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Chapter 9The Nervous SystemI. Functions of the Nervous SystemA. Sensory Input- gathering information1. To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the bodyB. Integration1. To process and integrate sensory input and decide if action isneededC. Motor Output1. A response to integrated stimuli2. The response activates muscles or glandsII. Structural Classifications of the Nervous SystemA. Central Nervous System (CNS)1. Brain2. Spinal CordB. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)1. Nerves outside the brain and spinal cordIII. Functional Classification of the PNSA.Sensory (afferent) division1. Nerve fibers that carry impulses to the CNSB. Motor (efferent) division1. Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the CNS2. Two subdivisionsa. Somatic Nervous System = voluntaryb. Autonomic Nervous System = involuntaryC. Nervous Tissue: support cells (Neuroglia)1. Astrocytesa. Abundant, star shaped cellsb. Brace Neutronsc. Form barrier between capillaries and neutronsd. Control the chemical environment of the brain2. Microgliaa. Spider-like cellsb. Dispose of debris3. Ependymal Cellsa. Line cavities of the brain and spinal cordb. Circulate cerebrospinal fluid
 
4. Oligodendrocytesa. Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in CNS5. Satellite Cellsa. Protect neurons cell bodies6. Schwann Cellsa. Form myelin sheath in the PNSD. Neurons (Nervous Tissue)1. Nerve Cellsa. Cells specialized to transmit messagesb. Major regions of neurons1. All body- nucleus and metabolic center of cell2. Contains a nucleus and a large nucleolus3. Processes- fibers that extend from the cell body2. Dendritesa. An extension outside the cell body that conducts impulsestoward the cell body3. Axonsa. Conduct impulses away from the cell bodyb. End in axonal terminals1. Contains vesicles with neurotransmitters2. Separated from the next neuron by a gap called asynaptic cleft(a) Synaptic cleft- gap between adjacent neurons(b) Synapse- junction between nervesE. Nerve Fibers Coverings1. Schwann Cellsa. Produce myelin sheaths in jelly-roll like fashion2. Nodes of Ranviera. Gaps in myelin sheath along the axonF. Neuron Cell Body Location1. Most are found in the CNSa. Gray matter-cell bodies and unmyelinated fibersb. Nuclei- clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of theCNSIV. Classification of NeuronsA. Sensory (Afferent) neurons1. Carry impulses from the sensory receptorsB. Motor (Efferent) neurons
 
1. Carry impulses from the CNSC. Interneuron (Association neuron)1. Connect sensory and motor neurons2. Found in neutral pathways in the CNSV. Structural Classification of NeuronsA. Multipolar Neurons1. Many extensions from the cell bodyB. Bipolar Neurons1. One axon and one dendriteC. Unipolar Neurons1. Have a short single process leaving the cell bodyVI. Functional Properties of NeuronsA.Irritability1. The ability to respond to stimuliB. Conductivity1. Ability to transmit an impulseC. Plasma Membrane at rest is polarized1. Fewer positives ions are inside the cell than outside the cellVII. Starting a Nerve ImpulseA. Depolarization1. A stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane2. A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside themembrane3. The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuronB. Action Potential1. If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is carried over theentire axon2. Potassium (K) ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush inwhich repolarizes the membrane3. The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configurationa. This requires ATPVIII. Nerve Impulse PropagationA.The impulse continues to move toward the cell bodyB.Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheathC.Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve1. Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axonal terminal2. The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulatedby the neurotransmitter
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