Annotated Bibliography Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Rethinking U.S. Strategy In Afghanistan." Middle East Quarterly 19.1 (2012): 57-66.

Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 May 2013. Policy analyst Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi focuses on trends that are developing because of the extended conflict in Afghanistan. He points to the various interrelated difficulties that are not only domestic to the Afghan people but are spilling over into Pakistan with new terror groups gaining support from the local population and the government. In particular he discusses the effects of spending money on nation building, e.g. the money is sent to the centralized government but ends up paying for wealthy government officials property in Dubai, therefore not allowing a stable system come to fruition. Another effect is that the money is funneled by both Afghanistan and Pakistan officials towards the supporting of terrorists. The people are viewing the U.S soldiers as a foreign threat and therefore are joining terror cells. I find the weight of this articles lies in its discussion of the malfeasant Afghan foreign policy, the miniscule governments capacity to resolve domestic issues, and the clashes of differing ethnic groups. They are all necessary components of a country but become very difficult to function legitimately when there is a constant crisis. I would like to point to the rising involvement of Pakistan as result of the U.S insurgency, because the resentment by the people of both countries lies in that they view Americans as invaders. Therefore they do not see the U.S led coalition as a legitimate source of authority.

Arango, Tim. "Clashes in Iraq Carry Worries of a New Civil War." The New York Times. The New York Times Co., 28 Apr. 2013. Web. 1 May 2013.

In Iraq there are multiple ethnic groups that have ongoing feuds. This article primarily focuses on the major two, i.e. the Sunni and Shiite. The Sunnis have felt marginalized by the dominance of the Shiite government, and are beginning to take arms against their oppressor. The Naqshbandia Order is a very recent organized military response containing former members of Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard, who are good at organizing and have proven themselves of effectively using online media and print sources to get their anti Shiite message out. This has increased the regions violent incidents from gunfights to improvised explosive device attacks. Tim Arango believes that the U.S. withdrawing of troops has been the reason that the Naqshbandia is gaining credibility and joining forces with the Sunnis. With this information I want draw parallels between the current state of Iraq and when it was under Saddams regime. Even though the previous government was an autocratic dictatorship it did have more stability than the current post war system.

Damar, H E. "The Effect of the Iraq War on Foreign Bank Lending to the Mena Region." Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. 43.5 (2007): 20-36. Print. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is considered to be part of the new emerging regions need of capital investment for its economic stability. Damars report suggests that there is link between the war in Iraq and the lending practices of banks stemming from developed countries. His analysis finds that different lending countries have changed their practices since the start of the war. The trends vary, because each country evaluated the situation differently, i.e. those who do not have a great amount of exposure in lending to MENA countries have not changed their practices. Contrary to those who have, e.g. Britain and Italy, have nearly ceased lending practices. The U.S is the only one who has a strong presence and has continued lending,

but has shifted to short-term loans. The general long-term loans have decreased significantly and the short-term have started to fill the gaps. If an emerging economy is to grow steadily there is a need for long-term investment. The volatility of short-term loans is most likely related to the instability of the region, so if necessary, banks are able to promptly disenfranchise themselves from commitments. I would like to use this article to argue that war breeds instability, which causes a negative monetary externality to not only in the immediate war zone, but also to neighboring countries and their associate lenders, because as the article states price of information in a uncertain areas increases.

Geiling, James, Joseph M. Rosen, and Ryan D. Edwards. "Medical Costs Of War In 2035: LongTerm Care Challenges For Veterans Of Iraq And Afghanistan." Military Medicine 177.11 (2012): 1235-1244. Academic Search Complete. Web. 5 May 2013. The authors use statistical analysis of U.S. soldiers coming back home with varying types of injuries. The ailments of the young combatants range from physical to mental and are not limited to single variants but are intertwined, such as having brain trauma and an amputated limb. The authors compare historical veteran trends to todays, and state that with current medical advances more soldiers survive extreme conditions, which means that there is a need for prolonged veteran care and the cost of it is elusive given that there are numerous variables to consider. But state that it is rising and the current system of care is not prepared to deal with the increasing amount of injured that are going to need prolonged care well into their fifties and beyond.

