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Chapter 3: Cells
I. IntroductionA. The human body consists of about 75 trillion cellsB. Human cells vary considerably in shape and sizeC. Differences in cell shape make different functions possibleII. A Composite CellA. A composite cell includes many known cell structuresB. A cell consists of three main parts:1. Nucleus2. Cytoplasm3. Cell MembraneC. Within the cytoplasm are specialized organelles that perform specific functions for thecellIII. Cell MembraneA. The cell membrane regulates the movement in and out of the cell, participation in signaltransduction and helps cells adhere to other cellsIV. General Characteristics of Cell MembranesA.Extremely thinB.Selectively PermeableC.Has a complex surface with adaptation to increase surface areaV. Cell Membrane StructureA. The basic framework of the cell membrane consists of a double layer of phospholipidswith fatty acids tails turned inwardB. Molecules that are soluble in lipids (gases, steroid hormones, sugars) can pass throughthe lipid bilayerC. Embedded cholesterol molecules strengthen the membrane and help make the membraneless permeable to water-soluble substancesD. Membrane proteins called “cellular adhesion molecules” (CANS) help determine one cell’sinteractions with othersVI. CytoplasmA.Consists of the clear liquid (Hydrosol) a supportive cytoskeleton and networks ofmembranes and organellesB.Endoplasmic Reticulum1.Made up of membranes flattened sacs and vesicles and provides a tubulartransport system inside the cell2.Rough ER- contains ribosomes and functions in protein synthesis3.Smooth ER- doesn’t contain ribosomes and functions in lipid synthesisC.Ribosomes1.Found with ER and scattered throughout the cytoplasm2.Composed of protein and RNA3.Provide a structural support for the RNA molecules that come together inprotein synthesisD.Golgi Apparatus1.Composed of flattened sacs2.Refines, packages, modifies, and delivers proteins
3.Vesicles formed on ER travel in the Golgi apparatus which modifies theircontents chemically4.Vesicles may then move to the cell membrane and secrete its contents to theoutside of the cell5.Vesicles form a “delivery service” carrying chemicals throughout the cell (vesicletrafficking)E.Mitochondria1.Powerhouse of the cell2.Contains enzymes needed for aerobic respirationa.the inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded into aristae whichhold the enzymes needed in transformationsb.very active cells contain thousands of mitochondriaF.Lysosomes1.the “garbage disposal” of the cells2.Contains digestive enzymes needed to break up old cell components and bacteriaG.Paroxysms1.Contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile and break down of lipids,degration of rare biochemicals and detoxification of alcoholH.Microfilaments and Microtubules1.Thin thread-like structures that serve as the cytoskeleton of the cella.Microfilaments1.Made of the protein actin2.Cause various cellular movementsb.Microtubules1.Made of the globular protein tubulinI.Centrosomes1.Structures made up of two hollow cylinders called Centrioles that function in theseparation of chromosomes during cell divisionJ.Cilia and Flagella1.Mobile extensions from the cella.Cilia1.abundant tiny hair-like structures found on the surface ofcertain epithelial cells (respiratory linings)2.Move in an “ore-like” motion to move the cellb.Flagella1.Long tail-like structure found on sperm cells2.Move in a “whipping” motion to propel the cell forwardVII.NucleusA.The fairly large nucleus is bound by a double-layered nuclear membrane that containsrelatively large nuclear pores to allow the passage of certain substanceB.Nucleolus1. Composed of RNA and protein is the site of ribosomesVIII.ProductionA. Chromatin1. Consists of loosely coiled fibers of protein and DNAIX. Movements through Cell Membranes
A.The cell membrane controls what passes through it1.Mechanisms of movement across the membrane may be passive requiring noenergy from the cell or active mechanisms, which require energyB. Passive Mechanisms1. DiffusionA. Caused by the random motion of moleculesB. Involves the movement of molecules from an area of greaterconcentration until equilibrium is reachedC. Enables oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to be exchanged betweenthe air and the blood in the lungs and between blood and tissue cells2. Facilitated DiffusionA. Uses membrane proteins that function as carriers to move molecules(such as glucose) across the cell membraneB. The number of carrier molecules in the cell membrane limits the rate ofthis process3. OsmosisA. A special case of diffusion in which water moves from an area of greaterwater concentration (where there is less osmotic process) across aselectively permeable membrane to an area of lower water concentration(where there is a greater osmotic process)B. Osmotic pressure is the ability of osmosis to lift a volume of waterC. A solution with the same osmotic pressure ea s body fluids is calledisotonic: one with higher osmotic pressure that body fluids is hypertonic:one with lower osmotic pressure is hypotonic4. FiltrationA. Because of hydrostatic pressure, molecules can be forced throughmembranes by the process of filtrationC. Active Mechanisms1. Active TransportA. Uses ATP to move molecules from areas of low concentration to areas ofhigh concentrationB. As much as 40% of a cells energy supply may be used to fuel this processC. Particles that are actively transported include sugars, amino acids, andsodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen ions as well as nutrient molecules in theintestinesX. Endocytosis and ExocytosisA. Endocytosis1. Molecules that are too large to be transported by other means are engulfed by aninvigilation of the cell membrane and carried into the cell surrounded by a vesicle2. Three forms of Endocytosis:A. Pinocytosis- a form of Endocytosis in which cells engulf liquidsB. Phagocytosis- a form of Endocytosis in which the cell takes in largerparticles, such as a white blood cell engulfing a bacteriumC. Receptor- mediated Endocytosis allows the cell to take in very specificmolecules that pair up with specific receptors on the cell surfaceB. Exocytosis
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