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Training Manual
Introduction to CFX
10-1
Heat Transfer
Training Manual
10-2
Heat Transfer
Governing Equations
Heat transfer in a fluid domain is governed by the Energy Transport Equation:
Training Manual
( htot ) p + ( U htot ) = (T ) + (U ) + S E t t
Transient Convection Conduction Viscous work Sources
10-3
Heat Transfer
Governing Equations
Training Manual
For multicomponent flows, reacting flows and radiation modeling additional terms are included in the energy equation Heat transfer in a solid domain is modeled using the following conduction equation
Transient
Conduction Source
10-4
Heat Transfer
Training Manual
Enable the Viscous Work term (Total Energy), or Viscous Dissipation term (Thermal Energy), if viscous shear in the fluid is large (e.g. lubrication or high speed compressible flows) Enable radiation model / submodels if radiative heat transfer is significant
10-5
Heat Transfer
Radiation
Radiation effects should be accounted for when 4 4 Qrad = (Tmax Tmin ) is significant compared to convective and conductive heat transfer rates To account for radiation, Radiative Intensity Transport Equations (RTEs) are solved
Local absorption by fluid and at boundaries couples these RTEs with the energy equation
Training Manual
Radiation intensity is directionally and spatially dependent Transport mechanisms for radiation intensity:
Local absorption Out-scattering (scattering away from the direction) Local emission In-scattering (scattering into the direction)
10-6
Heat Transfer
Radiation Models
Training Manual
Several radiation models are available which provide approximate solutions to the RTE
1) Rosseland Model (Diffusion Approximation Model) 2) P-1 Model (Gibbs Model/Spherical Harmonics Model) 3) Discrete Transfer Model (DTM) (Shah Model) 4) Monte Carlo Model (not available in the ANSYS CFD-Flo product)
10-7
Heat Transfer
Training Manual
Optically thick/dense means that the fluid absorbs and re-emits the radiation
10-8
Heat Transfer
Training Manual
For optically thin media the Monte Carlo or Discrete Transfer models may be used
DTM can be less accurate in models with long/thin geometries Monte Carlo uses the most computational resources, followed by DTM Both models can be used in optically thick media, but the P1 model uses far less computational resources
10-9
Heat Transfer
Training Manual
Outlet
No details (except Radiation, see below)
Opening
Opening Temperature Opening Static Temperature
Wall
Adiabatic Fixed Temperature Heat Flux Heat Transfer Coefficient
Radiation Quantities
Local Temperature (Inlet/Outlet/Opening) External Blackbody Temperature (Inlet/Outlet/Opening) Opaque
Specify Emissivity and Diffuse Fraction
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598
10-10
Heat Transfer
Domain Interfaces
GGI connections are recommended for Fluid-Solid and Solid-Solid interfaces If radiation is modelled in one domain and not the other, set Emissivity and Diffuse Fraction values on the side which includes radiation
Set these on the boundary condition associated with the domain interface
Training Manual
10-11
Heat Transfer
Training Manual
Using solid domains to model heat transfer through thin solids can present meshing problems
Enable the Heat Transfer toggle and pick the Thin Material option
Specify a Material and Thickness
Other domain interface types (Fluid-Solid etc) can use the Thin Material option to represent coatings etc.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
10-12
Heat Transfer
Training Manual
10-13
Heat Transfer
Natural Convection
Natural convection occurs when temperature differences in the fluid result in density variations
This is one-type of buoyancy driven flow
Training Manual
Flow is induced by the force of gravity acting on the density variations As discussed in the Domains lecture, a source term SM,buoy = ( ref) g is added to the momentum equations The density difference ( ref) is evaluated using either the Full Buoyancy model or the Boussinesq model
Depending on the physics the model is automatically chosen
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598
10-14
Heat Transfer
Solution Notes
When solving heat transfer problems, make sure that you have allowed sufficient solution time for heat imbalances in all domains to become very small, particularly when Solid domains are included Sometimes residuals reach the convergence criteria before global imbalances trend towards zero
Create Solver Monitors showing IMBALANCE levels for fluid and solid domains View the imbalance information printed at the end of the solver output file Use a Conservation Target when defining Solver Control in CFX-Pre
Training Manual
10-15
Heat Transfer
Training Manual
Temperature
This is the local fluid temperature When plotted on a wall it is the temperature on the wall, Twall
Wall Heat Transfer Coefficient, hc By default this is based on Twall and the Wall
Adjacent Temperature, not the far-field fluid temperature Set the expert parameter tbulk for htc to define a far-field fluid temperature to use instead of the Wall Adjacent Temperature
Twall
qw
qw = hc (Twall Tref )
Where Tref is the Wall Adjacent Temperature or the tbulk for htc temperature if specified
10-16
Heat Transfer
Training Manual
Does not include radiative heat transfer when a radiation model is used Convective heat flux contains heat transfer due to both advection and diffusion
10-17