The Enthalpy-Concentration Method Ponchon-Savarit Graphical Method

1.

[ H i , hi xi , yi ] The Enthalpy-Concentration diagram

The Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram

Bubble point curve Dew point curve Tie lines Superheated vapor Sub cooled liquid
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Two phase region

2. Drawing of saturated liquid enthalpy curve

Enthalpies of i , j at their boiling points T i ,T j

hi = mi c pi (Ti Tref )

h j = m j c pj (T j Tref )

Enthalpy of liquid mixture:

hmix = xic pi (T Tref ) + (1 xi )c pj (T Tref ) + H sol

3. Drawing of saturated vapor enthalpy curve

Vapour Enthalpies of i , j at their boiling points T i ,T j

H i = hi + i H j = h j + j
Enthalpy of vapour mixture

H mix = y i [i + c pyi (T T ref )] + (1 y i )[ j + c pyj (T T ref )]

4. Drawing of Tie Lines

RECTIFICATION SECTION

Material balance:

V n +1 = L n + D V n +1 y n +1 = L n x n + Dx D (L n + D ) y n +1 = L n x n + Dx D L n x D y n +1 = D y n +1 x n
Energy balance:
V n +1H n +1 = L n hn + DhD + Qc (L n + D )H n +1 = L n hn + D (hD + Ln = D (hD + Qc ) H n +1 D H n +1 hn
Ln expressions: D

Qc ) D

Combining by equating the reflux ratio

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x D y n +1 = y n +1 x n

( hD +

Qc ) H n +1 D H n +1 hn

The equation represents three relationships for stages :

n and n + 1

Qc x , ( h + ) , [ y n +1 , H n +1 ] , [ x n , hn ] , D D D
The point x D , (hD + c ) has a constant value. D The equation represents a set (family) of straight lines on the
Q [H , h x i , y i ] diagram all out of the point x D , (hD + c ) represented D

by symbol

O D referred to as the UPPER OPERATING POINT.

Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method

1. Locate

x D , x = x D , y1 = x D . hD
and

2. Read the enthalpies of distillate

HD

D =H D h D

3. Draw

O D at x D , (hD +

Qc Q ) , notice that O D lies a distance c D D

above hD . 4. For a total condenser :

Qc = DV 1 = D D (R + 1)
Qc = D R + D D

5. Notice that O D lies a distance R D above H D Construction procedure:

Equilibrium tie-line from y 1 locates x 1 .

x 1 joined to

O D locates

y 2 ( operating relationship,

straight line O D x 1 fixes position of

y2)

Equilibrium tie-line from y2 locates x2 .

x2 joined to

O D locates

y3 ( operating relationship,

straight line OD x 2 fixes position of y3 ).

and so on .. y n locates straight line relationship.

x n by

equilibrium and the by the operating

O D x n locates y n +1

..this continues until a tie-line falls on or passes x F the feed composition. .. in this way the equilibrium stages are determined (each tie line represent an equilibrium stage).

Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method

STRIPPING SECTION

Material balance:

V m +1 = L m W V m +1 y m +1 = L m x m W x w (L m W ) y m +1 = L m x m W x w L m y m +1 x w = W y m +1 x m
Energy balance:

V m +1H m +1 = L m hm Whw + Qb (L m W )H n +1 = L m hm W (hw Lm = W H m +1 (hw Qb ) W Qb ) W

H m +1 hm
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Q b Energy added to the reboiler per unit bottoms product W

Combining by equating the ratio

Lm expressions: W

y m +1 x w = y m +1 x m

H m +1 (hw

H m +1 hm

Qb ) W

The equation represents three relationships for all values of m and m +1 :

Qb x , ( h ) , w w W

[ y m +1 , H m +1 ]
Q

[ x m , hm ]

The point x w ,( hw b ) has a constant value. W The equation represents a set (family) of straight lines on the

[H , h x i , y i ]

diagram

all

out

of

the

point x w ,( hw

Qb ) W

represented by the symbol OPERATING POINT.

OW referred to as the LOWER

Construction procedure: 1. Locate curve. 2. The reboiler N + 1 is an equilibrium stage, hence x w and y N +1 are in equilibrium. The tie lie from x w locates. y N +1 . 3. Straight line joining y N +1 with the lower operating point locates x N on the saturated liquid bubble point curve. 4. xN locates yN by equilibrium tie line relationship. 5. Straight line joining y N to the operating point OW locates x N 1 .

xw at intersection of

x = xw and the bubble point

OW

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6. and so on using tie line and operating point relationships for number of equilibrium stages until x F is reached or crossed by a tie line.

Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method

THE FRACTIONATOR

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Material balance: Material balance

F = D +W FxF = DxD + Wxw ( D + W ) xF = DxD + Wxw W x D xF = D xF xw

F H F + Qb = Qc + DhD + Whw ( D + W ) H F + Qb = Qc + DhD + Whw DH F + W H F = D (hD + ( hD + Qc Q ) + W (hw b ) D W

Qc )HF W D = D H (h Qb ) F w W

Combining by equating the ratio

W expressions D
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xD xF x F xw

Qc )H F D = Q H F (hw b ) W (hD +

Here a relationship between three points:

Qc Qb x , ( h ) x F ,H F x , ( h + ) , , w w D D W D
x F , H F is the feed point represented by the symbol
F.

The equation, thus, represent a straight line OW FO D joining the operating points F , OW , O D . By drawing the line OW FO D from any two of the three operating points the third will be located. The equilibrium stages for the whole fractionator will be determined as shown in the following steps: 1. Locate x iD and extend upwards 2. Calculate D = (H D hD ) 3. Locate O D at a distance R D above H D 4. Fix the feed point F from knowledge of x iF and H F 5. extend the line O D F to intersect the vertical line x = x iw at OW 6. Start construction of equilibrium stages starting from y 1 using tie lines and upper operating point O D one after the other until the feed point F is passed. 7. After that the lower operating point OW is used with x to give
y , followed by tie line from y to give x , then x with OW to give y and so on .

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8. Construction stops when x iw is reached or passed.

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