo tao o|octa coo o| uoo aoto|o, oo o| Co|o
C|v|| osoao| auoouo coo oosto|o|oao |ao oc|b|oo uoa oouooa |o|uoo-
c|a oo| common law.
IV Dos siglos despus
27. |o |a |oa actua|, cuaooo |as |oos so sucoooo uoas a otas coo
|to sostoo|oo oo |a aco|oac|o oo| oooso c|oot|co, cuaooo |a coa-
c|o oo ouovos oooc|os |oo|v|oua|os co|oct|vos, |as a|tooaoc|as oo|t|cas
|os totos soo a vocos ooco ooc|sos, osu|ta |ootaoto ocooa |a c|a-
|a), o|c|o ooocto acasa oo |a oooo|oaoa cuost|o oa|, |asta ouo oo +88` o| Co|-
o C|v|| oac|ooto, o| actua| coo su |o oo 3asos oo +888 oato oo |a oos|stooc|a oo osos
Looc|os oa|os oo a|oa, so o|co oo |a o|oa ooacc|o oo| Co|o C|v||, oo as oo |a
actua| oo su aotoo||ooto oo|aoto o| s|stoa oo aooo|cos, uo s|stoa ouo acas oo
su t|ooo ouo oosto|oooto o|o oaso, ouaoto |a souooa |tao oo| s||o , a| oo |as
coo||ac|ooos. Vid. . 3a |azos, La codicacin del Derecho civil en Espaa: 1808-1889, Sao-
taooo, |o|v. oo Caotab|a, Sov. oo |ub|cac|ooos, +``2, 32+ oo.
79
|. . ||aooa, 3oot|a oo |soaa, Jeremas Bentham, El Panptico, |ao|o, |as |o|c|ooos oo
|a ||ouota, +``, oo. +2-++S.

186
|oao oo |as oa|abas oo |ota||s. |a |o ooooa, oo|to o oo|bo. |o
o||o so sost|ooo ouo |a coo||cac|o s|uo s|oooo uo |ostuooto |oo|sooo-
sab|o oaa aotooo, oo o| uooo ooooo, o| |ooa| oo uoa |o c|aa, |oto-
|||b|o, accos|b|o oaa tooos, ouo coost|tuo a uo ob,ot|vo oo va|o coost|-
tuc|ooa|. ||o, s|o|oooto, uoa ooc|o|oa vo|uotao oo|t|ca uoa c|aa
cooc|ooc|a oo |os ob,ot|vos a oosao||a
80
. Lo acuooo coo osto o|aotoa-
|ooto, |a coo||cac|o, oouo||ooto oooct|co, so |a coovot|oo as|-
|so oo o|ooc|a ocoo|ca. |a coo||cac|o t|ooo |a oos|b|||oao, oo ooc-
to, oo oouc| o| costo oo accoso a| Looc|o oaa |as ao|o|stac|ooos
|as ooosas o|vaoas, ooo|c|aooo oo osta aooa |as |ovos|ooos. |o
obstaoto, uo ooooo oo ooscoo||cac|o so oocuoota oosooto oo
|uooa oo /|ca |at|oa. / a|ta oo uo ouovo Co|o oo |aoc|a, |a oos-
coo||cac|o t|ooo |ua oo |a va oo |a ,u|souoooc|a, oo uoa aooa tao
ao|ca| ouo |o os |oos|b|o ao||ca o| Cooo s|o coooco aouo||a. Coov|o-
oo coooota ostas ooo|ooc|as otao |as cooc|us|ooos oot|oootos.
|o |o ,uo|co, |os osouoas aootaoos oo |a azo. tataoos
|otooac|ooa|os, coost|tuc|ooos oo|t|cas, co|os |oos oo |ao oo|t|oo
a|caoza o| |a oaz soc|a| o| |a |oo|v|oua| a| tavs oo ooo|os o|cos |oa-
|os. So |a ooouc|oo |a vo|to oos a|ts cooto |o cooo oo|oa a oo
+`20 oo Custavo |o|o. Lobo osooaso a +`8 oaa ouo o| ,u|sta |ta-
||aoo |ata||oo |t| acuo |a ooos|o ooscoo||cac|o oaa ooba o|
ooto|oo oo |os co|os. Soo 3avo ||a o| soot|oo oo ooscoo||cac|o
os abaooooa |a voooac|o sov|| oo| toto -s|c sc|otu ost- oaa |,aso
oo su cootoo|oo sov|so oo | soo |o o|,ao |as va|ab|os cooo|c|ooos
oo t|ooo oo |ua oo ouo o|scuo |a v|oa ,uo|ca. |sto suoooo, aoto
tooo, ouo o| ,u|sta o| ,uoz oo,oo oo so sov|ooos oo |a |o, oaa vo|vo
a so |o|stos oo| Looc|o
81
.
28. |oso a su coo|o,a ,ust||cac|o |a ooscoo||cac|o
82
so oosoota oo
|a actua||oao coo uo ooooo |ovos|b|o, ootaoo oo a|caoco oooa|,
80
3. Cooot|t, Essai sur la codication, |a|s, |||, +``8, `+ oo.
81
3. 3avo ||a S. Cooc|a |ouoz oo |a ||ata, Codicacin y descodicacin en Hispanoamri-
ca, vo|. |, Saot|ao, |o|vos|oao Saoto Tos, +```, 333 oo.
82
|a ooos|o ooscoo|cac| o so at|buo a |. |t|, Let delle decodicazione, + oo., |||o,
C|u, +```, o|sto uoa vos|o osoao|a, La edad de la descodicacin, 3aco|ooa, 3osc|,
+``2. Vid. |. |. |u|||o, T|o |vo|ut|oo o Coo|cat|oo |o t|o C|v|| |a. |oa| Sstos.To.aos
Locoo|cat|oo aoo |ocoo|cat|oo, Journal of Transnational Law & Policy, vo|. ++, 200+, oo. +-20.

187
oaoa |a ooovac|o o |o|otouo|oa ooaos|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo, o-
o|aoto |oos osooc|a|os coo|ooota|as su|oas cas| s|ooo coo c|to-
|os oootuo|stas. |a so|a o|stooc|a oo osto ooooo o|o,a o|ocuooto-
ooto |a |ootooc|a oo| |o|s|aoo oaa |aco ooto oo uoa oa a -
o|ca a |a ooooac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo, s|o oo,u|c|o oo ouo ostas
|ootaotos o|ozas, s|tuaoas uoa oo |a o||oa|a ostuctua coo||caoa,
coot|ooo too|oooo oo |os oocootos oo| Co|o C|v|| oo uc|os oasos,
su |t|a ooooc|a s|stot|ca.
|a ooca oo |a ooscoo||cac|o |a cooouc|oo a ouo |as |oos osoo-
c|a|os so aooo|oo oo ooto|oaoas ato|as c|asos, vac|aooo oo cooto-
o|oo |a o|sc|o||oa coo||caoa o |oc|uso a|caozaooo o|ovaoc|a oo a|uoos
casos. |stas |oos |oao ta| ostaoo oo cooso||oac|o ouo ov|oooc|ao ||-
cas autooas o|oc|o|os oo|cos ouo ||oao a oooooso a |a ooo|a
s|stot|ca oo| Looc|o ||vaoo oosous acabao coo uoa ootoos|o oo
o|oo|tuo oo autoooa ooat|va. a ouo ocoooco ouo a|uoas |oos
osooc|a|os coost|tuoo |o o| Looc|o oooa| oo uoa |ost|tuc|o o oo uoa
ato|a coo|ota. Coo |a oo||oac|o oo |oos osooc|a|os so ooouco uoa
|o|ac|o |o|s|at|va ouo o|uooo |a soosac|o oo ouo o| t|ooo oo |a coo|-
|cac|o |a oasaoo. |a |sa oa oo |os totos coo||caoos |a oo,aoo oo
osooooo a coocootos ocoooc|oos ocoooc|b|os, o|c|o oo oto ooo,
|a |ooa oo Co|o, coo tota||oao ooat|va, coous |u|s coo|oto aca-
baoo oo t|ooo s soot|oo. Coo cootaoat|oa, oo| o|ovaoo aoo oo
coo|o,|oao a|caozaoo oo |a oo|c|o oo uo ooo tao aooo oo |oos
oo tooo o| uooo, so obsova |a toooooc|a a oouc||as a |o |oo|sooosab|o,
a oat| oo |a coostatac|o coo oo |a o|stooc|a oo uoa |o|ac|o ou|a-
ooa, so oooaa uo osoac|o oaa |a oosou|ac|o ouo oooa ocooouc|,
oaao,|caooto, a uoa coo||cac|o oo ouovo cuo.
/s|st|os, oo osta suoto, a |a osooc|a||zac|o ooat|va coo |a
coos|u|ooto actua oo| ooo|o coo||caoo tao|c|ooa|. |sto ooooo
ooscoo||caoo
83
tao coos|o |a coac|o |a o|aboac|o oo uoa so|o
oo |ostuootos ouo cootoo|ao |uas ,uo|cas ouovas, oo oov|stas oo
|os co|os osooct|vos ooooaoas uoa oo |os |sos, atootaooo coo-
ta o| cacto oo|coooos|vo ouo so |os |aba ouo|oo oa. |o |a actua-
83
uo so t|ooo uc|as ao|ostac|ooos, coo oo o,oo|o, oo o| Looc|o c|v||, osoocto oo|
|oo oo osooosab|||oao oo oaos. Vid. |. Loz-||cazo |ooco oo |oo, Coo| cac|o,
ooscoo|cac|o... , loc. cit., oo. +3-+8S.

188
||oao so cooc|bo a |a coo||cac|o coo uo oocoso cu|tua| o ||st|co oo
o| cua| |a s|oo oos|b|o |a oa||zac|o oo uo oooucto ouo t|ooo coo
caactost|cas osooc|a|os auoa uo coo,uoto oo ooas oo Looc|o,
|aco|o oo uoa aooa co|oooto s|stot|ca tooo uoa vocac|o a |a
tota||zac|o, ooco ouos uoa oota oo o|aust|v|oao a| abaca tooas |as
o|ac|ooos ,uo|cas oos|b|os oo uoa ooto|oaoa ato|a
84
. |o osa az o
ostaos as|st|oooo a |a suooac|o oo |a oa |o|s|at|va coo||caoa oo
|ocooat|b|||oao coo |os t|ooos actua|os ouo |a too|oo |ua a |o |ao
oo| oosooto s||o, a |o ouo so uoo |a coac|o oo uoa osooc||c|oao oo oo-
as autooas uoa oo| b|to ooo|o oo |os Co|os ouo ooo|oo-
tao uo aoo|aza|ooto ooos|vo. Lo acuooo coo osta co|ooto o| Co|-
o os uo s|stoa oocosa|aooto |ooocto ooouo su toto oo osooo-
oo a |a oa||oao, uo s|stoa ouo c|oa o| oaso a otas oas oo coac|o
,uo|ca ouo oo oaooo oo| |so. |a aso|ac|o oo ouo uo Co|o C|v||
o cab|oa a tooa |a ato|a c|v|| co|ooza, ouos, a so abaooooaoa |o|c|o-
ooso uo oocoso |ooto, ooo ooos|vo oo ooscoo||cac|o ouo so ooou-
co oo oa oaa|o|a coo o| oocoso oo oou|ac|o oo |oos osooc|a-
|os. |s c|oto ouo o| ooooo oo |a ooscoo||cac|o t|ooo uo a|caoco ooo-
a| so ooc|bo oo |a ao oato oo |as o|sc|o||oas ,uo|cas, ooo oo o|
Looc|o C|v||, |a ooo|a |otooooo|oao utac|o coostaoto oo |a
ato|a ou|aoa |aco ouo so o|c|o ooooo so auo|co oat|cu|aoo-
to so oosooto coo a|o |ovos|b| o ooouc|oooso |a ooovac|o a
tavs oo |oos osooc|a|os
29. /| |ua| ouo oo |aoc|a, |a coo||cac|o |a acaoo |a tao|c|o
,uo|ca |at|ooao|caoa |a ooo|ooc|a oo o| subcoot|oooto uosta |a
os|stooc|a oo |os v|o,os Co|os a| cab|o. |||o oo oobo so uo ooo oaa
|a oocosa|a oooo|zac|o oo |as v|ootos o|aootac|ooos c|v||os coo o|
|o oo aoaota|as a |a oa||oao soc|a| v|ooto, ouo os u o|st|ota oo |a ouo
o|st| oo |a ooca oo oou|ac|o oo uoos |ostuootos ouo sobooa-
sao, uc|os oo o||os, |os c|oo aos oo v|ooc|a, o|aboaoos sobo ooo|os
|oaoocuaoos a |os t|ooos ooooos, ouos |as coocooc|ooos ab|oota|os,
oo|t|cas soc|a|os |ocoooaoas a sus totos oo so acoooabao a |as
ostuctuas soc|a|os oo uoos oasos ooooo osos ooooos oao o|ooo-
84
/. . /oauo, Pour une pense juridique europenne, |a|s, +``+, o. +3S.

189
tos, coo o| coos|u|ooto oosa,usto oo |a |o|s|ac|o c|v|| coo |a oa||oao
85
. |o
osto osu|ta osooaozaoo ouo oo |a actua||oao, |os oooctos oo ooova-
c|o oo |a coo||cac|o so |aao u|t|o||caoo oo /|ca |at|oa. o| Co|o
C|v|| oouaoo oo +`8+, o| Co|o oo Cooc|o bo||v|aoo oo +``+ o|
aoto-ooocto oo Co|o C|v|| bo||v|aoo oo +``, o| ooocto oo Co|o
C|v|| aoot|oo oo +``8
86
, o| Co|o C|v|| bas||oo oo 2002, |os oooctos
c|||ooos oo ooovac|o oo |a |o|s|ac|o c|v|| cooc|a|, otc.
Coo |oooooooooc|a oo |a tao oocosa|a oooo|zac|o, oo /|-
ca |at|oa o| Co|o C|v|| aocs s|uo s|oooo v|sto coo o| sbo|o oo |a
|ovo|uc|o, coo uo oooucto oou|oo oo| s||o oo |as |ucos. |a aoooc|o
oo uo Co|o C|v|| a |a |aoo oo| ooo|o aocs uo uo |ootaoto |os-
tuooto oaa a|a |a |oooooooooc|a oo |os ouovos |staoos. /| |so
t|ooo, os oos|b|o oo,a coostaoc|a ouo, ba,o |a |o|uooc|a oo /oos 3o||o,
|os co|os oo /|ca |at|oa tab|o aoootaoo uoa oos|c|o oc|ct|ca.
oo uoa oato, uo osooto a |as ooas oo| Looc|o osoao| oo ato|a
oo a|||a , oo ota, uoa uoto |oso|ac|o |oo|v|oua||sta oo ato|a oat|-
oo|a|. |o |o oos, oo |aoc|a oo /|ca |at|oa o| Co|o C|v|| so
s|uo oosootaooo coo uoa vooaooa coost|tuc|o c|v||, |o ouo ||ova a
oouotaso s| oo ostos oasos o| |staoo oocoo|, oo a|uoa oo|oa, o|
oac||ooto oo |a |ac|o. |o uo oooto oo o| cua| |a aoo|zac|o, |oc|u-
so |a uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo, so oocuoota oo o| cooto oo |os
oobatos ,uo|cos oo|t|cos, oo oat|cu|a oo |a |o|o |uoooa
87
, o| oso|-
tu oo| Co|o C|v|| s|uo s|oooo uoa ooooc|a ob||aoa. os oocosa|o oo-
o|c|a |a aoa|c|o oo uo s|stoa ,uo|co oou|||baoo ouo osooooa oo so|a-
ooto a |as o|ooc|as ocoo|cas s|oo tab|o a coos|ooac|ooos ooo-
85
|. Zo|ooo Zo|ooo, 3asos soc|a|os oaa |a oooo|zac|o oo| Co|o C|v|| coo |as a| s||o
|, Revista del Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico, Sao uao oo |uoto ||co, vo|. S2, | 2,
ab||-,uo|o oo +``+, oo. 8+-+08.
86
/. /. /|to|o|, || ooocto oo Co|o C|v|| oo +``8. oosooct|va oosooct|va, Revista de la
Federacin Argentina de Colegios de Abogados, | +, 3 ooca, 3uooos /|os, oov|obo oo
+```, o. 2+
87
. C. |oooooz |ozas, |a uo|cac|o oo| Looc|o ocaot|| |otooac|ooa| oo |os oocosos oo
|otoac|o ocoo|ca. |a ooo|ooc|a ouoooa, Revista Jurdica Espaola La Ley, | S860, 30
oo soot|obo oo 2003, oo. +-+0.