This article will be useful in providing context for pathos. I will try to use the their study to highlight the results of combat, which is putting strain on the current medical system in order to show that even the U.S., a first world country has considerable problems with injured and mentally unstable combatants, which is caused by the war. Another point I would like to use is that a majority of the soldiers are in their early twenties. Hoge, Charles W. et al. "Combat Duty In Iraq And Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems And Barriers To Care." U.S. Army Medical Department Journal (2008): 7-17. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Apr. 2013. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the term used to describe a persons mental health problem that has experienced an emotional or physical trauma. The study finds that there is a high correlation between people with PTSD and combat deployment; also higher frequency of combat resulted in more individuals being diagnosed with PTSD. The recent wars that U.S. has been engaged in have increased the number of combatants diagnosed with PTSD. The other part of the study is concerned with the barriers soldiers face when there is need for treatment. Hoge et. al. suggest that there should be a change in the models of health care delivery, and that there should be an increase in mental health services in primary care clinics as well as in the private counseling combatants receive. I find that PTSD has received attention from multiple sources and is a well-publicized issue in the general media. The fact that this research comes from the U.S Army Md. Department gives it more weight. Therefore I would like to use PTSD to argue the governments inefficiency to provide services in a timely manner to soldiers who serve or have served the country. I find that this brings up the question if the U.S was prepared for the war, or the government did not care enough for its soldiers? Either account seems to neglect the qualitative cost of war and

fosters questionable notions, which is if sending U.S troops while knowing that they are highly likely to develop prolonged mental condition is a legitimate action of the government? But more importantly it provides evidence that PTSD is linked to combat duty.

Hampson, Fen Osler, and Tod Lindberg. "No Exit" Strategy." Policy Review. 20122013.176 (2012). Print. The authors view that the current strategy of the Obama Administration is not realistic in the sense that it is trying to eradicate the Taliban and other terror organization completely in Afghanistan and Iraq. Their historically analysis of the military supremacy leads them to conclude that the proper military policy would be flexible enough to let the U.S. army fight the insurgent to stalemate. They argue that the only plausible option for a stable middle east is military supremacy, which requires long an indefinite commitment. I find that the authors provide a valid counter argument, which I find beneficial to use in my paper in order to argue against military interventions. Because the Taliban has seen three empires invade their lands and not establish a long-term military supremacy, thus far.

Ten Years After. The New York Times. The New York Times Co., 19 Mar 2013. Web. 8 April 2013. The authors of this editorial question the U.S involvement in Iraq by stating the goals of the operation were not met. The writers point to the staggering results that are a by-product of the warthe cost of it, the number of injured and dead. The authors explicitly view that the reasons for entering were based on faulty and deceptive facts whose perpetrators remain unaccounted for. They do not condemn the idea of war itself as a resolution to conflict, however they asks for a

more careful examination of evidence, and do not haphazardly believe that peace to that region can be brought about with conflict. My intent is to use some of the same facts to reason that the stability does not come from deception and falsification of information, because it only tends to serve a few. Ropp, Paul. "The Real Cost of War." The Acorn 14.2 (2012): 32-41. EBSCO. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. Paul Ropp holds that the current wars Iraq and Afghanistan are due a long history that is imbedded in human nature to use violence to solve conflicts. He links the current state of foreign military intervention to previous wars that have taken place, e.g. the arming of the Taliban to fight the Soviet Union helped create the terrorist of 9/11, and also the inability of U.S to learn from its past. The U.S came out as a victor in two world wars therefore it does relate to the events similarly as the countries who in recent history have experienced war on their home soil. He also asserts that the current tension amongst the different ethnic groups in Iraq is a causation of the negligent World War I peace process whereby the French arbitrarily carved up the region, thus ensuring continued western involvement. I wan use this article to help establish some of the background history to the current tensions in Iraq and Afghanistan. I find that this would be useful in establishing links between events and using them as corollary evidence of war outcomes and their further causation of conflict through a historical context. Although Ropp focuses mostly on the moral implication of war, nonetheless the factual information he uses is sufficient in providing context for a logical debate.