DATA COMMUNICATION and COMPUTER NETWORKS (Part 1)

Course Information
Data communication networks and open system standards; transmission media; data transmission in
physical layer; data link controls; technologies of local area networks and wide area networks;
communication architecture and protocols.
Instructor: Chaiporn Jaikaeo
This file was created for 1st Semester, 2011

Chapter 1: Overview

Data Communication = Transfer of data from one device to another via some form of transmission medium.
(p.4)
bit stream

Data/Message
Sender
Receiver
Medium ( media)
Protocol

(Data Representation)

2s Complement
floating point IEEE-754

o
ASCII
o
Unicode ()

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

o
TIS-620 ( .)1
o
2
JPEG, GIF, PNG
.WAV ( sampling ) MP3 ( compression)
Video sequence

Protocols and Standards

(
UNIX)

Protocol = Set of Rules Governing Data Communications

Syntax
Semantics
Timing (Sequencing and Speed)

Standards

De Facto ( )
o
.doc
o
Ethernet
De Jure ()
o
ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE
o
Forums
o
FCC .

1
2

Simplex
o

o
(?)[Citation needed]

() http://www.nectec.or.th/it-standards/std620/std620.htm
. http://vuthi.blogspot.com/2004/09/blog-post_16.html

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Half-Duplex
o
Client-Server
o

o
USB
Full-Duplex ()
o

o
Half-Duplex Full-Duplex

Chapter 2: Networks & Models

Network: a set of devices connected by media links
Type of connection

Point-to-point
Multipoint connection bus, wireless

Topology
(Network) Topology 3
(real/physical)
(logical/virtual)4

3
4

Mesh (special case: Fully Connected)

o
()

o
link
o

o

o
backbone
Star
o
Hub Switch ( Switch )
o
N ( hub)
o
Wireless Access Point "hub"
o
I/O single-point of failure (hub )
Bus
o
tap

http://dict.longdo.com/search/topology, retrieved 2011-10-14

ATIS Telecom Glossary 2011 http://www.atis.org/glossary/definition.aspx?id=3516, retrieved 2011-10-14

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

o
terminator
o
terminator
Ring
o

o
( connection bus)
o
ring
Hybrid
o

Ring
Fully Connected

Mesh

Star

Bus

Figure 1 Topology

Ad-Hoc Wireless Topology

Ad-Hoc ( ) topology ?
Mesh Topology (
) [Wattenhofer, Li, Bahl, Wang, 2001] [Santi, 2005]

Network Category

PAN (Personal Area Network) Bluetooth

LAN (Local Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)

Internetwork
network
internetwork hybrid network of networks
Internetwork internet ( The I nternet) The Internet
internetwork

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Switching
()

Dedicated Circuit
Circuit Switching switch
Packet Switching

Packet Switching (Circuit Switching voice telephone)

Layers


()
User

User

Application

Application

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link
Transmission

Physical

Physical

Figure 2 (Slightly adapted from) TCP/IP Layers

Layers
Layers TCP/IP 5 Layers Application, Transport, Network, Data Link
Physical ( TCP/IP Data Link Physical )
Layer

Application Layer
o

o
Application-layer protocol HTTP FTP
o
header protocol Transport
Transport Layer
o
2 protocol TCP UDP ( SCTP )
o

o
packet

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Network layer
o
IP
o
end-to-end
Data Link Layer
o
hop-to-hop
o
(Frame) Physical Layer
o
Layer MAC Address
Physical Layer
o

L5 Data

H5

L4 Data
L3 Data
T2

L2 Data

H4
H3
H2

0111011010101001010101001

5
4
3
2
1

5
4
3
2
1

L5 Data

H5

L4 Data

H4

L3 Data
T2

L2 Data

H3
H2

0111011010101001010101001

Figure 3 Diagram of TCP/IP Layers

Internet Model

Network router
Router

Router

Application

Application

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical

Figure 4 Internet model with routing

OSI Model
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) ISO (ISO made OSI)
TCP/IP model Layer
o

Application

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

o
Presentation
o
Session
o
Transport
o
Network
o
Data Link
o
Physical

Presentation Session (Presentation Session

) Application Layer Layer 7 (L7)

Chapter 3: Physical Layer: Data and Signals

Analog and Digital Signals
analog digital ()
digital
(1V, 2V, )
Analog Digital

Sine Wave
Signal Transmission Medium
sine wave (Fourier)
General Form

Cosine Wave Sine

Time and Frequency Domains

() frequency domain

Fourier analysis
Any periodic signal can be represented as a sum of sinusoidal signals

DC Component ( offset)
AC Components (s )
o
fundamental freq. (f0)
o
harmonics (multiples of f0)

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Fourier Peak Amplitude Phase Shift