190
ct|cas. |os |ooa|os oo |uao|so
88
, oo ,ust|c|a soc|a|, oo oou|oao, oo |oto-
|||b|||oao oo ac|||oao oo accoso a| Looc|o, |a vo|uotao ooaooa
uo||caooa ouo oos|o|ooo |a o|aboac|o oo| Co|o C|v|| oo |ao ooo|-
oo, oo oocto, su actua||oao. S| o| oasaoo ao so co|ob o| b|cootooa|o oo|
Cooo c|v|| oct|caooto oo tooas oatos oo| o|aoota, os acaso ooouo o|
oso|tu oo 3ooaoato so aot|ooo oosooto s|uo |o|uoooo ouostas
|o|s|ac|ooos, |oso|aooo as||so a ouostos |o|s|aooos. Losous oo oos
s||os oo v|ooc|a o| ao |to ouo t|ooo o| Co|o C|v|| oo +80+ oo |a
actua||oao os ouo sus coocootos ,uo|cos su |o|b|||oao oo su |otooo-
tac|o |ao oo|t|oo su aoaotab|||oao a |a taosoac|o oo |a soc|ooao
aocosa
89
, oasaooo oo uoa oao|zac|o oat|aca| a |a a|ac|o oo |a
|ua|oao ooto |obos u,oos.Ya oo ostaos oo |a s|tuac|o oo |a oo-
ca oo ouo uo co|obaoo o| o|o Cootooa|o oo +`0+, cuaooo oo |ao-
c|a uoa o|o|sta ouo oso ||bo o,o a| o|o oo |a Co|oo|a oo Vooooo.
|s c|oto ouo oo o| oosooto |a ao||cac|o oo| Looc|o oou|oo
ao coat|v|oao oo ,u|sta ouo |os Co|os ooboo |||taso a sov| oo
ua s|oooo uo |ostuooto, |ootaoto s|, ooo oo uo |o oo s |so.
Tab|o os c|oto ouo |a |oba||zac|o aouota a uoa uoto ooootac|o oo|
cooo |a. sobo tooo oo o| b|to oo |as taosacc|ooos ocaot||os.
|oo oo ouooo ooscooocoso o| |oaoo ||st|co ouo oos oo, o| Co|o
oo |aoo|oo. Coo |oooooooooc|a oo |as soo,aozas o o|oooc|as osooc-
to oo asooctos tco|cos o a|o||cos oo |os Co|os oo /|ca |at|oa,
|o c|oto os ouo o| Looc|o C|v|| aocs o| Co|o oo |aoo|oo |ao
s|oo o|ozas aou|aos oo| s|stoa coot|ooota| oo Looc|o ||vaoo ouo |o
|oc|uo a |a aoa oo |os oasos ouo oc|b|ooo |a |o|uooc|a oo| ooooa-
|ooto aocs. Y o||o oo |abo coot|bu|oo ooc|s|vaooto a |a causa oo
|a coo||cac|o ooto otos s|stoas ab|otos, ouo oo ||oaoo a coota coo
acootac|o a|uoa oo |os t|ooos actua|os. /s||so, oo su ooc|s|va
|ooota oo |a coo|uac|o oo |as |o|s|ac|ooos oac|ooa|os oo| |o|so|o
coo uo cooooooto |ooub|taoo oo oooso c|oot|co ouosto oo ao||os-
to taoto oo |a co|oc|oooc|as, coo oo |as o|scooaoc|as o as|otas.
88
3. Tabba|, ||uao|so ou oo|t c|v|| aoa|s, socot oo soo aoooooot, Revue internatio-
nale de droit compar, +`S+, oo. 0230.
89
. L. 3oo|o, Code civil des Franais, Bicentenaire, |a|s, La||oz, 200+.

191
Consideraes crticas sobre alguns temas
de Dereito Internacional Privado
I Introduo
A mim me pareceu apropriado, para homenagear o distinguido
internacionalista Doutor Carlos Febres Pobeda, formular algumas conside-
raes crticas sobre o Direito Internacional Privado, campo de estudos
jurdicos em que o homenageado deu brilhante e profcua contribuio
por meio de classes, trabalhos escritos e conferncias.
Para isso, procurei selecionar alguns temas clssicos, a m de ana-
lis-los sob a tica da Teoria Geral do Direito e dos pressupostos juslo-
scos das normas jurdicas. Dentro da temtica geral do Direito Interna-
cional Privado, existem temas especcos que esto a exigir esse esforo
metodolgico em busca de sua integral compreenso crtica. Tais temas
so o reenvio, a questo prejudicial ou prvia e, nalmente, o grave pro-
blema do valor do justo no momento da formulao legislativa na norma
de Direito Internacional Privado.
As consideraes que sero feitas em torno desses trs temas
fundamentais iro partir da aplicao dos princpios da Teoria Geral de
Direito e da aplicao dos pressupostos jusloscos que explicam a
estrutura das regras jurdicas, como acima j cou dito.
[
]

192
II Pressupostos jusloscos
do Direito Internacional Privado
1. Direito internacional privado e dogmtica jurdica
|aa a |ovost|ao sobo a o|oooa osoocca oas oas oo
L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, |oota a|s ouo tuoo oa|oa os o|oc-
o|os oossa o|sc|o||oa sob a t|ca oa Too|a Coa| oo L|o|to, ouo so ocuoa
oa ooa ou oa aaot|ooa oos coootaootos ouo ooua abs-
tataooto o |ot|a. C ob,oto oossa, o|o|a o oot|ca |ooaao
a oos|t|v|oaoo oas oas oosso ao oo L|o|to, ouo oovo|vo a coo|ao
v|oc|a-occ|a, coo ua oas oas oo oa||zao soc|a| oo va|oos.
Ta| coocoo oo va|oos, coo|ataooto |oo|sooosvo| oo ostuoo
oa oos|t|v|oaoo, |o||ca tab, oo outo |aoo, oo ocoo|oc|ooto oo
u aoto|o oooto va|oat|vo, oooo ocoo, sooo, a oocoss|a
ooo ou o|o|o ooto v|as v|as ||oott|cas oo coootaooto, tooas
co aoso|o oo oos|t|vao.
So ossa ooo ocoo, oo oooto va|oat|vo, o tooa oa
,uo|ca (oo s oa oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo), ouas ootas o|st|ot|vas,
so obao, o|oooc|a-oa osooc|caooto, oo ao c|ootco-,uo|co
ouo ostaos a ostuoa. ouo, o o|o|o |ua, oo oooto oa va|oa-
o, | o|ovaoto o |oo|oooto, oaa o |o|s|aoo oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa|
||vaoo, o cootooo ooat|vo oas o|soos|os coocoootos oaa a oua-
| | cao ,uo|ca oa o|ao oo ato sub,acooto, ass|, o|aoto oo u casa-
ooto co|obaoo oo oas ooto u oo o ua aocosa, o c| t|o va|o-
at|vo oo ao|o ou |ooaao oo ,usto, oaa aouo|o |o|s|aoo, oo to
oo oooto oo oat|oa a oouota sobo so o casaooto o||o o|sc|o||-
oaoo oo o|o|to oo, so oo aocs ou so oo oo oas o ouo so co|obou,
as, oo|o coot|o, to oo oooto oo oat|oa a oouota sobo so ta|
at|a (casaooto oo ostaoo|os co|obaoo oa Vooozuo|a) so|a a|s
,ustaooto o|sc|o||oaoo oo|o o|o|to substaoc|a| oac|ooa| oo u oos co-
,uos, ou so oo|o o|o|to oo abos, ou so oo|o o|o|to substaoc|a| oo oo,
ou so oo|a |o| substaoc|a| oo o|o|o oo|c||o coo,ua| (oo |ootaooo
o cootooo va|oat|vo oo ouo o|sooo|a, o caoa caso, caoa ua oossas
|o|s substaoc|a|s |otoossaoas). | souooo |ua, o ouo acootoco oo
oooto va|oat|vo oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ouo, coo cou

193
Coos|ooaos ct|cas... Jos Roberto Franco Da Fonseca
v|sto, as v|as ooos ouo so co|oca aoto o |o|s|aoo so ooas oo
o|o|to oos|t|vo o oo coooutas.
ossa a ouo|a o|oooa osoocca oas ooas oo L|o|to |oto-
oac|ooa| ||vaoo, ouo as o|st|ouo oas ooa|s ooas ,uo|cas (as substao-
c|a|s) o oocoss|a a oata coooooso oossa tco|ca |o|s|at|va osooc|a|
oas oas co||s|ooa|s (oo substaoc|a|s), sob a t|ca oa Lot|ca uo|ca.
Lo ato, ooto-so ossa osoocca ooo va|oat|va oa oo|a
ostutua ||co-ooat|va osooc|a| oa oa oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||-
vaoo, ouo so ut|||za oo tco|ca |o|s|at|va sui generis , soo||aoto oas oo-
as o baoco co cootooo |ooo||co va| vo|, oaa a oua||cao
o|ota (so obao, oo|ata) oa o|ao ou s|tuao. |osso soot|oo, o|s-
so , o|tooscaooto /|o,oo oa Soc|ooaoo oo |o|s|ao Cooaaoa, o
L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo tao|c|ooa| oo oso|vo o|otaooto (|oo|a-
taooto) as ouostos. |oo|ca a |o|s|ao ouo oa a so|uo, coo oo ba|-
co oo |ooaos oo ua ostaoa oo oo to-so a |oo|cao oo to
ouo so oovo toa. |sso oovo-so ao ato oo ouo o |o|s|aoo oo L|o|to
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo usa, o oa, ts cooco|tos s|ott|cos, oo cootooo
va| vo|. a) oa ||otoso. a o|ao ou s|tuao (ouo oo|oa, oo oo-
o|o, coo ostaoo o caoac|oaoo, ob| aos, sucossos, |ooo|oo-
tos at|oo|a|s otc.) o os o|oootos oo coooo |o|c|tos (oac|ooa||-
oaoo, oo|c||o, |ua oo co|obao oo ato otc.), b) oa ostatu|o ou
o|soos|o. a oo||c|tao s|ott|ca oo u oos o|oootos oo ato, ao oua|
o oa oo coooo, o a |oo|cao, tab s|ott|ca, oa ooa substao-
c|a| c|aaoa oo o|o oosso o|oooto ct|co (os.. |o| oo|c|||a, |o| oa
oac|ooa||oaoo, |o| oo |ua oa co|obao oo ato otc.).
|aa a obtooo oo oso v|saoo oo|o |o|s|aoo oo L|o|to
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo o|o oossa tco|ca osooc|a|ss|a oua||cao
o|ota o so obao oo|ata oa o|ao ou s|tuao oooo|a o|o sou|
v|a o|oooto, coostu|ooo |oo|ataooto tooo u s|stoa oos|t|vo oo
ooas oo o|o|to substaoc|a|, oo acooo co a tco|ca cou o cooo-
to oa ou|aootao oos coo|tos oo |otoossos o s|tuaos oa|s oa v|oa.
ossa to|a s|oo, souooo a|uos, a so|uo aootaoa oo o|o|to oaoo, co
a c|ao oo ius gentium o a coo|cao oo Sa|v|o u||aoo, o +30 o.C.,
ooooto ao oo|to oootuo, o|oc|oa|ooto o ooo|oo o o oov|oc|a|, o|-
ta oo ooo oo |ooaoo /o|aoo.
Coo so v, oo|s, a oatuoza oot|co-,uo|ca oa oa oo
L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo osooc|a|ss|a. |o|a uooo-so u asooc-

194
to co||s|ooa| , coo ooo, oo u |aoo, oo coocuso oa| oo oo-
as substaoc|a|s |ostauaoo oo oooto va|oat|vo ov|o o, oo outo
|aoo, coo oocooc|a oo ovootua| coocuso, oo oooto |ooat|vo,
oo ooas substaoc|a|s, c|aaoo coo|to oo oua||ca os , o u asooc-
to substaoc|a|, v|sto ouo o ob,oto o|oto oa oa a o|ao, oo soooo
as ooas o coocuso sooo ob,oto |oo|oto.
2. Direito internacional privado e poltica jurdica
C oooto, oo|s, osooc|caooto co||s|ooa| oa oa oo L|o|to
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo o oa sua ou|ao oo|t|co-,uo|ca, souooo u
c| t|o va|oat|vo, aco a ua o|ao oo ato (co a caactost|ca osoo-
c|a| oo |otooac|ooa||oaoo) o toooo o v|sta a oocoss|oaoo oo sua oua||-
cao ,uo|ca.
/s oas oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo sou oooto va|o-
at|vo, ou|a-so aoto u coocuso |otos|stot|co oo ooas subs-
taoc|a|s.Ta| o oooto co||s|ooa| osoocco oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||-
vaoo, ob,oto oa |o|t|ca oo L|o|to, cu,os oossuoostos so uooa oa
Loooto|o|a uo|ca. Lotoo|ao-oos, aoa, oosso oooto co||s|ooa|
osoocco.
/ o|o|ca oo tooa oa ,uo|ca, a |o, osu|ta oa b|oo|a|oaoo
ost|at|va oos va|oos ouo a |ooa oosso ov|o oooto oo|t|co-
,uo|co. C ato a so oua||caoo, ass|, assuo o|ooso va|oat|va, u
cato ouo osu|ta oo sua oo|b|||oaoo ao va|o oo ,usto, o as ooos
(ooat|vas) ouo so oo o coocuso oaa o oso|to oo |o|s|aoo t
coo oootos oossa oo|b|||oaoo. a) o ato, b) a |o|a oo ,usto (ou, oa sua
coocoo ||st|co-cu|tua|, oo t| | ou oo coovoo|ooto). /ss|, oo oo-
o|o. a) a oa oo u ooc|o ,uo|co, b) co oooc|a ao va|o oo ,us-
to (o suas coocoos soc|a|s), ou|a-a ooat|vaooto o |o|s|aoo
oos|t|vaooo ua oas ooas oo cooouta coocoootos ouo so ||o aoo-
sooto ooo (osc|tua ob||ca ob|at|a, ou acu|tat|va, ou osc|to
oat|cu|a, ou ooc|aao ooaoto o oo oo ota,uo|c|a| otc.). |o|s
bo, oaa o |o|s|aoo oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oosso oooto
va|oat|vo, a oo|b|||oaoo oo ato ao va|o oo ,usto (c|cuoscovoooo-so o
ato, oaa usa oo ooo|o taoto ouaoto oossvo| soo||aoto, oa oo
ooc|o ,uo|co, ouaooo ua oas oatos oo oac|ooa|, ou oo oo oo
oo|c|||aoa, ou oo o| o ato co|obaoo o to| t |o oac|ooa| ou oo|o oo
ooouz| sous oo|tos otc.) co|oca v|as ooos ouo, so obao, oos-

