Professional Documents
Culture Documents
October 3-4, 2007 Jeff Reed reedjh@vt.edu reedjh@crtwireless.com (540) 231-2972 James Neel james.neel@crtwireless.com (540) 230-6012 www.crtwireless.com
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Jeffrey H. Reed
Director, Wireless @ Virginia Tech Willis G. Worcester Professor, Deputy Director, Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG) Authored book, Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering IEEE Fellow for Software Radio, Communications Signal Processing and Education Industry Achievement Award from the SDR Forum Highly published. Co-authored 2 books, edited 7 books. Previous and Ongoing CR projects from
ETRI, ONR, ARO, Tektronix
Email: reedjh@vt.edu
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James Neel
President, Cognitive Radio Technologies, LLC PhD, Virginia Tech 2006 Textbook chapters on:
Cognitive Network Analysis in Data Converters in Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering SDR Case Studies in Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering UWB Simulation Methodologies in An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems
SDR Forum Paper Awards for 2002, 2004 papers on analyzing/designing cognitive radio networks Email: james.neel@crtwireless.com
C RT
Cognitive Radio Technologies
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Officially rolled-out June 2006 Currently 32 tenure-track faculty and more than 111 students Backlog in research growing University providing initial financial support Cognitive Networks targeted as strategic technical growth effort
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Research Areas
Algorithm Development Antennas RF Circuit Design MEMS UWB Position Location RF Systems Cognitive Radio/Networks Collaborative Radio Software Radio Smart Antennas and Diversity Schemes Radio Resource Management Network protocol design Cross layer optimization Game Theory Analysis Hybrid wireless/fiber optic/powerline systems Land Mobile Radio MIMO Interference Cancellation Channel Measurements Channel Modeling Simulation Tools VLSI Implementation Reconfigurable Computing RF material-characterization Security Networking Sensor networking Satellite Systems Wearable computing and communications
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C RT
Cognitive Radio Technologies
CRT Engineering
General Engineering Services
Analysis
Systems Analysis MAC/Network behavior SDR (SCA, STRS)
Algorithm development
Traditional waveform processing Location services Signal classification/detection Cognitive networking Coexistence techniques
Software Radio
RF design and selection, data conversion principles, baseband processing techniques, software architectures, multi-rate techniques, signal generation and pre-distortion.
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CRT Technologies
Low complexity, zero-overhead algorithms for distributed radio resource management
Ad-hoc, mesh star topologies PHY, MAC, NET control
Reduce interference by 30 dB
Support 16 x more links
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Tutorial Objectives
Understand state of the wireless world Understand how some key standards work and the tradeoffs available to implementations of those standards Understand the basic principles and deployment options of WiMAX
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Day 1 Schedule
8:00-10:00 10:00-10:15 10:15-11:15 11:15-12:00 12:00-1:00 1:00-2:30 2:30-2:45 2:45-3:50 3:50-4:00 4:00-5:00 Overview of the Wireless Market Break TD-SCDMA Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part I Lunch Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part II Break WLAN Part 1 (Overview, 802.11n) Break Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed
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Day 2 Schedule
8:00-8:15 8:15-9:30 9:30-9:45 9:45-12:00 12:00-1:00 1:00-2:30 2:30-2:45 2:45-3:30 3:30-3:50 3:50-4:00 4:00-5:00 Review of Key Material in Day 1 WLAN Part 2 (802.11p,r,s,y) Break WiMAX Part 1 (Overview, Mobile WiMAX) Lunch WiMAX Part 2 (MMR (802.16j), 802.16h) Break Interoperability Standards (GAN, 802.21, 802.11u, industry standards) Review Break Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed
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Wireless
Minutes
Shamelessly modified from cover art to Michael Todds soundtrack to Around the World in 80 Days, see 16/82 http://www.phys.uu.nl/~gdevries/objects/80days_todd.html for original context
Comparisons
This might be controversial Depends on extensions of these standards.
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Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km 802.22
WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m WiBree
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May 2008 May 2003 2007 (ballot) Sep 2006 No PAR (SG) PAR (SG) 2008?
