Basic Telephone

Telephone

Subscriber Line

CO (Local Exchange)

dial switch

cradle switch
off-hook on-hook

tip (+)

ear
R

mouth

DTMF

C ringer

SLIC

ring (-)

telephony

Slide 1

Subscriber Line Interface

Subscriber Line Interface Circuit

Telephone tip (+) Subscriber Line ring (-)

ring switch T crossconnect switch

current detector

hybrid

control channel ring generator (100Vrms 25 Hz)

-48 VDC

Processor

Call States
idle dialing calling ringing called on hook dialing in progress after dialing incoming call call in progress

telephony

Slide 2

PSTN Review

The PSTN circa 1900

pair of copper wires local loop

manual routing at local exchange office (CO)

Analog voltage travels over copper wire end-to-end Voice signal arrives at destination severely attenuated and distorted Routing performed manually at exchanges office(s) Routing is expensive and lengthy operation Route is maintained for duration of call
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PSTN Review

Multiplexing

1900: 25% of telephony revenues went to copper mines

standard was 18 gauge, long distance even heavier two wires per loop to combat cross-talk needed method to place multiple conversations on a single trunk

1918: Carrier system (FDM)

channels

5 conversations on single trunk later extended to 12 (group) still later supergroups, master groups, supermaster groups
timeslots

1963: T-carrier system (TDM)

T1 = 24 conversations per trunk later T3 = 28 T1s still later SDH rates with 1000s of conversations per trunk

t
telephony Slide 4

Cross-connect switch
Analog Crossbar switch
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Complexity increases rapidly with size 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Digital Cross-connect (DXC)

1 2 3 4 5

processor
2 1 5 4 3

telephony

Slide 5

Basic TDM CO

Subscriber Lines SLIC 2w SLIC Hybrid Hybrid 4w

DXC

PCM MUX
E1/T1

TDM port

TDM port E1/T1

Tone & Ann

TDM port

TDM port

DTMF decode

Processor

telephony

Slide 6

PSTN Review

PSTN Topology
local loop
Local Exchange
subscriber line

Local Exchange
Long distance network trunk circuit Local Exchange

Many local telephone exchanges had sprung up Bell Telephone acquired them and interconnected them for long distance
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PSTN Review

Old US PSTN
Class 1
Regional centers

Class 2
Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 4
circuits,trunks

Class 2
Class 3 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 5
last mile

Sectional centers
Primary centers Toll (tandem) offices

Class 4 Class 5

Class 5
local loop

Central (end) offices

subscriber lines

Class 5 switch is the sole interface to the subscriber lines

telephony

Slide 8

Numbering Plans
An E.164 International Number has the format : Country-Code Area-Code Exchange-Code Line-Number
MAXIMUM 15 DIGITS

EX:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : : : : : : : : :

972

588

9159

Country-Codes
N America (US, CA, Caribbean) 1 digit Africa 2 or 3 digits 20 Europe 2 or 3 digits 31 Europe 2 or 3 digits 44 S America 2 or 3 digits 54 Australia & S Pacific 2 or 3 digits 61 Russia 1 digit China & N Pacific 2 or 3 digits 86 Middle East 2 or 3 digits 90 Egypt 27 South Africa 235 Chad Netherlands 354 Iceland UK 49 Germany 420 Czech Republic Argentina 595 Paraguay Australia 675 Papua PR China 855 Cambodia Turkey 972 Israel

telephony

Slide 9

PSTN Review

Signaling

PSTN with automatic switching requires signaling The present PSTN has thousands of features and all require signaling support Examples: On-hook / off-hook Pulse / Tone dialing Receiver off-hook Call waiting Caller number identification Call forwarding Hook-flash Fax transmission detect Inter-CO messaging Echo cancellation Voice mail Conference calls Coin-drop Billing
telephony Slide 10

PSTN Review

Signaling Methods

Signaling can be performed in many ways

Analog voltage signaling loop-start, ground-start, E&M In-band signaling DTMF, MFR1, MFR2 Channel associated signaling (CAS) AB bits, ABCD bits Common channel signaling (CCS) SS7, QSIG Trunk Associated CCS

Separate signaling network CCS

telephony Slide 11

Subscriber - Exchange Signaling*

On/off hook DC current flow Dial-tone 350+440 continuous Pulse Dialing DTMF
L1 697 H1 1209 L2 770 H2 1336 L3 852 H3 1477 L4 941 H4 1633

off-hook

>100ms (60:40)