195
to ouo tab ooat|vas so o|vosas oas oo o|o|o ooo|o, ooouo
oo ootoooo co o cootooo oossvo| oas ooas co aoso|o oo oos|-
t|vao (so a osc|tua oova so ob||ca ou oat|cu|a otc.), as, oo|o coo-
t|o, co a ooa coocoooto, ao||cvo| souooo a osco||a oo u oos
o|oootos oo coooo (a |o| oo oo|c||o oos cootataotos ou a oa sua
oac|ooa||oaoo, ou a oa substoc|a oo ato, ou oo |ua oa co|obao otc.).
|aa bo ||usta ossa oos|ocao voto|a| oa oo|b|||oaoo oocos-
s|a oo ato o va|o, ouaooo oo oooto oo|t|co-,uo|co oo ou| ao
oa oa substaoc|a|, oo u |aoo, o, oo outo |aoo, oa oa oo L|o|to
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, o|aos ouo o o|o|o |o|s|aoo ou|a o sou|o-
to ,uzo. a oa oo u cootato oo cooa o voooa oo |vo| oo va|o
suoo|o a ooz || o|aos a|s ,usto (ou t| |, ou coovoo|ooto) ouo so,a
a oa osc|tua ob||ca (o oo a oa osc|ta oat|cu|a, ou a oo|sto|a otc.).
uaoto ao |o|s|aoo oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, outa so|a a o-
u|ao oo sou ,uzo. a oa oo u cootato oo cooa o voooa oo
u |vo| oo va|o suoo|o a ooz || o|aos, toooo o v|sta ouo os coo-
taootos so oac|ooa|s oa |aoa o oo|c|||aoos oa Vooozuo|a o ouo o coo-
tato o| |avaoo oa |soao|a, a|s ,usto (ou, coocotaooto, a|s t||
ou a|s coovoo|ooto) ouo so,a aouo|a oosc|ta oo o|o|to substaoc|a| oo
|ua oooo o| co|obaoo o ato (o oo aouo|a oosc|ta oo o|o|to substao-
c|a| oa oac|ooa||oaoo ou oo oo|c||o oos cootaootos, oo aouo|a oos-
c|ta oo o|o|to substaoc|a| ouo oo o cootooo oo ato otc.).
3. Direito internacional privado e sociologia histrico-jurdica
Lo ouo cou o|to ouaoto aos uooaootos oot|co-,uo|cos
o ouaoto aos oossuoostos oo|t|co-,uo|cos oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||-
vaoo, oooooooo-so ootooco osso ao oa C|oc|a uo|ca catoo|a
oo ius supra iura ou Soboo|o|to, v|sto ouo sou ob,oto a|caoaoo, oo-
oooooaotoooto, co o ocuso tco|ca oo ao||cao oo ooas ,u-
o|cas substaoc|a|s coocoootos.
Coov, aoa, ouo so aoa||so os oossuoostos oo L|o|to |oto-
oac|ooa| ||vaoo |uz oa Soc|o|o|a |st|co-uo|ca.
Coo o| v|sto, a oa oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo coot,
oa sua ostutua, ovootua| o|sso ao o|o|to substaoc|a| o|vaoo ostao-
o|o. |sso |o||ca oa |ooaao oos uooaootos oa otato|to|a||oaoo
oa |o|, ass| ocoo|oc|oa oo|o |o|s|aoo |otooo. Ta| oob|oa ostovo so-
oo oosooto s co|taos oos ostuo|osos, oosoo as o|oos oo L|o|to

196
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oa aso a|ooa aoto|o sua oos|t|vao |o|s|at|va.
ooto os ostatut|os, oa osco|a |o|aooosa (sc. V||), ostabo|ocou-so coo
uooaooto oa ocooc|ooa| otato|to|a||oaoo oas |o|s a comitas gen-
tium . |a souooa osco|a aocosa, aso oo taos|o ouo, oo scu|o V|||,
so sou|u ouo|a aso ct|ca o oooaou o aovooto oo L|o|to |otooac|o-
oa| ||vaoo ,u|souoooc|a| o oout|o|o (ou c|ootco), |o|aoo oos|oca ta|
uooaooto oa |o|a oo oa cotos|a |otooac|ooa|, oaa az-|o ooousa
oa |o|a oo ,ust|a. |oto os aooos s|stoas oout|o|os oo sc. |, a
osco|a ao|o-ootoao|caoa o|v|oo-so, ouaoto uooaootao oa o c -
c|a oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, ooto a |o|a oos vested rights ou
o|o|tos aoou||oos (L|co o 3oa|o) o a oa comitas gentium (Sto). C
oouoota| Sav|o uooa a otato|to|a||oaoo oa oatuoza oa o|ao
coocota, o coooo co os o|oco|os oo|vaoos oo ua Vlkerrechtli-
che Gemeinshaft , ostabo|oc|oa oo uooo oc|ooota| oo|a tao|o cou
oo o|o|to oaoo o oo c|st|ao|so. |aoc|o|, oo sou tuoo, uooa-a oa
ooooooooc|a (soc|o||co-oo|t|ca) oo vocu|o oa oac|ooa||oaoo.
Cootoooaooaooto, costua-so a|a ou o|oco|o oa| oo
L|o|to |otooac|ooa| | b||co, coo uooaooto oa otato|to|a||oaoo
oo L|o|to ||vaoo.
L|sso |ooo-so ouo o va|o uooaoota| oas oas oo L|o|to
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo (sub specie ooooto||co-oo|t|ca) a |o|a oo ,us-
to, |oso|aoa oo va|o oa oossoa. |o so ooa|s, so obao, |sa ouo,
so a |o|a oo ,ust|a o va|o sooo oosooto uooaootao ooooto-
||ca oo oua|ouo oa ,uo|ca, ta| |o|a oo oosc|ooo oa oooc|a ao
ato o c|cuostoc|a ou coo,uotua, oooo ocoo a coocoo oos va|o-
os oo o|aoo soc|o-||st|co-cu|tua|, oaa, oosso oovo asoocto (aoa sub
specie a|o||co-cu|tua|) oo oo|o|co L|o|to, azo ossa|ta a ut|||oaoo
o a cotoza coo c| t|os oo va||oaoo oo sua occ|a.
So a oa oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo |otooa o oac|ooa|,
oo oooto oo v|sta ||st|co-soc|o||co-,uo|co, a o|ao ou s|tuao sub-
,acooto, so obao, aoosoota o|oootos oo-oac|ooa|s (oac|ooa||oaoo
ou oo|c||o oo u ou a|s su,o|tos, s|tuao oa co|sa, |ua oa co|oba o
oo ato ou oa ooouo oo sous oo|tos otc.), ouo oo o|ao (o oo
oa) cato osooc|caooto |otooac|ooa|.

197
III Temtica que suscita controversia
|ovaotaa-so ts too|as, oo|o ooos, o tooo oo L|o|to
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ouo susc|taa cootov s|a ooto os ostuo|osos.Too-
taoos oooosta coo ta|s too|as t|voa, oa sua o|o ||st|ca, u
ato cou. o ooscoo|oc|ooto (oo oo||boaoo) ou o oosoozo (oo|-
|boaoo) oaouo|os oossuoostos, ac|a aoa||saoos, oa Too|a Coa| o oa C-
t|ca ,us| os ca oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. Lossas ts too|as, ouas
oo|as, a oo ooov|o o a oa ouosto oo,uo|c|a|, o||oaa-so oo ,u|aoos
oou|vocaoos oo t|buoa|s aocosos, o a toco|a, a osoo|to oa |oo|stoc|a
oo va|o oo ,usto oa oa oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, o||oou-so oo
oosoozo oo|a ovo|uo ||st|ca oosso ao oa C|oc|a uo|ca.
Tootaoos tab osta coo ta|s too|as, a| oo oat|o
oossa o|o oaoa c|ootca, osto o|vaoas oo cootao|os |otooas, azo
oo ouo so tooa |oaco|tvo|s (u|to oboa coosaaoas oo v|as
|o|s|aos oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oos|t|vo).
1. A teoria do reenvio
a) Origem da teoria
/ too|a oo ooov|o (ou otooo, ou oovo| uo) oascou a oat|
oo u c|obo caso, ,u|aoo oo sc. | oo|os t|buoa|s aocosos, o o|scu-
t|oo caso |oo.
vooaoo ouo so coo|oco, oos o|o|os oa o|o ,u|sou-
oooc|a| oa oout|oa oo oovo|uo ouas ooc|sos aoto|oos, ua oa |o|a-
toa (ooc|so oo 3 oo aosto oo +8++, oo|a |ooat|vo Cout oo Cao-
tobu, oo caso Co|||o vs. ||vaz) o outa oa /|oao|a (ooc|so oo 2+ oo
ao oo +86+, oa Coto Suooa oas c|oaoos ||vos oa Coooooa o
Coo|ca, oo Cboaooo|at|ooso|c|t oo |boc'). |as ta|s aoto|oos
ooc|sos |so|aoas oo c|oaa a susc|ta ou|aos oout|o|as a os-
oo|to, ooouo oa o|o|a o toa aoooas ooc|ooaoo incidenter tan-
tum o oa souooa o toa to-soooto aouoc|aoo, so a ooocuoao
oo uooaootao oout|o|a.
|o| oa|ooto co o caso |oo ouo so |o|c|ou a cootov s|a
to |ca. |oo oa ||o oatua| oo oac|ooa||oaoo bvaa, toooo o|oo oa
|aoa, oooo os|o|a oosoo a |oaoo oo c|oco aoos, oo|aooo a |ooos
boos vo|s. |a |aoa t|o|a sou oo|c||o oo ato, ooouo o v|oa ,aa|s
oov|oooc|ou a auto|zao ovooaoota| ooto o||oa oo|a |o|s|ao

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oos|t|va aocosa sobo oo|c||o oossoa|. / /o|o|stao oos Loo|os,
uooaoa oos ats. +3 o 68, oo Co|o C|v||, toou oosso oos boos, aoa-
ootoooto vacaotos, o v|tuoo oo T|buoa| C|v|| oo |au ass| |avo oo-
c|o|oo, o +6 oo outubo oo +8+. |osto|oooto, cootuoo, ooa-so a
coo|oco os +|t|scoosotos L|c|t|, oaootos co|atoa|s oa o oatua| oo
oto, os oua|s o|o|toaa so ||os ocoo|ocosso a oua||oaoo oo |ooo|os.
Ca, o o|o|to substaoc|a| oac|ooa| oo |oo, ooc|aaooo |ooo|os os oot|-
c|oo|os, ||aoos oo oaootosco oatua| ao oto, co||o|a co o o|o|to
substaoc|a| aocs, ouo ||os oo ocoo|oc|a a oua||oaoo oo |ooo|os. C
T|buoa| o a Coto oo |au, osta |t|a o ++ oo ao oo +8+ oo-
ouoc|aa-so oo|a ao||cao oa |o| aocosa, oo so a |o| oo oo|c||o oo
oto, ouaooo ocooa a oto.
|as a Coto Suooa cassou ta| ooc|so, o S oo a|o oo +8S,
o osto o o|o|o oo ua s|o oo ts acoos oa Coto Suooa
ouo assu|a o|ovoc|a oa at|a, sob o uooaooto oo ouo o oo|-
c||o oos ostaoo|os oa |aoa oo at|bu| coootoc|a |o| aocosa oaa
o oo|to oo oo-||os a sucosso ob||||a, a oo so ouo ta| oo|c||o
too|a s|oo ou|a|zaoo oo|aoto auto|zao ovooaoota|, oos toos
oo at. +3 oo Co|o C|v||. | a Coto oo 3ooous ooc|o|u, o coosoouo-
c|a, o 2+ oo a|o oo +86, ouo, o v|tuoo oo so ao||cvo| a |o| oa 3av|o-
a, a sucosso oovo|a cootoo|a os oot|c|oo|os (oo|s o o|o|to substao-
c|a| bvao, oa oac|ooa||oaoo oo oto, ||os ocoo|oc|a a oua||oaoo oo
|ooo|os).
/ /o|o|stao oos Loo|os ocoou, a|oaooo (o aou| o |sta-
oo aocs co|ocou oo|a o|o|a voz o oob|oa, oo cuso oosso aoso
oocosso) ouo a oa oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oa 3av|oa (oas
cu,a |o| substaoc|a| oovo|a oo a sucosso, souooo ooc|aaoo oo|a
oo|a ooc|so aoto|o oa Coto Suooa o oa Coto oo 3ooous) osta-
tu|a ouo a vocao |ooo|t|a oaa a sucosso ob||||a so oovo|a oo
oo|o o|o|to substaoc|a| oo oas oooo o oto t|vosso sua os|ooc|a o
boos (oo caso, oo|o o|o|to substaoc|a| aocs). |o|atou, ooto, a Coto
Suooa, o 2+ oo ,uo|o oo +88, o souooo aosto oa s|o oo ts ac|-
a oo|oa. oou oov|ooto ao ocuso o cassou a ooc|so oa Coto oo
3ooous, azoooo-o oos sou|otos toos. Souooo o o|o|to bvao, os
vo|s, coooos ou |ocoooos, so o|oos oo|a |o| oo sua s|tuao,
cob|oaoa, o at|a oo sucosso, co a |o| oo oo|c||o oo ato ou
os|ooc|a oo oto, oa so souo ouo a vocao |ooo|t|a oaa os boos

