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Chapter 5: Tissues
I.IntroductionA. Cells are arranged in tissues that provide specific functions for the bodyB. Cells of different tissues are structured differently, which leads to theirdifferences in functionC. Tissues of the human body include four major types:1. Epithelial Tissuesa. widespread throughout the body…covers organs and linesbody surfacesb. anchored to a basement membranec. are made up of tightly packed cells containing littleintercellular materiald. generally lack blood vesselse. are replaced frequentlyf. functions in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, andsensory receptiong. there are 9 types of epithelial tissues:1. Simple Squamous Epithelium-made up of a single layer of thin, flattened cells-functions in the exchange of gases in the lungs-lines blood and lymph vessels as well as bodycavities2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium-consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cellswith centrally located nuclei-functions in secretion and absorption in thekidneys and in secretion in glands3. Simple Columnar Epithelium-made up of a row of elongated cells whose nucleiare all located near the basement membrane-lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where itprotects underlying tissues, secretes digestivefluids and absorbs nutrients-in the intestines, these cells passes microvilli thatincreases the surface area available4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial
 
-appeared layered due to the varying positions oftheir nuclei within the rows of cells, but are nottruly layered-Cilia may be present-Cilia on these cells aid in moving eggs through theoviducts to the uterus in the female reproductivesystem5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium-made up of layers of flattened cells that aredesigned to protect underlying layers-makes up the outer layer of skin-lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal6. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium-consists of two-three layers of cuboidal cellslining a lumen (opening) of the mammary glands,sweat glands, and pancreas-several layers of cells provide greater protectionthan a single layer7. Stratified Columnar Epithelium-consists of several layers of cells-found in part of the male urethra and parts of thepharynx8. Transitional Epithelium-designed to distend and return to its normal size-found in the urinary bladder-design provides dispensability (stretching)and keeps urine from diffusing back into theinternal cavity9. Glandular Epithelium-made up of cells designed to produce and secretesubstances into ducts or into body fluids-exocrine glands- glands that secrete productsinto ducts-endocrine glands- glands that secrete productsinto body fluids and blood2. Connective Tissues
 
a. Bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, storefat, produce blood cells, protect against infection and repairtissue damageb. Unlike epithelial tissue, have abundant intercellular materialand have good blood supplies (except in cartilage)c. There are 6 types of connective tissues:1. Loose Connective Tissue-forms delicate, thin membranes, throughout thebody that bind body parts together-binds the skin to underlying organs and fills spacewithin muscles2. Adipose Tissue-designed to store fat-pound beneath the skin around joints, padding thekidneys and other internal organs and in certainabdominal membranes3. Dense Connective Tissues-consists of densely packed fibers and is verystrong but lacks a good blood supply-is found a part of tendons and ligaments4. Cartilage-provides a supportive framework for variousstructures-Hyaline Cartilage- is white with abundant whitecollagen fibers-is found at the end of bones and supportsrespiratory passages-Elastic Cartilage-provides a framework for the external earsand parts of the larynx-Fibrocartilage-tough tissue that provides a shockabsorbing function in intervertebral disks inthe knees and pelvic girder5. Bone-the most rigid connective tissue-bone cells are called Osteocytes
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