Fourier

Amplitude-Phase Form
Sine-Cosine Form
o Sine, Cosine
o
Complex exponential Form (Euler)
o
o Euler Formula
o

Figure 5 Adding Sine-Cosine waves

Bandwidth
1000-4000Hz Bandwidth = 4000 - 1000 = 3000Hz
Cutoff Frequency
Bandwidth

Properties of Digital Signals

Bit Rate = bits per second

Bit Interval = duration of 1 bit

Periodic Signal -> Discrete Frequency Domain

Aperiodic Signal -> Continuous Frequency Domain
Discrete Time Signal -> Periodic Frequency Signal

Baseband Transmission
shift low-pass filter 0Hz

channel
shift
harmonic bandwidth

Band Pass Filter

Band Pass filter () baseband
shift Modulation bandpass channel

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Transmission Impairment
Attenuation

capacitance

Relative Signal Strength

dB
Voltage

( )

53dB 63dB 63dB 10 3dB

2 ( log 2)
dBm absolute mW:
20dBm

Pm milliwatts 100mW =

Example: Wire loss

Wire Loss = -0.3dB/km, wire is 5km long, source power = 2mW, what is the result power?

0.3dB/km * 5km = 1.5dB

( )

dBm
2mW 3dBm 1.5dB 1.5dBm log
1.41589mW

Distortion
phase

Noise

Thermal Noise 0K ()

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

10
Crosstalk
STP, UTP
Impulse spike
... (...) Short Duration, High Amplitude

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

dB SNR dB
Example: Find SNR if signal 10mW, noise 1uW

dBm : 10mW = 10dBm, 1uW = -30dBm 40dB

Data Rate
Nyquist Theorem (Noiseless)
Nyquist (Rate) Theorem

L signal levels log2

Example: 265kbps, 20 kHz bandwidth, Levels

power of two 128 levels 280kbps

Shannon Capacity (Noisy)

Shannon Capacity

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Capacity (max bit rate) bps

11

SNR bit rate levels

Ex. telephone line, bandwidth 3000; SNR 3162, calculate Capacity
Shannon Capacity

Bandwidth (Hz)
Example: 1023mW signal, 1mW noise, Capacity 5Mbps, 16 levels, find Bit Rate
() Bandwidth
From Shannon:
(

From Nyquist:

Network Performance
Bandwidth bps 7 Mbps ( Bandwidth
Hz ) Network Performance

Latency

Propagation Time
o
o Propagation Time = Distance / Propagation Speed
o Propagation Speed 0.7~0.8c
Transmission Time
o
Queuing Time
o
Processing Time

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

o

Bandwidth-Delay Product
bandwidth delay bandwidth *
delay

Chapter 4: Digital Transmission

Line Coding
binary (0/1)

Signal Levels and Data Levels

Signal Levels = (0V, 5V, )

Data Levels = (0, 1, )

Nyquist bit rate bandwidth

bandwidth bit rate ( Shannon Capacity )
r 3 4 r=4/3

Encoding Considerations

Signal Spectrum ()
5
o DC part DC

o low-pass
Clocking / Sync ()
o
o CLK encoding
Manchester encoding (Positive edge = 0, Negative edge = 1)
Error Detection ()
Noise Immunity ()
!!!

Methods of Line Coding

Line Coding
5

Marvel #

12

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Unipolar Encoding
voltage level DC component (0, 1) => (0V, 5V)

Polar

Non-return-to-zero (NRZ)
o = 1, = 0
o NRZ-I 1
6
o 0-0.5bitrate
o DC Component
Return-to-Zero (RZ)
o (-5V,0V) = 0 (5V,0V) = 1
o DC Component NRZ
Manchester
o Negative Edge = 0, Positive Edge = 1
o 2 level (RZ 3)
Differential Manchester
o edge 1

Bipolar

Bipolar AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)

o Data 0 => Signal 0
o Data 1 => Signal +/- ( )
o DC component 1
o Synchronize
BnZS (Bipolar n-zero Substitution)
o 0 n
o AMI 1

Multi-Level
mBnL data m encode n 2B1Q map
(00,01,10,11) (-3, -1, +3, +1) V
bandwidth ( Nyquist) noise
6

() NRZ-I 1
USB Mode 1 0

13

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

14

Block Coding

error detection 4 bit 5 bit error detection

synchronization bit 0/1

Pulse Rate and Bit Rate

Pulse Rate

Manchester 010101
b (bits per pulse)

Analog-to-Digital Conversion
ADC practicum
continuous time amplitude
discrete sampling discrete time quantization discrete levels

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

sampling Sampling Theory

Quantization Noise
Quantization Noise Ratio

1 bit SNR 6dB 6dB/bit approximation

Example: A telephone subscriber line must have an SNR above 40. What is the minimum
number of bits per sample?