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vo|s ouo |oo oossua oa |aoa, oooo so |av|a aoo, oovo oo-so
oo|a |o| aocosa.
|sso osu|taoo o| cooaoo o aot|oo oo ua toco|a ooc|-
so oa Coto Suooa, oo 22 oo ovoo|o oo +882, o ouo so coos|oou
a sou|oto uooaootao. Souooo a |o| bvaa, oovo-so ao||ca, o
at|a oo ostatuto oossoa|, a |o| oo oo|c||o ou oa os|ooc|a |ab|tua| o,
o at|a oo ostatuto oa|, a |o| oa s|tuao oos boos vo|s ou |vo|s
(...) so ouo ca|ba a |ooaao sobo so, souooo a |o| bvaa, a at|a
oas sucossos ab intestato ooooooo|a oo ostatuto oossoa| ou oo oa|.
b) A reao da doutrina
La ooos|o, ac|a sua|aoa, oo c|obo caso |oo, oaoco to
caoo ov|oooto o at|c|o oo ouo so va|ou o |staoo aocs, oo sou |otu|-
to oo |ocoooa o oat|o|o ob||||o oo bavao oto, |oouz|ooo o
oo a Coto Suooa. a oooc|a o|ta oo|a oa oo L|o|to |otooac|o-
oa| ||vaoo aocs ao o|o|to (ou |o|) bvaa oovo|a so ootooo|oa
coo oooc|a |oba| ao ooooaooto ,uo|co bavao (a |oc|uoas as
oo|as oas bvaas oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo). Ca, ta| ootoo-
o|ooto ooosootava tota| subvoso oos oossuoostos oot|co-,uo|-
cos, oo|t|co-,uo|cos o soc|o||co-||st|co-,uo|cos oo L|o|to |otooa-
c|ooa| ||vaoo o tota| ooao oos o|oco|os bs|cos oo Too|a Coa| oo
L|o|to ouo |oso|a a ostutua oas oas oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||-
vaoo.
|o |sso, ta| so|uo o| vooootoooto c|t|caoa oo |auoot,
|ab, |a|o o 3at|o, oooto outos, oa oo|a |aoa, o, oa |t||a, oo 3uz-
zat| o /oz||ott|. Sou|u-so-||os a a|o|a oos ,u|stas oa |t||a (L|ooa, ooo-
to outos), oa /|oao|a (|a|o), oa 3||ca (|otu).
Ta| v|o|oota o vo|uosa oao oout|o|a, so obao, oo
|ooo|u ouo u ooouooo ooo oo osc|toos, o caoa u oaouo|os
oasos o o outos, so t|vosso ao|ostaoo avoavo|ooto aooo oo
o|oco|o oocoo|zaoo oo|a ,u|souooc|a oovo|uc|oo|sta o sua |ocooo-
ao oa oout|oa. / osoo|to oa s|tuao oa oout|oa oo |oua aocosa,
|otu oz, o +`+3, cu|osa ostatst|ca oaa oooosta ouo 3 ,u|stas (ouo
co o|o oo|o az|a 38) oa coot|os oovo| uo, soooo avovo|s
too|a aoooas +S.
|aa os ouo ao|to a too|a oo oovo| uo, co|oca-so u souo-
oo oob|oa, coos|stooto o oovo-so ao|t| ou oo a o|sso ouo o
L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ostaoo|o (ouo so ootoooou ao||cvo| a oa-

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t| oa coocooo oa oa oac|ooa| oo coo|tos coo ua o|sso |o-
ba| ou Cosatvo.o|suo) oossa ovootua|ooto azo ao o|o|to oo u
toco|o |staoo, ouo oo o oac|ooa| oo oo. Co oo|to, ts so as ||o-
tosos oossvo|s, oaa os ouo aco|ta ta| too|a, ouaooo a oa oo coo|to
oo |staoo / ooto a so|uo oa o|ao ||t||osa |o|s|ao oo |staoo
3 (a coooooo|oas, souooo ta| coocooo, as oo|as oas oa L|o|-
to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo |staoo 3). ||o|a ||otoso. a oa oo coo-
|to oo |staoo 3 oovo|vo a so|uo oa o|ao ||t||osa ao |staoo /, ouo
||a ootoa (oovo| uo, o soot|oo ost|to, ou |c'vo.o|suo , ou
otooo). Souooa ||otoso. a oa oo coo|tos oo |staoo 3 ooc|aa ao||-
cvo| o|ao ||t||osa o o|o|to oo u toco|o |staoo, C. |ssa a ||o-
toso oa|ooto oooo|oaoa ooov|o, ou Weiterverweisung ou o|sso
oaa u toco|o |staoo o, oossa souooa ||otoso, o ooov|o oooo so
|oooo|oo, oo u ooo a cooouz| a u vooaoo|o circulus inextricabilis .
ass|, oo ooo|o, so ooaoto u t|buoa| aocs so oocua ooto|oa
a caoac|oaoo oo u |o|s, oo|c|||aoo oos |staoos |o|oos, ouo co|obou
cootato oa 3||ca, o ,u|z aocs ao||ca|a a oa |o|osa (|o| oac|ooa|
oo cootataoto), osta ooto|a a so|uo ao o|o|to ooto-ao|caoo (oo
oo|c|||o), osto a ooov|a|a |o| bo|a (lex loci celebrationis) o osta, oo
sou tuoo, aooa|a ao||ca a |o| |o|osa (|o| oac|ooa| oo |otoossaoo), o|o|-
c|aooo-so, |oto|oavo|ooto, o ccu|o. Toco|a ||otoso. a oa oo coo-
|to oo |staoo 3 ooc|aa ao||cvo| sou oo|o o|o|to |otooo substaoc|a|
(oosto caso, co|oc|oo a so|uo oaa os aoootos oa oovo|uo o oaa os
ouo oo oa ao|to).
|aa ov|tao o circulus inextricabilis , a ouo ata|ooto soo
cooouz|oos os oat|o|os oa too|a oo ooov|o, ostos ooto ocoo a
u ao||oso oooo|ooto, ouo, tooav|a, osu|ta oua cootao|o otooo-
||ca |otooa, a|s avo a|ooa oo ouo o oosoozo o||oa| oo|os oossu-
oostos o o|oco|os oa Too|a Coa| oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. a -
a a va||oaoo oa o|sso |oba| (Gesamtverweisungng) at ooto|-
oaoo oooto, oaa, a oat| oosso oooto, azo co ouo a oa oo coo|tos
aa ua oosc|oa abuota at o o|o|to substaoc|a| oo u ooooaooto
ostaoo|o. uo oooto osso: ua| o uooaooto c|ootco oossa ouo-
ba oo oo|o oossuoosto |o|c|a| oo oocosso:
|aa ooto|oa osso ooc|so oooto oooo ocoo a cootao| o
|otooa oa too|a (ouo oo|a oo aoota o c| t|o oa Gesamtwerweisung
oaa oassa a aoota o c| t|o, at ooto ooosoozaoo, oa Sachnormver-

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weisung ou oooc|a ao o|o|to ato|a|-substaoc|a|), os oat|o|os oo
ooov|o costua cooto outa avo |ou|a|oaoo, |uz oa Too|a
Coa| oo L|o|to. ||os oocua uooaoota ossa cootao|o otooo-
||ca |otooa co a sou|oto ou|ao. so a |o| (oo L|o|to |otooac|o-
oa| ||vaoo) oo |staoo / ooto |o| (oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo)
oo |staoo 3 o so osta ooto |o| oo |staoo C, o osta |o| oo |staoo C
(oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo) aco|ta a coootoc|a oa sua |o| substao-
c|a|, ooto osta ouo so ao||ca. Ca, ta| uooaootao ooca oo ouas
azos. | o|o|o |ua, ta| c| t|o, so ooo|u uooaooto c|ootco
o o|vaoo, coo c|aaooto so v, oo avo cootao|o |otooa, oo oso|-
vo o ccu|o v|c|oso oa ||otoso ats coos|ooaoa coo souooa oas ts
oossvo|s. | souooo |ua, ta| c| t|o oato oo u a|so oossuoosto. o
oo ouo a oa oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, |otooa, oo caoa |staoo,
to oo uoo ua o|st|bu|o |otooac|ooa| oo coootoc|as |o|s|at|-
vas o at|a oo L|o|to ||vaoo' Ta| a|so oossuoosto oo|va oas |o|as
oo Z|to|aoo. |sto sustootava ouo as ooas oo|||taooas oos s|stoas
,uo|cos co-o|stootos, coo ooas suoa-ostata|s oo Soboo|o|to (oo
o|aoo |otooac|ooa|), so ||a ao o|o|to oas ootos o osto, ao c|a a oo-
a ,uo|ca, c|a a ||o|a oa sua coootoc|a, oo ooo ouo, oa o|st|bu| o
oas coootoc|as, a couo|oaoo suoa-ostata| taa a suooc|o coovoa,
oooto oa oua| ca o baoco ooooc|vo| oo|o |staoo. Cutos, a| oas
|o|as oo Z|to|ao, sustoota o|voso ac|oco|o. a ooo ,uo|ca ostata|
c|a, oo suas oas oo Soboo|o|to, oa oo o|aboao oo o|o|to oas
ootos, ass|, oo|oa ou at|bu| coootoc|a, oo , ocoo|ocoooo ua
osoa oo v|oc|a oo|a o o||o|a |o| ostaoo|a ouo oos|oa, as
ass|oa|aooo-||o u b|to oo ao||cao oo ooooaooto |otooo oa lex
fori , b|to ouo taaoo o v|tuoo oo ua coootoc|a sobo co-
ootoc|a (oaa usa a ooosso ooo|oa oo bas||o|o |ootos oo ||ao-
oa). Ta|s ac|oco|os s oooo so coocob|oos oo|os ouo ao|to oatuo-
za o uoo |otooac|ooa|s oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo.
Ca, oo ostaoo atua| oossa c|oc|a ,uo|ca, co o oat|cu|a|so
ouo caacto|za os s|stoas oo coo|to, o |ooa| oo ouo as oas co||s|ooa|s
so,a coocob|oas oo aoo|a ouo oossa cooooooo, oot|vaooto,
tooas as o|aos o |ost|tu|os ,uo|cas oo tooos os oasos, oo u |aoo,
o, oo outo |aoo, so|uos uo|oos oaa os coocusos oa|s substao-
c|a|s, ooaooco a|ooa coo |ooa| oo a|caoaoo. Ta|s coo so oostas,
oa oa||oaoo ob,ot|va, as oas oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo so oac|o-

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oa|s o |otooas, a|ooa ouo a o|ao ou s|tuao ||t||osa oo ato ouo o|as
ou|aoota aoosooto, osta s| , o|oootos osooc|a|s |otooac|o-
oa|s ou oo-oac|ooa|s.
2. A teoria da questo prvia
a) Origem da teoria
/s o|oos oossa too|a, coo ocoou oo caso oa oout|oa oo
ooov|o, aoto|oooto ostuoaoa, ooota a ua ooc|so oa Cassao
aocosa, oataoa oo +`3+ (caso |ooooucaooaa||o), ouo susc|tou oooo
oao oout|o|a, oo to subvot|oo (coo oo caso oa oout|oa oo
ooov|o) os oossuoostos oa Too|a Coa| oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo.
Tatava-so oa sucosso oo u |vo| s|tuaoo oa Cooc||oc||oa
(ooto to| t |o aocs). ab|||tou-so sucosso u |oo|aoo, ooto oo
oto, cu,o oa| |av|a s|oo oo|o oto aootaoo coo ||o. Lo acooo co
o L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo oo (|aoa), o o|o|to substaoc|a| ou-
|aoo oo ta| sucosso oovo|a so o oo |ua oa s|tuao oo |vo|, o o|o|-
to sucoss|o aocs. Ca, souooo o o|o|to sucoss|o aocs, ao aoota-
oo cabo|a os osos o|o|tos ouo to|a u ||o ou outo ooscooooo-
to |ot|o (Co|o C|v|| aocs, at. 3S6). / ouosto oo,uo|c|a|, ou ov|a,
ou oo|||oa, coos|st|a oa |ooaao sobo a va||oaoo oo ta| ato oo aooo.
Ca, souooo o L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo aocs, ta| ouosto oovo|a
so oso|v|oa oo|o o|o|to substaoc|a| |oo|aoo (oa oac|ooa||oaoo oo aootao-
to o oo aootaoo), souooo o o|o|to substaoc|a| |oo|aoo, ta| aooo oa v||-
oa o|ooaooto (ooouo o o|o|to c|v|| |oo|aoo oo o||a, oaa coos|ooa
v||oa a aooo, ouo o aootaoto oo t|vosso ||os |ot|os). |oo, ta| aoo-
o oo oooo|a oo|a oo so coos|ooaoa v||oa oo|o t|buoa| aocs.
Tooav|a, o t|buoa| aocs oooooou ouo a ouosto oo oa a oo
sabo sobo a va||oaoo ou oo oaouo|a aooo. So o osso, o t|buoa| ao-
cs oo oooo|a oo|a oo oso|vo aat|vaooto ta| ouosto, sob oooa
oo |oobsovoc|a oa oo|a oa oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo ao-
cs. |as ta| ouosto o t|buoa| co|ocou-a oov|aooto, coo ouosto oo-
,uo|c|a|, oaa a coota ao||cao oo oo|oo at. 3S6 oo Co|o C|v||, at|-
oooto a ouosto sucoss|a (ouosto o|oc|oa|). Ta| ouosto o|oc|oa|
(sucoss|a) susc|tava ua ouosto ov|a ou oo,uo|c|a|. a oa o|ovoc|a
oaouo|a aooo ostaoo|a oaa oo|tos sucoss|os, oaa o oo|to oo ao||-
cao oo oo|oo at. 3S6 oo Co|o C|v|| aocs. Cu so,a, va|o|a aouo-