802.15.4
802.15.3a
802.15.3a disbanded Jan 2006 MBOA technologies became WiMedia High speed DS-UWB basically dead after Freescale pulled out
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WiMedia
Industry alliance from MBOA 802.15.3a Standardized for US in Dec 2005 in ECMA-368 and 369
http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-368.htm ECMA used specifically to avoid 802 standardization problems
PHY
Multiband OFDM QPSK 53.3, 80, 106.7, 160, 200, 320, 400, 480 Mbps nominal data rates Range of 10 m indoor Data can be interleaved across 3 bands, 7 defined patterns (channels) Mandatory support for band group 1
MAC
Peer to Peer, Ad-hoc AES 128 From Fig 28: Support for Dynamic Channel Selection Ranging via propagation delay measurements Bluetooth-like information discovery
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WiMedia Implementations
Primarily marketed as cable replacement Wireless USB out in Dec 2006
Hub-spoke model Mandatory support for band group 1 Mandatory rates of 53.3, 106.7, 200 Mbps Initial Belkin device didnt live up to the hype
Data rate of 6.35 Mbits/s Reportedly not to WiMedia spec http://www.eetimes.com/ne ws/latest/showArticle.jhtml? articleID=196602148
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From: http://www.wimedia.org/en/events/documents/02WiMedia_Overview_CES200 6.ppt
Status
Nokia sponsored initiative announced Oct 2006 Specification work is currently being evaluated, targeted for availability second quarter 2007 Trial chips probably available late 2007
zigbee
Application API Security
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption
Customer
the software Network, Security & Application layers Brand management
Network
Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree
ZigBee Alliance
IEEE 802.15.4
the hardware Physical & Media Access Control layers
MAC
PHY
868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz Silicon Stack App
IEEE 802.15.4
PHY
868MHz/915MHz, 2.4 GHz Band specific modulations 20-250 kbps
MAC
CSMA-CA channel access Support for ad-hoc networks
Applications
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802.15.4a,b
802.15.4b
Published September 2006 as IEEE 802.15.4-2006
http://standards.ieee.org/getie ee802/download/802.15.42006.pdf
802.15.4a
Approved March 2007 Adds Impulse UWB and chirp modes to zigbee (802.15.4) for signaling and ranging Impulse UWB operates in UWB bands Chirp (range only) operates in 2.4 GHz band
Beacon to reduce CSMA collisions Improved security (likely leverage 802.11i) Support for new frequency allocations
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Routing approaches
MPNC can act as a topology server Location routing (using UWB ranging) Centralized routing Distributed routing (route discovery frame broadcasts) Attempts to treat network as set of connected trees
MPNC
Route outside PicoNet via MPNC (Mesh Capable PicoNet Coordinator) Beaconing used to distribute information and synchronize
MPNC MPNC
PN 3
MPNC MPCN
Mesh
PN 2
IEEE P802.15.5/D0.01, July 2006
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PN 1
Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km 802.22
WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m WiBree
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http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm
Status
Nov 06 group approved draft 1.06, still 350+ comments to resolve. In Draft 2.0 Lots of pre-n devices floating around IP issues Expect ratified standard in Spring 2008
Certify to Draft 2.0 started this spring Certify to Ratified Standard when done.
Data Rates
Wi-Fi Alliance
Optional enhancements
Note 1: The OBU in the vehicle recognizing the threat transmits a WARNING and COLLISION PREPARATION MESSAGE with the location address of the threat vehicle.
Note 2: Only the OBU in the threatening vehicle processes the message because only it matches the threat address.
