• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • CommentGo Back
Download
 
Chapter 11The Endocrine SystemIntroductionA.The endocrine system is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs thatsecrete hormones into body fluidsB.The body has two kinds of glands, exocrine (secretes products intoducts) and endocrine (secretes products into body fluids)General Characteristics of the Endocrine SystemA.Endocrine glands and their hormones regulate a number of metabolicprocesses within cells, as well as reproduction, development, and growthB.Endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroidglands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and other hormone excreting glandsand tissuesHormone ActionA.A hormone is a biochemical secreted by one cell that affects a specifictarget cell with appropriate cell surface receptorsB.Hormones are steroids, amines, peptides, proteins or glycoproteins; theycan influence target cells even if they are present only in minuteconcentrationsC.Prostaglandinsa.Prostaglandins are locally produced lipids that affect the organ inwhich they are producedb.Prostaglandins produce a variety of effects; some relax smoothmuscles, others contract smooth muscles, some stimulate secretionof other hormones, and others influence blood pressure andinflammationControl of Hormonal SecretionsA.Hormone levels are very precisely regulatedB.Negative feedback systemsa.Commonly, negative feedback mechanisms control hormonalreleasesb.In a negative feedback system, a gland is sensitive toconcentrations of the substance it regulates
c.
When the concentration of the regulated substance reaches acertain level (high or low), it inhabits the gland from secretingmore hormone until the concentration returns to normal (if thelevel is too high) or releases more (if the level is too low)
 
Pituitary GlandA.The pituitary gland is attached to the base of the brain and has ananterior lobe (anterior pituitary) and a posterior pituitary lobeB.The brain controls the activity of the pituitary glanda.Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus control the secretionsof the anterior pituitaryb.The posterior pituitary releases hormones into the bloodstream inresponse to nerve impulses form the hypothalamusC.Anterior Pituitary Hormones
a.
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates body cells to grow and reproduceit also speeds the role at which cells use carbohydrates and fatsi.Growth hormone- release hormone from the hypothalamusincreases the amount of GH released, GH release-inhabitinghormone inhibits its releaseii.Nutritional status affects the release of GH; more isreleased when nutrients are insufficientb.Prolactin (PRL) promotes mild production following the birth of aninfanti.The effect of the PRL in makes is less-well understood,although it may cause a deficiency of male sex hormonesc.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-controls e secretion ofhormones from the thyroid glandD.Posterior Pituitary Hormonesa.Neurons in the hypothalamus produce an antidiuretic hormone andoxytocin, which are stored in the posterior pituitaryb.Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produces its effects by causing thekidneys to conserve wateri.The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of ADH based onosmotic pressure of body fluidsc.Oxytocin plays a role in childbirth by contracting muscles in theuterine wall, and in milk-let down by forming mild into ducts fromthe milk glandsi.Stretching of the uterus in the letter stages of pregnancystimulates releases of oxytocinii.Sucking of an infant at the breast stimulates releases ofoxytocin after birthThyroid Gland
 
A.The thyroid gland is located below the larynx and consists of two broadlobes connected by an isthmusB.Thyroid Hormonesa.Regulates energy metabolismi.These two hormones increased the rate at which cellsrelease energy from carbohydrates, enhance proteinsynthesis, and stimulate the breakdown and mobilization oflipidsii.These hormones are essential for hormonal growth anddevelopmentiii.The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control release ofthyroid hormonesb.Cell of the thyroid secrete calcitonin, which lowers blood levels ofcalcium and phosphate ions when they are too highi.Calcitonin increases the rate at which calcium is stored inbones and excreted in the urineii.Calcitonin secretion is regulated by negative feedbackinvolving blood concentrations in calciumParathyroid GlandsA.The four tiny parathyroid are located on the posterior of the thyroidB.Parathyroid Hormonea.Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium ionconcentrations and decreases phosphate ion concentrationsb.PTH stimulates bone reabsorbing by Osteoclasts, which releasescalcium into the bloodc.PTH also influences the kidneys to conserve calcium an causesincreased absorption of calcium in the intestinesd.A negative feedback mechanism involving blood calcium levelsregulates release of PTHe.Calcitonin and PTH exerts opposite effects in regulating calciumion level in bloodAdrenal GlandsA.The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys enclosed in a layer of fatB.Hormones of the adrenal medullaa.The effect of these hormones resembles those of the sympatheticdivision neurotransmitters of the same name, except that they lastten times longer when released into the blood stream
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...