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|a aooo |oo|aoa cooto vooaoo|a aooo o aco oo toto oo at. 3S6
oo Co|o C|v|| aocs:
Ca, coot|ouou sou ac|oco|o o t|buoa| aocs, oo caso vo| ca-
va-so ouo, ao tooo oa aooo, o aootaoto , t|o|a ||os |ot|os, o ouo
tooa|a |ov||oa a aooo so ao||caoo o at. 3++ oo Co|o C|v|| aocs
(|o| ao||cvo| sucosso, ouosto o|oc|oa|). c|ao ouo, so a ouosto os-
so sabo so oa v||oa ou oo ta| aooo, a |o| substaoc|a| |oo|aoa ouo
so|a ao||cvo|, o o t|buoa| oo oooo|a oo|a oo aa a va||oaoo oa
aooo. |as, coot|ouou sou ac|oco|o o t|buoa|, oo|o ouo osoo|ta ouos-
to oo sabo so ua o|ao aoot|va coost|tuoa o ta|s c|cuostoc|as
suscotvo| oo oa os o|o|tos sucoss|os ouo o o|o|to aocs, cooo-
tooto oaa ou|aa sucosso, at|bu| o|ao aoot|va, o oob|oa oo-so
ooutos toos. tuoo ost o sabo so aouo|a coocota aooo va|o
coo a aooo oo|oa oo at. 3S6 oo Co|o C|v|| aocs. Ca, ooo-
ooou o t|buoa| aocs, oa oo|a ||ca |otooa oo o|o|to aocs ooo|a
|oo|-so ouo o |o|s|aoo s ou|s at|bu| oo|tos sucoss|os s o|aos
aoot|vas coost|tuoas ou oooto o ouo o aootaoto oo t|vosso ||os
|ot|os (o cu,a coost|tu|o t|vosso sat|so|to, oo|s, o oou|s|to o||oo
oo|o oo|oo at. 3++ oo Co|o C|v|| aocs), ua voz ouo to|a s|oo
ooocuoao oo |o|s|aoo aocs oooooo a oos|o sucoss|a oos |-
|os |ot|os coota ua oossvo| coocooc|a oos aootaoos. Co osso
uooaooto, a Chambre de Requtes |oooo|u a ootooso oo ooscooooo-
to oo aootaoo.
b) A reao da doutrina
L|aoto oosso caso c|ss|co, cooou-so a ou|a, too|caooto,
a ,ust|cat|va oossa osou|a ooc|so. |as, oaa ta| ou|ao to|ca, oo
so |ovou o coos|ooao o oo|o tooo |ovost|at|vo coot|oo oa
ooc|so. |o ooo|o, o ootuus |oo Cooa, ocootoooto a|oc|oo,
ass| oooo o oob|oa oa ouosto oo,uo|c|a|. so ooto ouas ouostos
,uo|cas ooooo u ooo oo oo,uo|c|a||oaoo o ua oo|as, a o|oc|oa|, ost
su,o|ta a u o|o|to ostaoo|o, suo o oob|oa oo sabo coo coooc-
ta a ouosto oo,uo|c|a|. so oo |aoo|a co o s|stoa oo coo|tos oo
oo, so oo acooo co o s|stoa oo coo|tos oa lex causae . | |o.a|o
ass| so ooouoc|ava. a ouosto oo sabo so so oooo subst|tu| a ua
o|ao oo o|o|to |otooo, coos|ooaoa oo|a |o| |otooa coo cooo|o
oo,uo|c|a| oo u oo|to ,uo|co ooto|oaoo, ua o|ao ao|oa oo
o|o|to ostaoo|o.

204
Tao|c|ooa|ooto, sooo so sustootou ouo, oas o|aos ,uo|cas
coo|oas, oo oatuoza abso|utaooto |otooac|ooa|, so oovo|a aoota o
c| t|o otooo||co ouo os aocosos oooo|oava oo oocooos|-
o . /ss|, oaa o caso oo u ootuus ouo cooa o |a|s |vo|
s|tuaoo oa o|aooa, a caoac|oaoo oo cootata oo ootuus so|a so|uc|o-
oaoa oo|o Co|o C|v|| oo sou oo|c||o, a oa otosoca oo ato so|a
o|oa oo|o Co|o C|v|| aocs, a taosooc|a oa ooo|ooaoo o sous
oo|tos so|a o|oos oo|o Co|o C|v|| |o|aoos. |otaoto, sooo so
aootou a too|a oa coooo autooa. |o ootaoto, oooo|s oa ooc|so
ats aoa||saoa, oassou-so a sustoota a too|a oa coooo suboo|oaoa. a
ouosto oo,uo|c|a| oooo sua autooo|a o oassa a oo-so oo|a ooa oo
coo|to (oo oo|a ooa substaoc|a|, coo ooc|o|u o t|buoa| aocs) ouo
oo|a a ouosto o|oc|oa|.
So oootaos ao ouo cou o|to co o|ao Lot|ca u-
o|ca, oo|t|ca uo|ca o Soc|o|o|a |st|co-cu|tua| uo|ca o ao||ca-
o oo sous o|oco|os ao L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, vo| caoos, oos-
oo |oo, ouo a too|a oa coooo suboo|oaoa to coo oossuoostos
a|uos oouvocos avos.
| o cu|oso ouo os oat|o|os oossa too|a costua coota-
o|to|aooto oo-|a oos ||vos, oo caotu|o oo|o oa at|a, oooo|s oo
too ooat|zaoo, oos caotu|os |o|c|a|s, ouo, o so tataooo oo o|aos
,uo|cas o|vaoas abso|utaooto |otooac|ooa|s, a otooo|o|a a so
oooaoa toco|caooto a oa oocooao ou oocooos|o.
3. O problema dos valores nsitos na regra
de direito internacional privado
a) Termos do problema e mtodo para sua soluo
Cuto toa o ouo ooooto o oouvoco oo a|uos osc|toos
o at|oooto ao o|oooto a|o||co-cu|tua|, ouo, souooo o|os, osta|a
ausooto oa oa oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo o|os oouz|oa
catoo|a oo oa oa tco|ca.
Ca, , ooc|ooaos o oooto ||st|co oo su|ooto oo
L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oosoo as osco|as ostatut|as at o oooto
oosto|o oo sua ou|ao oout|oa|a o, oa|ooto, o toco|o ooo-
to, oa o|aboao |o|s|at|va oo sc. |. /|| so tootou oooosta ouo a
ooocuoao ouo sooo ostovo oosooto, oosoo o ob|o oaouo|as
oas, o| a oo busca a |o|a oo ,ust|a, sooo a oa cotoza ou ut|||oaoo.

205
|o outo |aoo, o| tab ooc|ooaoo ouo o L|o|to |otooa-
c|ooa| ||vaoo, o azo oo sou cato oot|co-,uo|co osooc|a|, oovo
so ootooo|oo coo |otoaoto oa catoo|a oo ius supra iura ou Sobo-
o|o|to.
|o ouo |sso o|zo, oo ooo a|u, ouo a oa oo L|o|to |oto-
oac|ooa| ||vaoo, ao||cao oot|ca oo L|o|to oost|oaoa oua||ca-
o oo o|aos ou s|tuaos ouo ooso,a, oo|t|co-,u|o|caooto, u coo-
cuso oa| |otos|stot|co oo ooas substaoc|a|s o|vaoas , oo coos-
t|tu||a ob,oto oo oooataooto c|ootco-,uo|co autooo, sooo so|a
oa tco|ca, oou|va|ooto ooout|ca o |otoootao, ou oo
osu|taoo oo |ooaao ct|co-cooaat|va, coo o L|o|to Cooaaoo.
/ Tco|ca ao||cao oat|cu|a o ooc|ooa| oa c|oc|a. a c|oc|a
ooat|va oooto oocoss|o o uo|vosa| ouo oo o oaoos casos,
o azo oa oatuoza a|o||ca oa ouosto tataoa, cu,a coooooso
|o||ca oo ocoo|oc|ooto oo u oovo a so cuo|oo, ooouaoto ouo
a Tco|ca, ao coot|o, osu|ta oa oo||cao oos atos, co ooo oo a|
oaa a|caoco oo u ooto|oaoo oat|cu|a (||uo| |oa|o, |||osoa
oo L|o|to, v. |, t. |, o. 2++).
uaoto autooo|a c|ootca oos oooataootos oo Soboo|-
o|to, o aco oa ooout|ca o as tco|cas oo |otoootao, coov
|oba-so ouo a Too|a Coa| oo L|o|to ou /o||cao oo L|o|to (o ouo
so taouz ooat|caooto o c|aaoo Soboo|o|to) oou|va|o oa||zao
oo L|o|to, sov|ooo-so ovootua|ooto oas tco|cas oa ooout|ca, oa
|otoootao o oa aoaotao s osoc|os. | sua, a /o||cao oo L|o|-
to, ouo coos|sto oa subsuoo oo ua o|ao ou s|tuao oo ato oo-
a to|ca aooouaoa, cooooooo. a) a Ct|ca, b) a |otoootao, c) o
suo|ooto oas |acuoas, o) o oao oas ouostos oossvo|s sobo ab-oa-
o ou s|o|os oooao oo ooco|tos, bo coo acoca oa auto|oaoo
oas o|soos|os ooossas o|at|vaooto ao osoao o ao tooo. |o so
coouooo co a ooout|ca. osta to u s ob,oto (a |o|), aouo|a, oo|s
(o L|o|to, oo soot|oo ob,ot|vo, o o ato).
b) Soluo
V-so, ass|, ouo a oa oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, coo
tooa ooa |otoaoto oo u ooooaooto ,uo|co, sotoso |otoat|va oo
ato, va|o o ooa, oo u|ooo, ootaoto, t|o|oos|ooa||oaoo osoocca
oa C|oc|a oo L|o|to. uaoto ao va|o oo ,usto, oooo o|o oa||za-so per
se ou oooo so |ostuoota||zaoo oo|a oa||zao oo t| |, ou oa cotoza.

206
IV Conclusoes
Cs ts toas aoa||saoos (ooov|o, ouosto ov|a o ootoosa oatu-
oza oaooto tco|ca oas ooas oo L|o|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo) so
ooo|os oo coo oooo, s vozos, su| ua coostuo to|ca co aoa-
oc|a oo oout|oa, as ouo, so subot|oa a ostuoo |uz ct|ca oos oos-
suoostos oa Too|a Coa| oo L|o|to, so osta c|aaooto oou|vocaoa.
Too|a Coa| oo L|o|to (o tab |||osoa oo L|o|to)
|ocubo, coo ob,oto osoocco oo coo|oc|ooto, a ct|ca oos oossu-
oostos c|ootcos oo caoa ao oo L|o|to.
Bi bl i ograf a:
/|o,oo, ||oo. Prcis de droit international prive. 2. oo. |a|s. La||oz, +`2-+`3+.
|o.a|o, aos. ||os oa|os oos coo|ts oo |o|s. |o. Rcueil des Cours. +`3`. |||.
|ootos oo ||aooa. Tratado de direito internacional privado. ||o oo aoo|o. os C|o|o, +`3S.
|oa|o, ||uo|. Filosoa do direito. So |au|o. Saa|va, +`S3.

207
Aplicacin prctica de los principios de UNIDROIT
en el sistema venezolano de Derecho
Tatiana B. Maekelt
Introduccin
Coooc a Ca|os |obos |obooa |aco uc|os aos, oo aouo||a
buc||ca c|uoao oo |os Caba||oos ouo oa ||oa oo | ,uvootuo. S|o-
oo |a s|oo uo ootus|asta oooso oo o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo,
|ovost|aoo, ooaoaoo oo su c|uoao oata|. Coo ouo | aocto oo ||-
oa oato oo aouo||os oocuootos oo |os cua|os o| oa|sa,o oo |as ootaas
s|ooo ostuvo oosooto.
/ oosa oo |a o|staoc|a s|ca, ouoca ooo|os o| cootacto ouo so
|otoos||caba coo sus ostaoas oo Caacas, osooc|a|ooto cuaooo uo ||o|s-
to oo| /b|ooto oo |os |ocusos |atua|os |ooovab|os ouaoto |a oo-
s|oooc|a oo |u|s ooa, o cuaooo |as aab|os |ov|tac|ooos oo |s a|os
o tas|aoabao a ||oa, oooo s|ooo |ubo t|ooo |ua oaa co-
o|a|s|os oocuootos. |os uoa oo s|o Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo,
ato|a a |a cua| ooo|caos tooa ouosta v|oa acao|ca, s|oo otos to|-
cos, ta|os coo |as ooocuoac|ooos oo|t|cas, o| utuo oo Vooozuo|a oo
ouosta ostuo|osa ,uvootuo.
|aoa s ,usto ouo osto ||bo oooa,o ouo oooaa uo uoo
oo o a|uoos, co|oas a|os a| oooso |obos |obooa, a ouo su ta-
octo|a acao|ca, |a ooo|cac|o a |a oosoaoza, o| oooo oo o|uoo|
o|vu|a o| Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo otas ato|as coooas, coos-
t|tuoo uo |ocooaab|o cooooc|a| oo |to oaa o| |oooa,o ouo so
|aco a| aosto oo |os s o|ovaoos ootos oa|os ooos|ooa|os.
[
]

208
o ooo|caoo | coot|buc|o a uoa ato|a oovooosa coo os-
ouosta a |as coostaotos |oou|otuoos oo |obos |obooa oaa o|toa ouo
Vooozuo|a oo ouooa ats oo |as ato|as ,uo|cas, ta|os coo |a ao||cac|o
oo| soft law oo |a cootatac|o |otooac|ooa|. || ov|v| oo |a lex mercatoria
oo ouovos t|oos, coo |o soo |os ||oc|o|os o|aboaoos oo |||L|C|T,
oo tooo too oo abaooooa coo su ao||cac|o |a ost|cta coocooc|o oo-
s|t|v|sta oo| Looc|o, ac|||ta coo o||o o| cooc|o |otooac|ooa|, aoa||za |as
ou|ac|ooos vooozo|aoas ouo oo|too ostas so|uc|ooos, os o| ob,ot|vo oo
osto taba,o. C,a|, auoouo oo oato, soa cuo||oo.
I Antecedentes histricos
|| |ost|tuto |otooac|ooa| oaa |a |o||cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo
(|||L|C|T) os coaoo oo +`26 coo aoo au|||a oo |a ||a oo |ac|o-
oos, oaoaoco oo +`+0 oosous oo |a uoa, coo oao|so u|t||ato-
a|. Cuoota coo ooosootaotos oo |os c|oco coot|oootos, caactost|ca ouo
oov|sto a osto oao|so oo o|ua||oao |oa|, oo|t|ca, ocoo|ca cu|tua|.
Su ob,ot|vo o|oc|oa| os oooaa ooas uo|oos, ooooas a o|-
cas oo Looc|o ||vaoo.
Coo ot|vo oo |a co|obac|o oo| +0 ao|vosa|o oo |||L|C|T
tuvo |ua uo coooso, oo o| cua|, o| ootoocos Socota|o Coooa| oo |a
oao|zac|o ooouso oooaa uoa suoto oo Restatement ouo cootuv|o-
a o|oc|o|os oooa|os oo ato|a oo cootatos |otooac|ooa|os. |osto|o-
ooto, oo +`+, so ooc|oo |oc|u| osta ooouosta oo o| |oaa oo Taba-
,o oo| |ost|tuto, uoa ooouoa ooo |ootaoto co|s|o, |otoaoa oo
|oo Lav|o, C||vo |. Sc||tt|o Tuoo |oooscu, ooosootaotos oo|
Cooo |a., oo| C|v|| |a. oo |os s|stoas soc|a||stas, so oocaa oo |a
taoa oo oa||za |as |ovost|ac|ooos oo|||oaos oaa ooto|oa |a v|ab|||-
oao oo| ooocto.
Cas| uoa ocaoa oosous, oo +`80, so oao|zaoo uoos oo ta-
ba,o, coo o| ob,ot|vo oo aoo|aota boaooos oo| Restatement. |stos u-
oos ostabao coooaoos oo oootos oo Looc|o Cooaaoo Co-
oc|a| |otooac|ooa| oo |as o|st|otas a|||as ,uo|cas. |o +``+ c|sta||z o|
uto oo uc|os aos oo taba,o, su |to |a s|oo ta| ouo, o|oz aos oos-
ous oo |a ou|ac|o oub||cac|o oo |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T, aoa-
oco su souooa oo|c|o (200+), ov|saoa, a,ustaoa a |a ooo|ooc|a oct|-