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
Note 3: COLLISION PREPARATION includes seat belt tightening, side air bag deployment, side bumper expansion, etc. Radar Threat Identification
up to
100 m
(328 ft)
Atheros released an early chipset for DSRC (version I, current work is on version II)
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Status
Standard out in 2008 Will be certified by WiFi Alliance
Features
QoS reservation Encryption key distribution 5 step handoff process to 3 steps
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http://www.networkcomputing.com/gallery/2007/0416/0416ttb.jhtml;jsessionid=0CK4ZKR20HC5QQSNDLPCKHSCJUNN2JVN
Features
Automatic topology learning, dynamic path selection Single administrator for 802.11i (authentication) Support higher layer connections Allow alternate path selection metrics Extend network merely by introducing access point and configuring SSID
IP or Ethernet
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Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km 802.22
WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m WiBree
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Commercialization Roadmap
WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org
Direct competitor to 3G, 4G, 802.20 though WiMAX Forum once said otherwise Advance equipment and planned deployments, particularly for WiBro PHY
Scalable OFDM + Optional MIMO Convolutional turbo codes Optional block turbo codes, LDPC
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WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org
Security
AES for traffic and control data EAP Privacy and Key Management Protocol Version 2 (PKMv2) 3-way handshake on handoffs
WiBRO
Defines a set of options for Mobile WiMAX for Korean deployment
802.16h
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Nomadic Relay
Temporary fixed installation Extra capacity for special events (military SDR conferences)
Mobile Relay
Placed on mobile platform to support users on the platform Useful for public transport (buses, trains)
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802.16m
Intended to be 4G (satisfy requirements of IMTAdvanced) http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/ Requirements still being defined
http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/docs/80216m07_002r1.pdf
Projected Improvements over 802.16e
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Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km 802.22
WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m WiBree
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Cellular Technologies
Standard IS-54 IS-136 iDEN WiDEN GSM HSCSD GPRS EDGE EDGE Ev WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA TD-SCDMA TS-SOFDMA LTE IS-95 IS-95b Cdma2000 1xRTT 3x EVDO EVDV EVDO Rv A EVDO Rv B UMB Release Date 1990 1994 1993 2002 1990 1997 1998 2000 2006 1999 2003 2004 1999 2007 2007 1993 1999 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2006 2008 Purpose 2G 2G 2G 2.5G 2G 2.25 G 2.5 G 2.5 G 2.75 G 3G 3.5 G 3.5 G 3.5 G 3.5 G 4 G? 2G 2.25 G 3G Peak Data Rate 8 kbps 8 kbps 24 kbps 132 kbps 9.6 kbps 38.4 kbps 171.2 kbps 384 kbps 1 Mbps Comments Phasing out (IS-54B) Phasing out Motorola proprietary Motorola proprietary GMSK Up to 4 traffic channels/device
Higher order modulation Multiple carriers, higher order modulation 2 Mbps FDD popular, TDD also available 20/2 Mbps 10 Mbps w/o MIMO 20/5.5 Mbps 2 Mbps China, Smaller bandwidths supported 100/50 Mbps China OFDM/MIMO 100/50 Mbps AML OFDM/MIMO 14;4 kbps DSSS 64 kbps 144 kbps CDMA 3G1x Not deployed nor completed Cdma450 is a downbanded version Dead on Arrival
3 1.25MHz chan. 3x 3.25 G 384 kbps 3.5 G 4.8 Mbps 3.5 G 3.1/1.8 Mbps 3.5 G 74/27 Mbps 4 G? 500 Mbps 42/82
OFDMA/MIMO
Cellular Overview
Two primary competing approaches to 3G
3GPP Family
GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA (WCDMATDD), HSCSD, HSPDA, LTE
Promotional www.gsmworld.com Standards www.3gpp.org 3GPP2 Family CDMAOne (IS-95a,b), 1xRTT, 1xEVDO, 1xEVDV, UMB Promotional http://www.cdg.org Standards www.3gpp2.org Voice + high speed data + mobility
One vision
GSM Coverage
http://www.coveragemaps.com/gsmposter_world.htm
WCDMA Coverage areas: Europe, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Israel, South Africa, Bahrain, US (Spotty)
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http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/report/072Q_cdma_subscriber_report.pdf
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3GPP2 (cdma2000) got a massive jump on 3GPP However, WiMAX may soon outpace As of July 07
http://www.3 gtoday.com/ wps/portal/su bscribers/
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http://www.cellular-news.com/story/26145.php
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UMB
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GPRS
General Packet Radio Service Packet-based protocol layered over GSM or IS-136 networks
Transfer rates up to 171.2 kbps Supports X.25 and IP (Internet Protocol) Packet-switched link
Makes possible data transfer without circuit connection Uses up to 8 channels simultaneously
Widespread deployment
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EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Data rate expected up to 384 kbps
Higher-order modulation over GSM provides enhanced data rates Typically 100 kbps
