Chapter 6: Skin and the Integumentary System

I. IntroductionA. Organs are body structures composed of two or more different tissuesB. The skin and its accessory organs make up the Integumentary systemII. Types of MembranesA. Serous Membranes1. line body cavities that lack openings to the outside2. line the thorax and abdomen and cover the organs within thesecavities3. made up of epithelium and loose connective tissue4. secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricantB. Mucus Membranes1. lines the cavities and openings that lead to the outside of the body.a. includes the oral and nasal cavities and openings of the digestive,reproductive, respiratory and urinary system2. consists of epithelium and connective tissue with specialized cells thatsecrete mucusC. Synovial Membrane1. lines the joint cavities2. consists only of connective tissue that secrete lubricating synovialfluidD. Cutaneous Membrane1. consists of the skin and is the subject of the rest of this chapterIII. Skin and Its TissuesA. Skin1. A large organ responsible for:a. maintaining homeostasis through temperature regulationb. protection of underlying tissuesc. slowing of water lossd. housing sensory receptorse. synthesizing certain chemicalsf. excreting wastes2. consists of an outer epidermis and a dermis, connected to underlyingtissue by the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)B. Epidermis1. made up of stratified squamous epithelium and laves blood vessels

a. Stratum Basale- layer of reproducing cells which lies at the base ofthe epidermis1) is well nourished by dermal blood vesselsb. cells are pushed outward as new cells are formed and becomekeratinized as they diec. important because it protects against water loss, mechanical injury,chemicals and microorganismsd. melanocytes lie deep in the epidermis1) produce a pigment called melanin that protects deeper cellsform the sun’s ultraviolet raysC. Skin Color1. results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and physiologicalfactors2. genetic differences in skin color result from differ in amounts ofmelanin and in the size of melanin granules3. exposure to sun light causes darkening of skin as melanin productionrise4. articulation within dermal blood vessels also affects skin colorD. Dermis1. binds the epidermis to underlying tissues2. consists of connected tissue with collagen and elastin fibers within agel-like substance3. Dermal blood vessels carry nutrients to upper layers of skin and helpto regulate temperature4. Contains verve fibers, sensory fibers, hair follicles, and sebaceousglandsE. Subcutaneous Layer (hypodermis)1. Composed of loose connective tissue and isolative adipose tissue2. binds skin to underlying organs and contains the blood vessels thatsupply to skinIV. Accessory Organs of the SkinA. Hair Follicles1. hair can be found in nearly all regions of the skin2. individual hairs develop from cells at the base of the hair follicle, aninvigilation of the lower epidermis that dips down into the dermis3. as new cells are formed, old cells are pushed outward and becomekeratinized, forming the hair shaft4. Hair color is determined by genetics