209
/o||cac|o oct|ca oo |os o|oc|o|os... Tatiana B. Maekelt
ca coo|oootaoa coo ouovas o|soos|c|ooos
1
. |oto sus oovooaoos so
oocuoota |a oos|b|||oao oo ao||ca |os o|oc|o|os a |os oooo|oaoos coo-
tatos s|o |o oo ut|||za|os oaa |otooota |as |oos oost|cas (oo-
bu|o), |a aoa|c|o oo uo atcu|o ouo ou|a oo ooo |ooooooo|ooto a |a
buooa o o| venire contra factum proprium o cooota|ooto |ocoos|stoo-
to (/t. +8), |a ou|ac|o oo |a ||boac|o oo acuooo (/t. S.+`), |as o|s-
oos|c|ooos oo o|ac|o a |a auto|oao oo |os aootos (socc|o 2.2.).
|a o|aboac|o oo |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T |a co|oc|o|oo coo
o| auo oo |a o|scus|o ooct|oa|a sobo |a o|stooc|a o| ocoooc||ooto
oo |a lex mercatoria. |os ocato|stas |ao co|obaoo |a aoa|c|o oo osta
aoaootoooto oovooosa oa oo ou|ac|o oo |as o|ac|ooos cooc|a-
|os, osooc|a|ooto oo |os cootatos |otooac|ooa|os, co|ocooo|a oo o|
coazo oo |a ||aaoa ouova lex mercatoria
2
.
|as sovoas ct|cas ouo so |ao |oc|o a |a |o oo |os cooc|ao-
tos, ta|os coo oo ouo| |as cooo|c|ooos oaa oooo so coos|ooaoa
coo uo oooc|o, oo tooo uoza v|ocu|aoto oo oo oovoo| oo auto|-
oao ostata| a|uoa , oo oooo, caoco oo soooto oac|ooa| o |otooac|o-
oa|, oo obsova uoa otooo|oa ooo|a oo uo |ostuooto ,uo|co, oo
tooo |a autoooa oocosa|a, so |oco|oooto, |ocoo|ota vaa, os ooc|,
s|o|oooto |ota oo o| ||bo, |ao o|ooaoo o| oosao||o oo osta v|o,a
ouova oa oo ou|a |as o|ac|ooos ooto |os cooc|aotos. |o obstao-
to, |a Lex Mercatoria oo |a oosaoaoc|oo oo |as o|ac|ooos cooc|a|os, oo-
b|oo a sus oos|t|vas caactost|cas soa|aoas oo C|o |aooo ||oo|c|
uooo. ...|a uoza v|ocu|aoto oo |a lex mercatoria oo ooooooo oo| |oc|o
oo so oou|aoa oo uoa auto|oao ostata|, s|oo ooouo ost ocoooc|-
oa oo |a couo|oao oo cooc|aotos oo |a auto|oao ostata|
3
. |os
1
||c|ao| oac|| 3ooo||, UNIDROIT Principles 2004 The New Edition of the Principles of Inter-
national Commercial Contracts adopted by the International Institute for the Unication of Priva-
te Law. |tto.//....uo|oo|t.o/oo||s|/o|oc|o|os/cootacts/o|oc|o|os200+/200+-+-booo||.oo.
Tab|o oo Uniform Law Review 200+, oo. S-+0. || ouovo toto so oocuoota oo |as o|oas
+2+ ss. oo |a |sa |ov|sta. Tab|o oo |||L|C|T |otooat|ooa| |ost|tuto o t|o |o|ca-
t|oo o ||vato |a.. |||L|C|T ||oc|o|os o |otooat|ooa| Cooc|a| Cootacts, |oo
200+, oo. 33-36.
2
Cosa 3aoo, Do the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts form a new lex
mercatoria: |aco ossa, |aco oo., uoo +``8, oo. +-+, osooc|a|ooto, oo. 6-+.
3
C|o |aooo, The lex mercatoria and International Commercial Arbitration, 3+ |C| (+`8S), oo.

210
||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T osoooooo a ostas caactost|cas oos|t|vas. |o
oocto, |os ||oc|o|os oo so |ao o|aboaoo coo ooocto oo uoa coovoo-
c|o o oo uoa |o ooo|o, s|oo coo uo |ostuooto oovoooso, aoaota-
oo a |os oouo||ootos oo| cooc|o |otooac|ooa| cua uoza ob||a-
to|a ooooooo oo su oooo |otosoco, oo su ov|oooto oocos|oao oct|ca
oo |a auto|oao oo |||L|C|T.
|os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T so |ao coovot|oo oo uo |ostuoo-
to oo ocuooto ao||cac|o |a ,u|souoooc|a ocoo||aoa os tost|o oo su
ooou|a|oao
4
. Y oo os oo otaa, a ouo oooo |as caactost|cas oo uo
restatement oo o| s|stoa ao|osa,o (|ostatooots o Cootacts oo |os ||.
||.) o, |oc|us|vo, oo| |o|o Cooc|a| Cooo (|CC). |s ooc|, oo t|oooo
uoza ob||ato|a, ooosootao |a ao aoa oo |os s|stoas ,uo|cos, |o
cua| |aco s c|| su ao||cac|o, soo |o|b|os aoaotab|os. ||stoo s||||-
tuoos oo |os |oos oo ostos |ostuootos ouo coos|stoo oo s|stoat|za |os
o|oc|o|os ooo|os oo caoa b|to, tooos t|oooo uo ao ooso oo |a ,u|s-
ouoooc|a.
|os ||oc|o|os osto |oso|aoos oo |os totos |otooac|ooa|os uo|-
oos ouo o|o,ao |os usos oct|cas ooo|os oo| cooc|o |otooac|o-
oa|, as coo oo |as s ooosootat|vas |oos oac|ooa|os , osooc|a|ooto,
|os o|oc|o|os ouo ob|ooao |as ob||ac|ooos coovooc|ooa|os oo o| uooo,
sobo |a baso oo |a |oac|a||oao, |a aoocuac|o a |as taosacc|ooos |oto-
+-S2, ||oo|c| uooo, T|o Lex Mercatoria aoo t|o Coo|ct o |a.s. |o T. Cabooooau
(oo|to). Lex Mercatoria and Arbitration, +``0, o. 2+3.
4
|os ||oc|o|os soo ao||caoos taoto oo t|buoa|os ostata|os coo oo t|buoa|os ab|ta|os.
Coo o,oo|o oo ostos |t|os, ooooos c|ta a|uoos |auoos oo |CC |otooat|ooa| Cout
/b|tat|oo. | 8.+28 oo +``S, | 8.2+0 oo| 0/+``S, | .++0 oo 06/+``S, | .3S oo|
0S/06/+``6, | S.83S oo| 06/+``6, | 8.26+ oo| 2/0`/+``6, | 8.S+0 oo| 0+/0`/+``6, |
8.33+ oo| +2/+``6, | 8.S02 oo| ++/+``6, | 8.26+ oo| 0+/+``, | 8.8+ oo| +2/+``6, |
8.6` oo| +2/+``6, | .36S/||S oo| 0S/0S/+``, | 8.83 oo| 0/+``, | `.02` oo|
03/+``8, | 8 oo| +2/+``, | 8.223 oo| 0+/+``8, | `.++ oo| 03/+``8, | `.S`3 oo|
+2/+``8, | `333 oo| +0/+``8, | `.++` oo| 0`/+``8, | `.+` oo| 02/+```, | 8.S+ oo|
0+/+```, | `.S`+ oo| 03/+```, | `.++ oo| 02/+```, | .8+` oo| 0`/+```, | `.S3 oo|
0S/+```, | +0.++ oo| 03/2000, | +0.02+ oo| 2000, | `.8S oo| 03/2000, | `.` oo|
28/0/2000, | `.6S+ oo| 08/2000, | +0.022 oo| +0/2000, | +0.33S oo| +0/2000, |
+0.3+6 oo| +2/2000, | +0.+22 oo| 200+. Vo totos oo ....uo|oo|t.o

211
oac|ooa|os |a buooa o
5
. || cacto |o|b|o oo ostas o|as oo|to ouo
so aoaotoo c||ooto a cua|ou|o s|tuac|o oct|ca oo| s|ooo cab|ao-
to cooc|o |otooac|ooa|. Coo o|,o acotaoaooto uoo oo |os vooaoo-
os cooocoooos oo |a ato|a oo Vooozuo|a, Cooza|o |aa /aouoo, |os
||oc|o|os abaooooao o| caoo acao|co oaa coovot|so oo o| acto
ooc|s|vo oaa |a so|uc|o oo |as cootovos|as oo|vaoas oo| cooc|o |oto-
oac|ooa|.
6
Tatoooso oo| vooaooo ius comune, |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T
ooboao so o| Looc|o /o||cab|o a |os cootatos ocaot||os |otooac|o-
oa|os, a oosa oo |as ct|cas oo a|uoos oos|t|v|stas ouo oo oot|ooooo, auo
|o, |a uoza v|ocu|aoto oo uoas ooas, basaoas oo |a oocos|oao oct|ca,
oo |a coovoo|ooc|a, oo |a ac|||oao oo su ao||cac|o, oo |a uo|o|oao oo |as
so|uc|ooos oo ouo, s|o ouoa a|uoa, ostos o|oc|o|os coost|tuoo |a co|u-
oa votoba| oo| oosao||o oo| ouovo cooc|o |otooac|ooa|.
7
II Naturaleza jurdica
Es una nueva forma de Lex Mercatoria?
|uc|o so |a o|scut|oo acoca oo |a oatua|oza ,uo|ca oo |os ||o-
c|o|os oo |||L|C|T. |oos |os otoao o| cacto coo||ctua| ouo oo|to
ooto|oa o| Looc|o /o||cab|o a| cootato. Ctos |os |ooot||cao coo |a
lex mercatoria, coo sus oooctos sus v|tuoos, |oa|ooto otos |os|stoo
oo su cacto sustaot|vo, a|aooo ouo |os ||oc|o|os ooboo |otooota-
so coo uo s|stoa ,uo|co o|aboaoo coo|oto ouo oooa so coos|-
ooaoo coo Looc|o /o||cab|o a| cootato. Co|oo ouo osta |t|a
5
oo Cv|ooo /|bo, La Unicacin del Derecho Privado: UNIDROIT y los Principios para los Con-
tratos Comerciales Internacionales. |tto//....ov|oooa|bao3.|t
6
Cooza|o |aa /aouoo, /sooctos oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo |os ||oc|o|os oaa
|os Cootatos |ocaot||os |otooac|ooa|os ||aboaoos oo o| |||L|C|T. Revista de la Facul-
tad de Ciencias Jurdicas y Polticas, | `+, |o|vos|oao Coota| oo Vooozuo|a, Caacas, +``+,
oo. +6`-+80, osooc|a|ooto, o. +80.
7
Cooza|o |aa /aouoo, |a |ootaoc|a oo| |ost|tuto |otooac|ooa| oaa |a |o|cac|o oo|
Looc|o o|vaoo (|||L|C|T) oo |a utua uo|o|oao ,uo|ca oo| |o|so|o ao|caoo.
Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurdicas y Polticas, |o. 86, |o|vos|oao Coota| oo Vooozuo-
|a, Caacas, +``2, oo. 3+-3, osooc|a|ooto, oo. 60-62.

212
|otoootac|o, os |a s aoocuaoa, aoos os |a coosaaoa oo o| s|sto-
a vooozo|aoo.
8
III mbito de aplicacin
|| b|to oo ao||cac|o oo |os ||oc|o|os ost ostab|oc|oo oo su
|obu|o. So ao||cao a |os cootatos |otooac|ooa|os oo cacto ocao-
t||.
9
|a |otooac|ooa||oao oo| cootato oobo |otoootaso oo oa ao||a
osoooo|oooo oo s|o a c|to|os ,uo|cos, s|oo tab|o a c|to|os ocoo-
|cos |oaoc|oos.
10
|o o|ac|o coo o| cacto ocaot||, |a |otooota-
c|o os s ao||a ao, oc|uoooso o|caooto |os cootatos oo coo-
suo, so|uc|o osta o|scut|oa oo |a ooct|oa.
11
Cto b|to oo ao||cac|o oo |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T so |aco
ov|oooto cuaooo |a cootovos|a ost soot|oa a uo ab|ta,o. |sta su|-
s|o tao coos|o c|ota ||botao oo |os b|tos oo oo ao||ca uoa |o oac|o-
oa|, auo |a osco|oa oo |as oatos. |as s oc|ootos toooooc|as oo|too
sooaaso oo |os ooooa|ootos ,uo|cos oac|ooa|os oaa ooc|o| oo su
caso, ex aequo et bono, s|o toa oo cuoota |os aooatos oo o|ouoa |o
oac|ooa|. /s |o oouostao, a ttu|o oo o,oo|o, o| oao o|oo oo|
atcu|o 28 oo |a |o |ooo|o sobo /b|ta,o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa|,
aoobaoa oo +`8S oo |a C||L||-||C|T|/|, o o| o|o oao oo| at-
cu|o +2 oo| Coovoo|o oo| 3aoco |uoo|a| sobo /o|o oo L|oooc|as
|o|at|vas a |ovos|ooos ooto |staoos |ac|ooa|os oo otos |staoos.
12
8
uooo Sat|oboo, || |o|a oo| /tcu|o 30 oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo. |o
Libro Homenaje a Gonzalo Parra Aranguren, Ley de Derecho Internacional Privado de 6 de agos-
to de 1998, /ooooou 200+, T|buoa| Suooo oo ust|c|a, Caacas, 2002, oo. 3SS-3+, osoo-
c|a|ooto, oo. 36+-3+
9
|ab|o|a |ooo, || Looc|o /o||cab|o a| Cootato |otooac|ooa|. |o Liber Amicorum a Tatiana
B. de Maekelt, Too |, |o|vos|oao Coota| oo Vooozuo|a, Caacas, 200+, oo. 2`6-2`.
10
Sootooc|a oo |a Coto Suooa oo ust|c|a oo Sa|a |o|t|co /o|o|stat|va, |o. 60S, caso
|boto||aooa Caacas, C. /. otas vs. |oos|-Co|a |aoao|caoa S. /., oo| 0` oo octubo oo
+``. Vo toto oo. Revista Facultad de Ciencias Jurdicas y Polticas, | +0`, |o|vos|oao Coo-
ta| oo Vooozuo|a, Caacas, +``8, oo. +S0 ss.
11
oo Cv|ooo /|bo, |a |o|cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo... oo. c|t. Vo tab|o o| atcu|o + oo
|a |o |ooo|o oo /b|ta,o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa| (|uova Yo', +`8S).
12
/tcu|o 28 oo |a |o |ooo|o sobo /b|ta,o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa|, ||C|T|/|.