http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4
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3G Standards
cdma2000 1.25MHz bandwidth
1x - Voice and basic data service (up to 307.2Kbps) 1xEV-DO enhanced data service only (up to 2.5Mbps) 1xEV-DV voice and enhanced data service (up to 5Mbps) CDMA450
WCDMA (UMTS) Voice and basic data (up to 384 Kbps) HSDPA Voice and enhanced data service (up to 10Mbps) TD-SCDMA Chinese variant on WCDMA
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WCDMA
Wideband CDMA UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
Also known as 3GSM
Different from CDMA2000 Standard controlled by 3GPP Uses new spectrum Can be complemented by EDGE in less dense areas
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HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access W-CDMA downlink
8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), MIMO (Release 6) Hybrid ARQ All IP core network
(Release 4) Originally ATM
HSUPA (EUL)
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (Enhanced UpLink) Similar technologies to HSDPA Demo by Ericsson May 2005
Handsets 2007 http://www.mobic.com/news/publisher/view.do?id=31 96
Downlink: Adaptive multilink OFDM (AML-OFDM), which means different bandwidths based on demand
Variable prefix size
4.7 ms to 16.7 ms Intent to support up to 120 km cells
Uplink
Single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) with dynamic bandwidth allocation Unique time-frequency interval to the terminal for the transmission of user data (for orthogonality)
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Part of the 3GPP (3rd Generation Planning Partnership Project) Multiple chip rates
LCR: 1.28 Mcps, 1.6 MHz BW HCR: 3.84 Mcps, 5 MHz BW Does not use paired frequency bands
Optimum for symmetric and asymmetric data services
TDD link
B. Li, D. Xie, S.Cheng, J. Chen, P. Zhang, W.Zhu, B. Li; Recent advances on TDSCDMA in China, IEEE Comm. Mag, vol 43, pp 30-37, Jan 2005
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cdma2000 1xRTT
1x Radio Transmission Technology Also known as:
CDMA 1x CDMA 3G1x
Deployments
South Korea, US, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Uganda, Ukraine, Thailand, Russia, Pakistan, Indonesia, India, China, Chile, Angola
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cdma2000 1x EV-DO
CDMA EVolution Data Only
Designed to support only data applications
VOIP CDMA 1x EV-DO CDMA EV-DO
Deployments:
cdma2000 1x EV-DV
CDMA2000 EVolution Data and Voice Intended to blend both voice and data traffic
Can use existing EV-DO or 1x infrastructure as a starting point
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EVDO Rev B
Adds Multiple carriers 2xEVDO, 3xEVDO, Up to 15 1.25 MHz carriers within 20 MHz Adds support for 64-QAM modulation DL 73.5 Mbps UL 27 Mbps Dynamic non-contiguous carrier allocation Support for single carrier and multiple carrier subscribers Standardized 2006 Trial mid-2007 Commercial deployments mid-2008
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Key technologies
OFDMA, MIMO, beamforming Flexible spectrum allocation Enhanced QoS Support for multiple access technologies
Reduced latency
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iDEN
Motorola created Nextel popularized cellular technology TDMA 6 channels on 25 MHz PTT, voice, data May expand to 100 MHz (WiDEN) for 96 kbps Other countries implementing iDEN networks:
South Korea, Japan, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Singapore
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cdma450
cdma2000 in 450 MHz band Permits migration of Nordic Mobile Telephone System Deployments in Asia, Europe, South America
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Media-FLO
http://www.qualcomm.com/mediaflo/index.shtml Not 4G itself, but possibly indicative of Qualcomms direction (they also own spectrum) Mobile Video Broadcast (Digital TV, Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld) OFDM based system 11.2Mbps at 6MHz Run-time optimization of power, frequency, time Chipsets available Nov 2004 Possible use in UHF bands (high power) Standard released
http://telephonyonline.com/home/news/flo_forum_multim edia_112805/ http://telephonyonline.com/wireless/news/verizon_media flo_qualcomm_120105/
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Forum http://www.dvb-h-online.org/ Backed by GSM networks Also OFDM based CrownCastle testing in Pennsylvania Numerous trials in Europe
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IEEE 802.20
Fill performance gap between high data-rate, low mobility 802 standards and high mobility cellular networks 802.20 Shenanigans Allegations of process abuse brought to a screeching halt when standard suspended in September Project Launched 2004 Looked to be dead in the water
Flarion leading proposal Qualcomm leading vote holder
5 MHz 20 MHz
Single, multiple code word Pseudo- Eigen beamforming Separate mode from MIMO MIMO, 20 MHz
MIMO Space Division Multiple Access Data Rate 260 Mbps Turbo coding Time-frequency hopping Supposed to support inter Radio Access Technology handoffs
Cellular Takeaways
Two major approaches to 3G
Legacies continue to be deployed Multi User Detection (MUD) and MIMO techniques that could dramatically increase capacity GSM and TDMA systems may extend lifetime of legacy systems.
