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 J
URNAL
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 ATA
L
OKA
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V
OLUME
10;
 
N
OMOR
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N
OVEMBER
2008© 2008 Biro Penerbit Planologi UNDIP
449
 TATA LOKA 
P
LANNING
F
OR 
S
USTAINABLE
U
RBAN
D
EVELOPMENT
:
S
OME
I
SSUES ON
 T
HE
P
OLICY TO
D
EVELOP OF
 A 
 
N
EW
L
 ARGE
S
ETTLEMENT IN
M
IJEN
S
UBURB OF
S
EMARANG
,
 
I
NDONESIA 
1
By:
 Agung Sugiri
Departement of City and Regional Planning, Engineering Faculty, Diponegoro University 
 Abstrak:
 
 Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan beberapa hal penting untuk perencanaan pembangunan perkotaan berke-lanjutan dengan menilai kebijakan untuk mengembangkan pemukiman baru besar di suburban Mijen Kota Semarang, Indo-nesia. Kebijakan ini merupakan bagian dari Rencana Tata Ruang Kota Semarang tahun 2005 dan terutama ditujukan untukmengatasi kelangkaan tanah di dalam kawasan inti dengan tetap menjaga kualitas yang lebih baik dikawasan perumahan.Kebijakan tersebut didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip berkelanjutan, bagaimanapun sebuah review yang baik dalam meng-gunakan kerangka kerja dari pembangunan perkotaan yang berkelanjutan akan memberi kesimpulan pada cara yang lain.Kebijakan-kebiajakn yang ada kebanyakan tidak kompatibel dengan model pembangunan perkotaan yang berkelanjutan.Membangun sebuah permukiman baru yang besar di sub urban MIjen akan menyebabkan masalah-masalah. Hal ini akanmeningkatkan koefisien run-off, karena secara signifikan akan mengurangi ruang hijau, sehingga dapat menimbulkan ma-salah banjir yang lebih buruk di Kota Semarang. Selain itu, akan memperluas total panjang perjalanan yang dapat mengaki-batkan peningkatan konsumsi energi, transportasi dan polusi udara masalah. Meskipun ada kemungkinan Semarang men-ingkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, tetapi Social Cost akan jauh lebih besar daripada manfaatnya.
 
Keywords
: 
Pembangunan Perkotaan Berkelanjutan, Perencanaan Kota, Permukiman baru skala besar 
I
NTRODUCTION
 
Sustainable development idea has widely been agreed after the Brundtland Commissioncame up with the definition of a “developmentthat meets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generationsto meet their own needs” (WCED, 1987: 43).Meanwhile, Fowke and Prasad (1996) assert thatthe main goal of sustainable development is toarrange a harmony between people’s lives andthe ability of the environment to support this ona long-term basis giving the same opportunitiesthrough generations. This conveys intra and in-ter generational equity as the main principle of sustainable development, while integrating economy and the environment is the main vehi-cle to achieve the equity. Diesendorf (1997), forexample, shows that equity is at the core of prin-ciples and goals for ecological and economicsustainability.Some other interrelated principles, however,are not less important, such as dealing carefully  with danger, uncertainty and irreversibility, con-servation of biodiversity and ecological integrity,conservation of other critical capital, and aware-ness on the global scope (cf. Diesendorf, 1997;Fowke and Prasad, 1996). These principles areto support the achievement of intra and intergenerational equity. The concept of sustainabledevelopment should then be applied for every 
 
 A
GUNG
S
UGIRI
P
LANNING
F
OR
S
USTAINABLE
U
RBAN
D
EVELOPMENT
:S
OME
I
SSUES ON
T
HE
P
OLICY
T
O
D
EVELOP OF
 A
 
N
EW
L
 ARGE
S
ETTLEMENTIN
M
IJEN
S
UBURB OF
S
EMARANG
,
 
I
NDONESIA
450
 
J
URNAL
T
 ATA
L
OKA
;
 
V
OLUME
10;
 
N
OMOR
4;
 
N
OVEMBER
2008
 
developmental practice, including urban plan-ning and development.Heins (1993) suggests that to be sustainable,urban development should mainly attempt toreduce the consumption of two main urban re-sources, i.e., energy and land, as well as to con-serve them. This means that the use of energy and resources should be minimised in a certainlevel of development. Minimising use of energy and resources is of remarkable importance inachieving sustainability of urban and regionaldevelopment (cf. Glasson, 1995; Roberts, 1998;Roberts, 1994; Van de Laak, 1994). First, it notonly considers the need of next generations tohave reasonably same opportunities as this gen-eration does, but also the need of equity withinthis generation. Second, it helps to minimise theenvironmental impacts locally and globally as well as to conserve important resources. The purpose of this short essay is to raisesome important issues on planning for sustain-able urban development by assessing the policy to develop a new large settlement (about 2,800ha including a new subcentre) in Mijen suburbof Semarang City, Indonesia. This policy is apart of Semarang City Spatial Plan 2005 and ismainly aimed to overcome land scarcity in corearea while maintaining better quality in housing.It seems true that the policy is also based on sus-tainability as instructed by the Indonesian SpatialPlanning and Development Act (No. 24/1992).However, developing a new large settlementin Mijen is questionable. Firstly, the existing Mi-jen area is mostly natural or at least green spacein terms of forest, plantation, and wet and dry farm fields. Converting them to be an urbanbuilt-up area will certainly change the environ-mental equilibrium. Hardjono (1991) has indi-cated that a huge conversion of agricultural landto built-up area has caused regular floods in wetseason in big cities like Jakarta and Semarang.Secondly, although there is evidence of landshortage in Semarang core area (Semarang Mu-nicipality Government, 1995), it is still question-able whether Semarang development really doesneed this Mijen large settlement. Beside an in-crease in consumption of land, a new large set-tlement in Mijen area will certainly change thestructure of the city. This structural change would also increase the use of energy especially fuel for vehicles.
 The Organization
 Following this introduction, the next sectionreviews the concept of planning for sustainableurban development. This section is important tocomprehend how the sustainable developmentidea can be applied in urban planning. Thiscomprehension can then be used as a referencefor the next section, that is to analyse whetherthe development of a new large settlement inMijen area would support sustainability or not.Finally, the last section will draw conclusions.It will be completed by giving relevant recom-mendations.
P
LANNING
F
OR 
S
USTAINABLE
U
RBAN
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EVELOPMENT
:
 