7 8

Minimum Sampling Rate

sampling

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

15

)
(

(
(

)
)

discrete
1Hz 1+Fs Hz
sampling
Fs 1+Fs
Fs = 8Hz 8Hz 1+Fs
Aliasing Fs > 2Fmax (Fmax "" )
Nyquist ()
The Sampling Theorem

Sampling rate must be greater than

twice the highest frequency

Chapter 5: Analog Transmission

Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Analog Digital ( infinite )
Modulation ( Demodulation) -
modem

Carrier Signals
""

Bit Rate & Baud (rate)

Bit Rate
Baud ( Baud rate) (signal element)
baud bit digital

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Example:

16

Analog rate with 8000bps and 1000 baud. How many data elements are carried by each signal
element? How many different signal elements do we need?
S = 1000, N = 8000, r and L unknown.

We will need 8 different signal elements.

Bit Rate & Baud Rate

Where r is number of different signals, S is signal rate (baud), and N is bit rate (bps)

Binary Amplitude Shift Keying

Binary ASK on-off on = 1; off = 0 carrier frequency fc

implement "" (: 0V, 5V) oscillator

bandwidth ""
d 0<d<1
Bandwidth & Signal Rate

Where B is bandwidth, d is a given factor (ideal: 0), and S is signal rate.

Ex.
We have bandwidth 100kHz, from 200 to 300kHz. What is the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we
modulated our data by using ASK with d=1?
(

( signal rate )
full-duplex

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

17

Binary Frequency Shift Keying

(FSK) carrier frequency 1
0 Fourier
Implement voltage-controlled oscillator input bit VCO
multi-level

Binary Phase Shift Keying

PSK phase noise ASK
shift frequency Implement polar input oscillator multiplier
Shift Quadrature PSK 2 bit/baud bandwidth

Ex. Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12 Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.
r = 2 1 signal 2 bit S = N*(1/r) = 6Mbaud d = 0 B = S = 6MHz
4PSK QAM

Constellation Diagram
phase shift amplitude origin
01

11

QPSK
00

BPSK
10

Figure 6 Examples of Constellation Diagram (text box is not part of diagram)

Application
300-3300 Hz data bandwidth 6003000Hz
V.32 V.32bis modulate
56kbps
ADSL voice

Analog-to-Analog Modulation
analog

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

AM oscillator
FM VCO

18

Chapter 6: Multiplexing
Multiplexing medium

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Medium Bandwidth > Channel Bandwidth modulate
carrier frequency
(allocate)
()
filter
multiplex modulate
tuner

Guard Bands
frequency domain carrier
channel guard band
()
Example 1
Five voice channels, each with 3kHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together. If there is a need for
guard band of 1.5kHz, what is the minimum bandwidth of the link?
Answer: 3 + 1.5 + 3 + 1.5 + 3 + 1.5 + 3 + 1.5 + 3 = 3*5 + 1.5*4 = 21kHz
Channel
(3kHz)

Guard
(1.5kHz)

Channel
(3kHz)

Guard
(1.5kHz)

Channel
(3kHz)

Guard
(1.5kHz)

Channel
(3kHz)

Guard
(1.5kHz)

Channel
(3kHz)

21 kHz

Figure 7 Example band plan showing guard bands

Example 2
Four digital-data channels, 1Mbps each, use a satellite channel of 1MHz. Design an appropriate
configuration using FDM

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Bandwidth = (1+d) (SignalRate) assume d = 0
B = S bandwidth 250kHz ( bandwidth )
250kbaud 1Mbps 1Mbaud
1/4 1/4
modulate 16QAM 16PSK
16PSK = baud/bit
16PSK

250
kbaud

1Mbps

16PSK

250
kbaud

1Mbps

16PSK

250
kbaud

1Mbps

16PSK

250
kbaud

Multiplexer

1Mbps

1MHz

Figure 8 Designed multiplexing

Hierarchy
multiplex multiplex AT&T
Example
The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two bands. The first band of 824 to 849MHz is used
for sending, and 869 to 894MHz is used for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth of 30kHz in each
direction. How many people can use their cellular phones simultaneously?
Answer

Lower band: 849-824 = 25MHz

Upper band: 894-869 = 25MHz

25MHz / 30kHz = 833 channels

832 42 790
multiplex FDM

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

FDM

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

TDM bitrate Frame Interval Bit Interval
timeslot

19

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

a2

a1

b3

b2

b1

c3

c2

c1

Time-Division Multiplexer

a3

20
Time Slot

c3 b3 a3 c2 b2 a2 c1 b1 a1
Frame

Bit duration

Figure 9 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Frame


Example
Four 1kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 bit. Find:
1. the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing = 1/1k = 1ms
2. the transmission rate of the link = 4*1kbps = 4kbps
3. the duration of a time slot = 1/4000 = 0.25ms
4. the duration of the frame = 4*(0.25ms) = 1ms