http://www.iee.org/oncomms/pn/antennas/mimo/chenu_tournier y.pdf
Voice remains killer ap for cellular, data likely to be supported by other networks
Convergence of devices supporting cellular and WiFi
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Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km 802.22
WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m WiBree
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802.22
Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN)
First explicit cognitive radio standard Aimed at bringing broadband access in rural and remote areas Takes advantage of better propagation characteristics at VHF and low-UHF Takes advantage of unused TV channels that exist in these sparsely populated areas
Features of 802.22
Data Rates 5 Mbps 70 Mbps Point-to-multipoint TDD/FDD DFS, TPC Adaptive Modulation
QPSK, 16, 64-QAM, Spread QPSK 802.16 MAC plus the following
Multiple channel support Coexistence
Incumbents BS synchronization Dynamic resource sharing
OFDMA on uplink and downlink Use multiple contiguous TV channels when available Fractional channels (adapting around microphones) Space Time Block Codes Beam Forming
No feedback for TDD (assumes channel reciprocity)
Security based on 802.16e security Collaborative sensing Techniques in 802.22 will be extended to other standards and to other bands around the world
802.16-like ranging
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Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km 802.22
WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m WiBree
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Globalstar
Globalstar I Based on cdmaOne Jan 2006 - FCC granted license to offer ancillary terrestrial service
http://www.globalstarusa.com/en/about/newsevents/press_display.php?pressId =58 Moving to 48 LEOS for global coverage, unspecified improved performance http://www.globalstar.com/en/news/pressreleases/press_display.php?pres sId=426 Coverage still constrained by ground stations? First launch in 2009?
http://www.skyrocket.de/space/index_frame.htm?http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_ sdat/globalstar-2.htm
Globalstar II
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http://www.globalstarusa.com/en/content.php?cid=300
Inmarsat
Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN)
492 kbps peak 256 kbps stream Voice telephony E-mail Internet access Access to corporate networks File transfer Video conferencing Video broadcast Video store-and-forward
Applications
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Convergence of Approaches
WiMAX becoming more like cellular, cellular becoming more like WiMAX Cellular like waveforms converging to mix of OFDMA + MIMO optimized for low speeds with small cell sizes
Source: http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/downloads/ WiMAX_and_ IMT_2000.pdf
Recognition of this convergence is leading to WiMAX being treated like a cellular technology
Sprints XOhm network Push for WiMAX to be classified as 3G
http://www.livemint.com/2007/09/06000634/India-backs-Wimax-techon-3Gn.html
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4G
Wireless community already looking towards 4G Requirements being formalized
1 Gbps fixed 100 Mbps mobile (end-to-end) Support for heterogeneous nets Global roaming
Common techniques
OFDMA, MIMO, small cell sizes optimized for low speed, but support for high speed, IP backbone
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Increasing # of technologies
Legacy systems not quickly fading and large # of new ones
All IP Backbone
Mobile WiMAX, UMB, LTE 81/82
802.15
www.bluetooth.com https://www.bluetooth.org/ www.wimedia.org http://www.zigbee.org/en/ http://www.uwbforum.org/ www.wibree.org http://www.multibandofdm.org/ http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/
3GPP2 Family
www.cdg.org www.3gpp2.org
802.20
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/20/
802.21
http://www.ieee802.org/21/ www.umatechnology.org
802.16
www.wimaxforum.org http://wimaxxed.com http://wimax.com http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/
802.22
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/22/
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