 T
HE
C
ONCEPT
 
 This section comprises two parts. The first isto comprehend the debates on planning for sus-tainable urban development. Principles learnedfrom this part will be useful to estimate the ap-plicability for Indonesian situation in the secondpart.
Planning for Sustainable Urban Develop-ment: The Debates
 There is a dichotomy between
orthodox 
and
radical 
approach in the practical implementationof sustainable development. Orthodox approachcommonly puts notable emphasis on the utiliza-tion of neo-classical economics, while according to Blowers (1993 as cited in Fowke and Prasad,1996) radical approach aims to extremely rebuildthe development and management methods of economies and societies.Many experts are between those two ex-tremes. Giaoutzi and Nijkamp (1993), while em-phasising the importance of informational sys-tem, are convinced that there should be trade-offs among three dimensions of developmentpolicy, i.e. economic efficiency, socio-economicequity, and environmental protection. Many other experts agree with this trade-off bearing inmind that efficiency means growth (cf. Becker-man, 1994; Panayotou, 1994; Redclift, 1994;Sage, 1994). These dimensions can be best illus-trated by a triangle (Figure 2.1) and every devel-opment policy can be placed within the triangle.
 
P
LANNING
F
OR
S
USTAINABLE
U
RBAN
D
EVELOPMENT
:
 
 A
GUNG
S
UGIRI
 S
OME
I
SSUES ON
T
HE
P
OLICY
T
O
D
EVELOP OF
 A
 
N
EW
L
 ARGE
S
ETTLEMENTIN
M
IJEN
S
UBURB OF
S
EMARANG
,
 
I
NDONESIA
J
URNAL
T
 ATA
L
OKA
;
 
V
OLUME
10;
 
N
OMOR
4;
 
N
OVEMBER
2008
 
451
 
Figure 1Mobius Triangle with Three Dimensions of Development
(modified from Giaoutzi and Nijkamp, 1993: 78)
 Topics associated to urban form and land usehave become focus in the discussion on plan-ning for sustainable urban development. It canbe noted that suburbanisation process, mainly characterised by urban sprawling, has becomeone of major issues. While urbanisation is aprocess of growth or change from rural low density areas to become intensive high density centres known as cities, suburbanisation is oftendefined as the extending of the growth to thefringe areas far from the city centre (cf. Gollner,1996; McGee, 1994; Soetomo, 1994). Regarding the problems arisen from the process, it can besaid that suburbanisation is the process of be-coming urban in areas outside the central city that decrease the compactness of the city.Meanwhile, regarding the compact city modelin orthodox approach, Heins (1993) and Gollner(1996) consider it a simplified model that shouldnot stand alone to achieve the purposes of sus-tainable urban development. While both of themagree that planning policies should encourageemployment decentralisation through districtsand towns, Gollner (1996) proposes a combinedstrategy of compact city form, employment de-centralisation and local employment develop-ment. This model, or other models with slightly differences, which has been developed from thecomprehension of suburbanisation process inmetropolitan regions (see also Stimson, 1998),seems to have been applied in developed coun-tries (cf. Breheny and Rookwood, 1993). This model remarkably deals with urbansprawl phenomenon which is considered costly.In American cities, Gerckens (1994: 11) empha-sises the increase uses of energy and costs of urban services since “mass ownership of theautomobile allowed land uses to become spreadover much wider distances” and “also becamemore exclusive”. Furthermore, it is estimatedthat “between now and the year 2020 sprawl willcost Maryland residents about $10 billion morefor new roads, schools, and water than would benecessary if growth were more concentrated”(McMahon, 1997: 5).Gollner model (1996) has proposed a socalled multi-urban form city that can be achievedby applying these strategies integratively:
•
 
Strategy of urban consolidation to make acompact city form can be applied in certainareas, such as the core city, near the publictransport and activity nodes, and in innersuburbs.
•
 
Multi-centres development is needed to de-centralise employment and activities to thesuburbs. The regional commuter zonesshould be well supported by hierarchical andoptimal number of centres, services andeconomic activities in each centre, and ap-propriate public transport in chosen centres.
•
 
Local employment development in eachsuburb should also be encouraged. Thisstrategy will support those two strategiesabove, since applying this will increase theself-containment of suburbs and then re-duce the negative impacts of cross-suburbantrips.
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gunteitb

Thank you for sharing, I am also a planner. If you are interested to see my research work please access http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com

reply03 / 09 / 2010
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