>700ms

make

break

Ring AC with cadence Ring-back 440+480 with 2:4 cadence Busy 480+620 with 1/2:1/2 cadence Trunk busy 480+620 but 0.2:0.3 cadence Receiver off-hook 1400+2060+2450+2600 with ).1:0.1 cadence

H1 L1 1 L2 4 L3 7 L4 *

H2 2 5 8 0

H3 3 6 9 #

H4 A B C D

Invalid (nonworking, unobtainable) number

announcement, SIT-tone

* US cadences - national differences

telephony Slide 12

Subscriber - Subscriber Subscriber - Exchange Signaling

Hook-flash on-hook for 0.1 - 1 sec Echo suppressor disabler 2100 continuous
FAX CED 2100 2.6 - 4 sec Modem ANS 2100 with phase reversals every 450 ms for 3.3 s

ANSAM 2100 with phase reversals and 15 Hz AM modulation CNG FAX 1100 with 0.5:3 cadence Modem 1300 with 0.5:2 cadence Caller Line Identification (CLI/CND)
1200 bps FSK (V.23) data signal 1300 = 1 2100 = 0 Between 1st and 2nd rings

RING

>300 ms

CLI

> 475 ms

RING
telephony Slide 13

Supervision procedures
FXO/FXS Foreign Exchange Office / Foreign Exchange Subscriber FXS is like exchange - provides voltage, ringing, dialtone FXO is like a phone - requires voltage, detect ring, etc. When connecting PBX to CO, PBX is FXO, CO is FXS Analog loop start

Digital loop start

Analog ground start Digital ground start E&M (wink)

telephony

Slide 14

Interexchange Signaling

CAS - R2

CAS - R1
CCS - SS7

telephony

Slide 15

PSTN Review

Optimized Telephony Routing

Circuit switching (route is maintained for duration of call) Route set-up is an expensive operation, just as it was for manual switching Today, complex least cost routing algorithms are used Call duration consists of set-up, voice and tear-down phases
telephony Slide 16

PSTN Review

The PSTN circa 1960

trunks circuits

local loop subscriber line

automatic routing through universal telephone network

Analog voltages used throughout, but extensive Frequency Division Multiplexing Voice signal arrives at destination after amplification and filtering to 4 KHz Automatic routing Universal dial-tone Voltage and tone signaling Circuit switching (route is maintained for duration of call)
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PSTN Review

The Digitalization of the PSTN

Shannon (Bell Labs) proved

Digital Communications Analog is better than Communications

and the PSTN became digital

Better means

More efficient use of resources (e.g. more channels on trunks) Higher voice quality (less noise, less distortion) Added features
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PSTN Review

Timing

In addition to voice, the digital PSTN transports timing

This timing information is essential because of the universal use of TDM the requirement of accurate playback (especially for fax/modem)

Receiving switches can recover the clock of the transmitting switch

Every telephony network has an accurate clock called stratum 1 Clocks synchronized to it are called stratum 2 Clocks synchronized to them are called stratum 3 and so on

telephony

Slide 19

PSTN Review

The Present PSTN

core backbone

subscriber line

PSTN Network

Analog voltages and copper wire used only in last mile, but core designed to mimic original situation Voice signal filtered to 4 KHz at input to digital network
Time Division Multiplexing of digital signals in the network Extensive use of fiber optic and wireless physical links T1/E1, PDH and SONET/SDH synchronous protocols Signaling can be channel/trunk associated or via separate network (SS7) Automatic routing Circuit switching (route is maintained for duration of call) Complex routing optimization algorithms (LP, Karmarkar, etc)
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PSTN Review

Nonvoice services

The PSTN can even be used to transport non-voice signals

such as

FAX

VoP course

or

DATA
PSTN

These services disguise themselves as voice by using a modem Proper timing is essential Special signaling is required
turn off LEC
turn off call waiting service recognition capabilities negotiation mutual identification end of page/document modem recognition modem training data compression

telephony

Slide 21

PSTN Review

Digital Loop Carrier

pair-gain

Pushes the digital PSTN closer to customer

AT&T SLC-40, SLC-96, Nortel DMS P-phone,

Access Network CLASS 5

UTP/coax/fiber Street FTTB/FTTC cabinet pedestal UTP

TR-08 Mode 1 pair-gain: Replace 96 pairs with 5 T1s

(one spare for span protection)

CPE

96 10 = 86

TR-08 Mode 2 pair-gain: Replace 96 pairs with 2 T1s

(without span protection)

96 4 = 92

TR-08 multiplex 96 lines on: Mode 1: 4 T1s Mode 2: 2 T1s (2:1 concentration) GR303/V5.1/V5.2 multiplex up to 2048 lines
telephony Slide 22