213
IV Funciones
|os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T cuo|oo c|oco uoc|ooos osooc|cas.
uoc|o ooat|va, uoc|o coo|ooota|a, uoc|o |otoootat|va, uoc|o
sust|tut|va, uoc|o oo ooo|azo.
13
|a uoc|o ooat|va os coosocuooc|a oo |a o|occ|o oo |as oa-
tos oo |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T oaa o| uo cootato |otooac|ooa|.
14
|o osto caso so oooo ao||ca coo |a oc|us|o oo cua|ou|o Looc|o
|stata|, s|ooo cuaooo oo so |otooto oooa ooas |ooat|vas oo |os
ooooa|ootos ,uo|cos |ovo|ucaoos. |o coos|ooo v||oa |a tos|s oo |a
oocos|oao oo o|ac|ooa uo cootato coo uo Looc|o |ac|ooa|, ba,o |a a|-
+) || t|buoa| ab|ta| ooc|o| o| ||t||o oo cooo|oao coo |as ooas oo oooc|o o|o|oas
oo |as oatos coo ao||cab|os a| oooo oo| ||t||o. So ootoooo ouo tooa |oo|cac|o oo| ooo-
c|o u ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oo uo |staoo ooto|oaoo so ooo, a ooos ouo so oooso
|o coota|o, a| oooc|o sustaot|vo oo oso |staoo oo a sus ooas oo coo|cto oo |oos.
2) S| |as oatos oo |oo|cao |a |o o| oooc|o ao||cab|o, o| t|buoa| ab|ta| ao||ca |a |o ouo
ooto|ooo |as ooas oo coo|cto oo |oos ouo ost|oo ao||cab|os.
3) || t|buoa| ab|ta| ooc|o| ex aequo et bono o coo a|ab|os coooooooos s|o s| |as
oatos |o |ao auto|zaoo ooosaooto a |aco|o as.
+) |o tooos |os casos, o| t|buoa| ab|ta| ooc|o| coo ao|o a |as ost|ou|ac|ooos oo| coota-
to tooo oo cuoota |os usos ocaot||os ao||cab|os a| caso.
/tcu|o +2 oo| Coovoo|o sobo ao|o oo L|oooc|as |o|at|vas a |ovos|ooos ooto |staoos
|ac|ooa|os oo otos |staoos.
(+) || T|buoa| ooc|o| |a o|oooc|a oo acuooo coo |as ooas oo oooc|o acooaoas oo
|as oatos. / a|ta oo acuooo, o| T|buoa| ao||ca |a |o|s|ac|o oo| |staoo ouo soa oato oo |a
o|oooc|a, |oc|uoooo sus ooas oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, aouo||as ooas oo
oooc|o |otooac|ooa| ouo ouo|ooo so ao||cab|os.
(2) || T|buoa| oo ooo o||so oo a||a so oototo oo s||ooc|o u obscu|oao oo |a |o.
(3) |as o|soos|c|ooos oo |os oocooootos aoataoos oo osto atcu|os oo |ooo|o a| T|bu-
oa|, s| |as oatos as |o acuooao, ooc|o| |a o|oooc|a ex aequo et bono.
13
os |u|s S|ouo|os, |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T |a Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo
Looc|o /o||cab|o a |os Cootatos |otooac|ooa|os.
|tto.//....b|b||o,u|o|ca.o/||bos/+/+38/++.oo
14
a|o |atooz |stvoz, /ootac|ooos sobo |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T. |o Revista de la
Facultad de Derecho, |o. S+, |o|vos|oao Cto||ca /oos 3o||o, Caacas, +``, oo. +``-26+,
osooc|a|ooto, o. 20+.

214
ac|o oo ouo, oo oo so as, ostaaos ooto a uo cootato s|o |o. |o o|
cooota|o oo| |obu|o so oco|oooa cob|oa |a ao||cac|o o|octa
oo |os ||oc|o|os coo o| ab|ta,o cooc|a| |otooac|ooa|, a ouo |os b|-
tos oo osto o|ac|ooaoos coo uo ooooa|ooto ,uo|co oac|ooa| oo
osto ob||aoos a ao||ca|o. |a oocosa|a |o|b|||oao oo| ab|ta,o |a ausoo-
c|a oo| oo ,uo|c|a| soo aooos a||aoos oo |os ||oc|o|os.
15
|a uoc|o sust|tut|va so |aco ov|oooto cuaooo |a oatos oo |ao
|oo|caoo o| Looc|o /o||cab|o |otooac|ooa|, oac|ooa| o lex mercatoria o
cuaooo ta| o|occ|o |a osu|taoo |oo|caz. /oto |a ausooc|a oo tooa |oo|ca-
c| o, o| cootato ouooo so obooaoo oo |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T
ouo o|o,ao o|as oooa|os oo oooc|o ao||cab|os a |os cootatos |oto-
oac|ooa|os.
16
|o casos oo |osu|c|ooc|a oo ooat|va ao||cab|o a| cootato, |os
||oc|o|os ||ooao |as |auoas, oosoooaooo uo o| coo|ooota|o. |sta
uoc|o oooa as|||aso a |a uoc|o sust|tut|va, coo |a o|oooc|a oo ouo
o| suouosto oaa |a sust|tuc|o os |a ausooc|a tota| oo |oo|cac|o oo| Loo-
c|o /o||cab|o o| suouosto oaa ouo |os o|oc|o|os oosooooo uo o|
coo|ooota|o os |a o|stooc|a oo uoa ooat|va |osu|c|ooto. |o cabo
ouoa ouo oo osto |t|o suouosto oobo acuo|so a |os ||oc|o|os, a ouo
su ao||cac|o oo|t| |oa |a |oooa so|uc|o oo| caso oo o| aco oo
|a |ooout|ca ,uo|ca.
|a cuata uoc|o caactost|ca oo |os ||oc|o|os |||L|C|T, |a
|otoootat|va, |a s|oo ao||aooto acootaoa oo |a ooct|oa
17
|a ,u|sou-
oooc|a.
18
Coos|sto oo |otooota |os |ostuootos |otooac|ooa|os o|
Looc|o |stata| a |a |uz oo |os ||oc|o|os. |oc|uso |os autoos coota|os a
|a ao||cac|o oo |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T ao|too ouo ...a bo aoo||oo
as suost|vo o oosuas|vo u|o|o o|oc|o|os oo| |o s|tuat|oos .|oo t|o
15
|||L|C|T, Principios sobre Contratos Comerciales Internacionales. |oa, 200+, o. 3.
|||L|C|T ||oc|o|os 200+. |o Uniform Law Review... oo. c|t.
||c|ao| oac|| 3ooo||. |||L|C|T ||oc|o|os 200+... oo. c|t., 2 (a).
16
C|a Los Saotos, Contratos Internacionales en el Ordenamiento Jurdico Venezolano, Vaoo|| |o-
aoos, oo|toos, |CV, Caacas, 2000, oo. +00-++.
17
oo Cv|ooo /|bo, |a |o|cac|o oo| Looc|o ||vaoo... oo. c|t.
|aa oo| |||a |oa|os V|scas|||as, El Derecho Uniforme del Comercio Internacional. Los Principios
de UNIDROIT. |o. |tto.//....c|s.|a..oaco.oou/c|s/b|b||o/occ|.|t|
18
Vo, oo o,oo|o, |auoo CC| |o. S.83S oo 06/+``6.

215
ooost|c Vooozuo|ao |a. aoo t|o tos o t|o cootacts ao s||oot as to
t|o oat|os ||ts aoo ob||at|oos.
19
|oct|vaooto, oo oobo |abo ouoa a|uoa acoca oo| o| |oto-
ootat|vo oo |os ||oc|o|os, sobo tooo, oo v|sta oo| t|ooo taoscu|oo
oosoo |a oou|ac|o oo ooas |otooas. Soo o| tatao|sta |ta||aoo,
||||o 3ott|, |a |otoootac|o oobo actua||za|a ooa v|ooto, ub|ca|a
oo o| coototo oosooto, os ooc| so ovo|ut|va. Cu| o,o |ostuoo-
to ouo |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T oaa actua||za |as o|soos|c|ooos oo|
Looc|o |otooo, ao||cab|os a| caso:
20
|a ou|ota uoc|o os |a s o|scut|oa |oo ooo|azaso coo |os
||oc|o|os |||L|C|T o| Looc|o |ac|ooa| |oo|caoo oo |as oatos:
21
|sto
oo oaoco coovoo|ooto, a ouo oooa aocta |a autoooa oo |as oatos
, oo coosocuooc|a, |a oov|s|b|||oao |a cotoza ,uo|ca.
V Aplicacin de los principios de unidroit
en el sistema venezolano
|a oo|ac|o oo uootos oaa |os casos coo o|oootos oooos
ost ostab|oc|oa oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo |a |o
oo /b|ta,o Cooc|a| (/t. + oo abos |ostuootos).
22
|a |o oo Loo-
c|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo os u ao||a a| osooc||ca |as uootos ao||ca-
b|os a ostos casos. |o o|o |ua, |oc|uo ooas oo Looc|o |otooac|o-
19
Vo o| |oo|a| oo |a Loaooa oo o| caso Soaooott| So/ vs. |ot|||zaotos ||toooaoos
oo Vooozuo|a, C|C, |aso |, o. +`.
20
||||o 3ott|, Too|a Coooa|o oo||a |otoootaz|ooo, Lott. / C|uo oo|too, |||aoo, +`SS, oo.
833-83.
21
|o osto soot|oo, vo o| aoaoo oo| oaao 6 oo| |obu|o oo |os ||oc|o|os, vos|o 200+.
Vo ||c|ao| oac|| 3ooo||. |||L|C|T ||oc|o|os 200+... oo. c|t.
Vo, tab|o, ooto otos |os |auoos ab|ta|os oo |a |CC |otooat|ooa| Cout o /b|tat|oo
|o. .++0 oo ,uo|o +``S, .36S oo 0S/0S/+``, +0.02+ +0.33S oo| ao 2.000, +0.+22 oo|
ao 200+ ....uo|oo|t.o
|uoo|o oooooz-3oto, |as Cb||ac|ooos Coovooc|ooa|os oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooa-
c|ooa| ||vaoo. |o. |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo 6 oo aosto oo +``8, V.||, Libro
homenaje a Gonzalo Parra Aranguren, T|buoa| Suooo oo ust|c|a, co|occ|o ||bos oooa-
,o |o.+, Caacas, Vooozuo|a, 200+, oo. 32S-3++, osooc|a|ooto, oo. 333-33+.
22
Tat|aoa 3. oo |ao'o|t, /b|ta,o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa| oo o| S|stoa Vooozo|aoo. |o Semina-

216
oa| |b||co, oo oat|cu|a, |as ostab|oc|oas oo |os tataoos. |a o|aca oo |a
uooto coovooc|ooa| os tao|c|ooa| oo Vooozuo|a oo o| Looc|o Cooa-
aoo. |o souooo |ua, so soa|ao |as |oos |otooas , a a|ta oo o||as, so ut|-
||za |a aoa|oa , |oa|ooto, |os o|oc|o|os oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||-
vaoo oooa|ooto acootaoos. Tab|o tao|c|ooa| os osta o|s|o a |os
o|oc|o|os oooa|ooto acootaoos ouo oouosta |a toooooc|a |ac|a |a
ao||cac|o oo soft law coo |as a ov|ta |a ooooac|o oo ,ust|c|a.
23
|o ato|a oo cootatos |otooac|ooa|os os obv|a |a o|aca oo
|as o|soos|c|ooos soa|aoas oo |as oatos ouo coost|tuoo |o ooto o||as.
|os tataoos v|ootos oo Vooozuo|a oo o| b|to oo |a cootata-
c|o |otooac|ooa| soo |os s|u|ootos. Co|o 3ustaaoto (|a abaoa, +`28
at||caoo oo Vooozuo|a oo +`32), Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo
Looc|o /o||cab|o a| Cootato |otooac|ooa| (||co, +``+, at||caoa oo
Vooozuo|a oo +``S). |o |o ouo a |as uootos |otooas so o|oo, ooboo
ooc|ooaso |a Coost|tuc|o (+```), o| Co|o C|v|| (+`+2) (a ouo |a
ooa oo +`82 s|o atao a |a s|tuac|o oo |a u,o casaoa, oo o|os
aoo|oscootos oo a|uoos otos asooctos ouo oo t|oooo o|ac|o a|uoa
coo |a cootatac|o |otooac|ooa|), Co|o oo Cooc|o (+`SS) ouo tooa
uo so|o atcu|o ooooto a |a cootatac|o |otooac|ooa| (/t. ++6, ooo-
aoo oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo), |o oo Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo (+``8). Lo |os |ostuootos soa|aoos ao|tao
cooota|o s|o o| Co|o C|v||, |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
|a Coovooc|o oo ||co. |sta |t|a |a s|oo at||caoa oo ||co
Vooozuo|a, oo |o cua| t|ooo v|ooc|a o|caooto ootos ostos oos oasos.
S|o obao, su |oouoab|o |o|uooc|a oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa|
||vaoo oos cooouco a su ao||s|s.
24
|a Coovooc|o |otoao|caoa sobo Looc|o /o||cab|o a |os
Cootatos |otooac|ooa|os uo aoobaoa oo +``+, oo o| aco oo |a u|o-
ta Coooooc|a |sooc|a||zaoa |otoao|caoa oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||-
vaoo, coooc|oa coo C|L|| V. |as o|scus|ooos oov|as a osta aoobac|o so
rio sobre la Ley de Arbitraje Comercial, 3|b||otoca oo |a /caoo|a oo C|ooc|as |o|t|cas Soc|a-
|os, So|o |vootos |o.+3, Caacas, +```, oo. 28-28S.
23
Tat|aoa 3. oo |ao'o|t, Ley Venezolana de Derecho Internacional Privado. Tres Aos de su Vigencia,
/caoo|a oo C|ooc|as |o|t|cas Soc|a|os, Caacas, 2002, oo. S8-63.
24
os /|ooo C|a| ||ooto|, El Contrato Internacional, |o|to|a| uo|ca Vooozo|aoa, Caacas,
+```, oo. 223-23.