Synchronization

synchronization framing bit
[C][B][A][0] [C][B][A][1] [C][B][A][0] ...
Example
Identify all the framing bits from this bit sequence output by a multiplexer

2 channels

1 unit = 2 bits

Input data: 00011011100001001011

2ch*2bits = 4 bits per frame sync bit 5 bits/frame
sync bit sequence sync bit
0001 10111 00001 00101 1 ==> 1001
000 11011 10000 10010 11 ==> 1111
00 01101 11000 01001 011 ==> 0100

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

21

0 00110 11100 00100 1011 ==> 0101 << ans

00011 01110 00010 01011 ==> 0000

Different Data Rates

multiplex data rate data rate multiplex
(4,8,4) (4,(4,4),4)
data rate (5,3) ((1,1,1,1,1),(1,1,1))
bit rate (5,3) (6,3) data
(stuffing/padding) ((3,3),3)
6Mbps

3Mbps
3Mbps

Multiplexer

3Mbps

Padding

Split

5Mbps

3Mbps

Figure 10 TDM-ing different data rates

T Lines (US)
4kHz sampling 8kHz quantization 8-bit
data rate = 8*8kHz = 64000bps DS0
T-1 Channel DS0 24
E Lines (EU & Thailand)
hierarchy 30 channel

Inverse Multiplexing

Spread Spectrum
bandwidth (?!)

Frequency-Hopping SS
()

noise noise
Data Link layer ( layer error correction
)

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Direct-Sequence SS
Wireless LAN data bit spreading code ( noise
)

Chapter 7: Transmission Media

physical layer ( bit-signal encoding
modulation data link layer)

Classification of Media

Guided ( "" )
o Twisted-pair
o Coaxial
o Fiber
Unguided Space

Twisted-pair
""
Shielded (STP) Unshielded (UTP)
UTP

interference
Figure 11 UTP Cross-Section
differential encoding

STP ()
UTP/STP Cat6 (1-10Gbps), Cat5e (100-1000Mbps)
cat ""

RJ-45
RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) 8P8C (RJ-11)
(gauge: ) gauge number

22

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

23

Coaxial Cable
shield
coax bandwidth
UTP 10Mbps
BNC () RG-58 (
) RG-11 () RG-59
T
terminator

()
bus topology

Figure 12 Coaxial Cable cut-away

Optical Fiber
loss Optics

core cladding
noise

core index
multimode graded index core (10 micron) single-mode
simplex - UTP

Figure 13 Optical Fiber section and light path

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

Wireless
unguided media RF (>3kHz), microwave (<300GHz), IR (300GHz-400GHz)

Ground-wave (<2MHz)
Sky-wave (2-30MHz) HF radio
Line-of-sight (>30MHz) infrared

Antenna
Antenna (---!) -
(omnidirectional) (directional)

PITFALL: Sound EM
visible

QUIZ!
()
( amp )


()
( noise)

Chapter 9: Telephones
300-3300Hz (bandwidth = 3000Hz) voice cutoff
600-3000

Modem
(Modulator/Demodulator) digital-analog

56k Modem
digital quantization noise
SNR data rate ( Shannon) 33600kbps

24

Data Communication and Computer Networks, part 1

25
56k download rate ISP
quantization noise
PCM sampling 8k rate 64k control bit 1 8 56k

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

local loop filter bandwidth 1.1MHz

ADSL
ADSL voice (26-1104k) -
download ( discrete multitone technique) QAM
downstream

ADSL Splitter
- 56k
voice data voice data
filter
ISP DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)
DSL SDSL (Symmetric: serve ), HDSL () VDSL
()

"Cable"
(coaxial) 6MHz
amp splitter
high-bandwidth fiber/switch model coax
- data

ADSL Cable

ADSL

Cable

Appendix
Line Coding Example
Data

Unipolar

NRZ

NRZ-I

RZ

Manchester

Diff.
Manchester

Bipolar AMI

List of Standards
Main Type
Ethernet
Coaxial

Wire Type
Cat1-7, Cat5e,
Cat6a, Cat7a
RG59 (75ohm)
RG58 (50ohm)
RG11 (50ohm)

Jacks
RJ45

Most Common
Cat5e, Cat6 + RJ45

BNC

RG59 (TV)
RG58 (Signal)

List of Equations

Decibels:
o

( )

o
o

Capacities & Bit Rate

o Nyquist:
o Shannon:
Pulse Rate
Quantization Noise
Baud
Bandwidth & Signal Rate
Multiplexing:
o Multiplexed Frame Rate = Channel Bit Rate
o Multiplexed Bit Rate = (Number of Channels) * (Bit Rate of Each Channel)

To be Continued

Part 2
LunaticNeko CPE23
Draft 6 Re-Export
2011-10-14 17:26:00