217
otooo|ooo ouaoto uo |ao ooooo, a ouo abacaoo |os oooaat|vos
oo |a C|L|| |V, oo |a cua| uo o|scut|oo, ooo oo aoobaoo o| ooocto, oo
|a C|L|| V, |oc|uoooo |aas o|scus|ooos ouaoto |a |sa Coooooc|a.
|a Coovooc|o |oc|uo va|os atcu|os ao||cab|os a |a cootatac|o
|otooac|ooa| ouo |ao s|oo ot|vo oo o|scus|ooos oo |as sos|ooos oo |a
C|L||. |o o|o |ua, coosaa |a o|ooa autoooa oo |as oatos, oo |o
ouo a| Looc|o /o||cab|o a| cootato |otooac|ooa| so o|oo (at. ), |o
cua| |a s|oo ocootaoo oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo su
atcu|o 2`. || atcu|o ` oo |a Coovooc|o ouo coosooooo a| atcu|o 30
oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, |otoouco |a oos|b|||oao oo
ao||ca, a a|ta oo |a o|occ|o oo| oooc|o o s| |a o|occ|o os |oo|caz, uo
oooc|o oo ostata|, oac|ooa|,
25
coo os |a lex mercatoria |os ||oc|o|os
oooa|os oo| Looc|o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa| acootaoos oo oao|sos
|otooac|ooa|os.
26
/ oosa oo |as o|scus|ooos ooto |os ,u|stas oo s|o oo|
coot|oooto ao|caoo, osto coovooc|oa ouo |os atcu|os +0 3 oo |a
Coovooc|o oa|ao osta oos|b|||oao. |sto |t|o atcu|o t|ooo uo cac-
to utu|sta oov |a ao||cac|o oo |a Coovooc|o a |as ouovas ooa||oa-
oos oo cootatac|o ut|||zaoas coo coosocuooc|a oo| oosao||o coo-
c|a| |otooac|ooa|.
27
So ouoooo os|| va|os auootos a avo oo |a ao||cac|o oo
|a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, oo voz oo |as o|soos|c|ooos oo|
Co|o C|v||. |a ausooc|a oo ooas osooc|a|os oost|oaoas a |a ou|ac|o
oo |os cootatos |otooac|ooa|os, o|o,o oo| oosao||o actua| oo ato|a oo
cootatos, |a ao||cac|o oo |as o|soos|c|ooos oooa|os oo| Co|o C|v|| oo
ato|a oo cootatos, uc|as oo |as cua|os uooo toaoas oo| Co|o
|aoo|oo oo| Co|o |ta||aoo oo +86S, ouoooo osu|ta tota|ooto |oa-
25
||oo|c| |. ooo, The UNIDROIT Principles of Commercial Contracts and Inter-American Con-
tract Choice of Law. |tto.//....b|b||o,u|o|ca.o./||bos/+/+38/+S.oo.
26
Cooza|o |aa /aouoo, |a u|ota Coooooc|a |sooc|a||zaoa |otoao|caoa sobo Loo-
c|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo (C|L|| V, ||co, +``+). |o Codicacin del Derecho Internacional
Privado en Amrica, Vo|. ||, |acu|tao oo C|ooc|as uo|cas |o|t|cas, |o|vos|oao Coota| oo
Vooozuo|a, Caacas, +``8, oo. 36S-+3, osooc|a|ooto, oo. +08-++0.
27
|uoo|o oooooz-3oto, |as Cb||ac|ooos Coovooc|ooa|os oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooa-
c|ooa| ||vaoo. |o |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo oo 6 oo aosto oo +``8, V.||, Libro
homenaje a Gonzalo Parra Aranguren, T|buoa| Suooo oo ust|c|a, co|occ|o ||bos oooa-
,o |o.+, Caacas, Vooozuo|a, 200+, oo. 32S-3++, osooc|a|ooto, oo. 332-333.

218
oocuaoas oaa o|aoota |as oat|cu|aos o|ac|ooos ,uo|cas, oooucto
oo| Looc|o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa|. S|o obao, o| otaoo|oa|o oos-
ao||o oo osta ato|a o|o caoa voz s su ou|ac|o osooc|ca. |sto
so o|o,a oo |a oooa| acootac|o oo |a lex mercatoria osooc|a|ooto oo
|a aoa|c|o oo |os ||oc|o|os Coooa|os o|aboaoos oo |||L|C|T ouo
ocooo tooos |os o|oootos ooo|os oo |a ou|ac|o oo |os cootatos
|otooac|ooa|os.
28
/bas uootos aoaocoo taoto oo |a |o oo Looc|o
|otooac|ooa| ||vaoo coo oo |a Coovooc|o oo ||co.
/| |aco ooooc|a a |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
oooa su| uoa coous|o. |a ao||cac|o oo| atcu|o o|oo oo |a |o
oo s|o||ca oo o|oo oooto |a su|s|o oo| cootato a |as ooas oo
coo||cto, s|oo s|o|oooto |a su|s|o a uoa ou|ac|o ooo|a oo |os
suouostos coo o|oootos otao,oos.Ta| a|ac|o ob||a a ocooa ouo
|a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, s|u|oooo |as s ooooas too-
oooc|as oo osta o|sc|o||oa, coosaa uoa o|ua||oao otooo||ca ouo |o||-
ca |a coos|ooac|o, oo s|o oo ooas oo coo||cto, s|oo tab|o oo oo-
as ato|a|os oost|oaoas a oso|vo o|octaooto casos coo o|oootos
oo otao,oa. |o o||o, a a|ta oo tataoos sobo |a ato|a, oooo ao||ca-
so |as o|soos|c|ooos coosoooo|ootos oo osta |o, s|o oo,u|c|o oo a|uoas
o|soos|c|ooos osooc|a|os oo otas |oos |otooas.
|o |a oct|ca, s| |as oatos oo uo cootato |otooac|ooa| |o soo-
too |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T, su ao||cac|o oo ov|sto oob|oa a|uoo.
S| uo cootato |otooac|ooa| caoco oo |a ooto|oac|o oo| Loo-
c|o /o||cab|o, |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T toooo tab|o o|ooa cab|oa,
oosoooaooo |a uoc|o ooat|va.
S| o| cootato |oc|uo uoa c|usu|a coo |a ooto|oac|o oo| Loo-
c|o |otooo /o||cab|o, o| t|buoa| ooo ao||ca |os ||oc|o|os oaa coo|o-
oota osto Looc|o |otooo, oaa |otooota|o o |asta oaa sust|tu||o,
cuaooo sus o|soos|c|ooos osu|tao ov|oootoooto suooaoas o |oaoocua-
oas. |sta |t|a uoc|o os ot|vo oo o|scus|ooos ooct|oa|os, oob|oo a|
too oo aocta |a autoooa oo |as oatos |a sou|oao ,uo|ca.
||oa|ooto, ooboa ou|aso |a oouota s| uoa sootooc|a o uo
|auoo ab|ta| basaoos oo ostos o|oc|o|os oooo o,ocutaso oo Vooozuo|a.
28
ooao Vot|a, |ou|at|oo o |otooat|ooa| cooc|a| cootacts |o ||co. |o. / |o. /ooo-
ac| to |otooat|ooa| Cooc|a| Cootacts |otooat|ooa| /caoo o Cooaat|vo |a., XVth
International Congress of Comparative Law, oo|too b ||c|ao| oac|| 3ooo||, ||u.o |a. |oto-
oat|ooa|, +```, oo. +`3-3000, osooc|a|ooto, oo. +`6-+`.

219
|sta |otooaoto ooboa tooo uoa osouosta oos|t|va, os ooc|, |a
o,ocuc|o oo ostas sootooc|as o |auoos oo ooboa causa oob|oa a|u-
oo. o oa os uoo|oooto acootaoo ouo o| ,uoz oo ocoooc||ooto oo
t|ooo o|oo oooo oaa cooto|a |a sootooc|a o o| |auoo oo cuaoto a|
Looc|o /o||cab|o, |o cua| so taouco, oo oo|o|t|va, oo uoa ov|s|o oo| oo-
oo, oo oo|t|oa oo o|ouoo oo |os |ostuootos |otooac|ooa|os o |oto-
oos ouo ou|ao |a ato|a.
|o |os ab|ta,os, |a s|tuac|o osu|ta s ooto|oaoto ao, a ouo
|a |o oo /b|ta,o Cooc|a| coosaa, oo su atcu|o +8, ouo o| |auoo
...so o,ocutaoo ozosaooto... s|o oouo| oooutu, soo |as ooas
ouo ostab|oco o| Co|o oo |ocoo||ooto C|v|| oaa |a o,ocuc|o ozosa
oo |as sootooc|as. /uoouo osta a|ac|o os ob,oto oo o|vosas |otooo-
tac|ooos, a vocos ooat|vas, osta o|soos|c|o ac|||ta |a o,ocuc|o oo| |auoo.
29
VI Conclusiones
|os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T coost|tuoo uoa s|stoat|zac|o oo
|os usos oct|cas oo| cooc|o |otooac|ooa| cuo cacto oo v|ocu|ao-
to oo va oo oosooo oo su ao ut|||oao oo |a ou|ac|o oo| t|co ,u-
o|co |otooac|ooa|.
|os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T so ao||cao oo so o|o|oos oo |as
oatos, oo ausooc|a oo ta| o|occ|o, coo |ostuooto oo |otoootac|o o
coo coo|oooto a| ooooa|ooto ,uo|co o|o|oo.
|o Vooozuo|a, |os o|oc|o|os acooaao a| Looc|o |ato|a|
vooozo|aoo oo |a ou|ac|o oo| cootato |otooac|ooa| coo uooaooto oo
|os atcu|os 3+ oo |a |o oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo, ++60 oo| C-
o|o C|v|| 8 oo |a |o oo /b|ta,o Cooc|a|.
|a uoc|o oo |os ||oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T oo |as cootovos|as
soot|oas a| ab|ta,o aoou|oo osooc|a| o|ovaoc|a, |o ouo oouosta |as
ou|ac|ooos oo |a |o |ooo|o sobo /b|ta,o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa| oo
||C|T|/|-C||L|| (/t. 28) o| Coovoo|o oo| 3aoco |uoo|a| sobo
/o|o oo L|oooc|as |o|at|vas a |ovos|ooos ooto |statutos |ac|ooa-
|os oo otos |staoos (/t. +2), as coo |a ao||a ,u|souoooc|a.
29
Ca|a V. |osoooo, La ejecucin de laudos arbitrales extranjeros. |stuo|o cooaaoo, taba,o oa|
oo aoo oo |a |aosta oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo Cooaaoo, aoobaoo coo
ooc|o oco|ooto oub||cac|o, 2.003, oo. +06-+++.


221
Compi l adores:
Febres Fajardo Carlos E.
Socilogo, Profesor de pre y postgrado de la Facultad de Econo-
ma de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Doctor en ciencias
Sociales. Consultor del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y de la
Organizacin Internacional del Trabajo.
Albornoz Oliver Jorge
Abogado en ejercicio. Profesor de Derecho Internacional en la Uni-
versidad de Los Andes, Venezuela. Miembro de Nmero del Insti-
tuto Hispano Luso Americano de Derecho Internacional (IHLADI)
con sede en Madrid.
Apolinar Rojas, Pedro O.
Profesor de la Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela). Miembro
Asociado del Instituto Hispano Luso Americano de Derecho Inter-
nacional (IHLADI).
Mujica B. Francisco E.
Profesor de la Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela. Miembro co-
rrespondiente de la Asociacin Argentina de Derecho Internacio-
nal. Miembro del Instituto Hispano Luso Americano de Derecho
Internacional (IHLADI).

222
Aut ores:
Fernndez Rozas, Jos Carlos
Catedrtico y Vicedecano de Relaciones Internacionales de la Uni-
versidad Complutense de Madrid. Miembro del Instituto Hispano-
Luso-Americano de Derecho Internacional (IHLADI). Director del
Anuario Espaol de Derecho Internacional Privado. Redactor Jefe
de la Revista de la Corte Espaola de Arbitraje. Autor de quince
monografas y de ms de un centenar de artculos cientcos. rbi-
tro internacional en la CCI, CIADI, Corte Espaola de arbitraje y en
arbitrajes ad hoc.
Franco Da Fonseca, Jos Roberto
Profesor de la Universidad de Sao Paulo (Brasil). Catedrtico de la
Universidad Moderna de Lisboa (Portugal). Miembro Brasileo del
Colegio de rbitros de MERCOSUR. Procurador de Justicia del Mi-
nisterio Pblico de Estado de Sao Paulo (Brasil). Autor de una con-
siderable obra de Derecho Internacional Privado, publicada en va-
rias lenguas.
Hernndez-Breton, Eugenio
Profesor de las universidades Central de Venezuela, Catlica Andrs
Bello y Monte vila, Venezuela. Profesor invitado por la Academia
de La Haya de Derecho Internacional. Miembro del Instituto Hispa-
no-Luso-Americano de Derecho Internacional (IHLADI). Premio de
Investigacin Fundacin de la Procuradura General de la Repbli-
ca. Presidente del Comit Venezolano de Arbitraje.
Maekelt, Tatiana B.
Profesora de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Ex-subsecretaria
de Asuntos Jurdicos de la OEA. Miembro de nmero de la Acade-
mia de Ciencias Polticas y Sociales de Venezuela. Profesora de Ins-
titutos y Universidades extranjeras. Autora de mltiples obras jur-
dicas.

223
Snchez Lorenzo, Sixto. Catedrtico de Derecho Internacional Pri-
vado de la Universidad de Granada. Profesor visitante en las Uni-
versidades de Angers, Paris II, La Habana, San Petersburgo y Com-
plutense de Madrid. Asociado del Instituto Hispano Luso America-
no de Derecho Internacional (IHLADI). Autor de mltiples trabajos
sobre Derecho internacional Privado, Derecho comunitario euro-
peo, Derecho del comercio internacional y Derecho comparado.
Troconis Villarreal Moiss
Profesor de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurdicas y Polticas de la Univer-
sidad de Los Andes. Venezuela. Ex magistrado del Tribunal Supre-
mo de Justicia de Venezuela. Magistrado-Presidente del Tribunal de
Justicia de la Comunidad Andina (Quito, Ecuador).
Uriondo de Martinoli, Amalia
Profesora de las universidades de Crdoba y Empresarial Siglo XXI.
Presidente de la Asociacin Argentina de Derecho Internacional
(AADI). Argentina. Asociada del Instituto Hispano Luso Americano
de Derecho Internacional (IHLADI)


225 225
ndice
|oao
|osootac|o
|otooucc|o a| ostuo|o oo |a so|uc|o ,u|so|cc|ooa|
oo |as cootovos|as oo |a couo|oao aoo|oa
Moiss Trocconis Villarreal
|a uo||cac|o oo| Looc|o Cooc|a| |otooac|ooa|
|a cooooac|o ,uo|c|a| |otooac|ooa| o| oooo ob||co
oo |a ,u|souoooc|a aoot|oa
|o ato|a oo ca|||cac|ooos, ooovo otos asuotos
oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
Eugenio Hernndez-Breton
|| Co|o oo |aoo|oo su |o|uooc|a oo /|ca |at|oa.
|o|o|ooos a ooos|to oo| souooo cootooa|o
Coos|ooaos ct|cas sobo a|uos toas
oo Loo|to |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
/o||cac|o oct|ca oo |os o|oc|o|os oo |||L|C|T
oo o| s|stoa vooozo|aoo oo Looc|o |otooac|ooa| ||vaoo
Tatiana B. Maekelt
Coo||aooos autoos
7
9
21
58
100
127
151
191
207
221

226
Homenaje... Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo

227

228
Homenaje... Looc|o |otooac|ooa| o|vaoo

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