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Future Wireless Standards and the Emergence of WiMAX

October 3-4, 2007 Jeff Reed reedjh@vt.edu reedjh@crtwireless.com (540) 231-2972 James Neel james.neel@crtwireless.com (540) 230-6012 www.crtwireless.com
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Jeffrey H. Reed
Director, Wireless @ Virginia Tech Willis G. Worcester Professor, Deputy Director, Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG) Authored book, Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering IEEE Fellow for Software Radio, Communications Signal Processing and Education Industry Achievement Award from the SDR Forum Highly published. Co-authored 2 books, edited 7 books. Previous and Ongoing CR projects from
ETRI, ONR, ARO, Tektronix

Email: reedjh@vt.edu

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James Neel
President, Cognitive Radio Technologies, LLC PhD, Virginia Tech 2006 Textbook chapters on:
Cognitive Network Analysis in Data Converters in Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering SDR Case Studies in Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering UWB Simulation Methodologies in An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems

SDR Forum Paper Awards for 2002, 2004 papers on analyzing/designing cognitive radio networks Email: james.neel@crtwireless.com

C RT
Cognitive Radio Technologies

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About Virginia Tech


Virginia Tech has approximately 26,000 students The College of Engineering grants the 7th largest number BS degrees in the US, and is ranked 14th by US News and others The Bradley Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering is one of the nations largest ECE departments, with broad resources:
72 tenure-track faculty and 12 research faculty members 1,100 undergraduate and 570 graduate students

Wireless Telecommunications is a principal focus area


25 ECE faculty are involved in various aspects of wireless communications research and teaching. Large number of the ECE graduate students are majoring in wireless telecommunications field. 4/82

Wireless @ Virginia Tech


New Wireless Umbrella Group
MPRG, CWT, VTVT, WML, Antenna Group, Time Domain Lab, DSPRL

Officially rolled-out June 2006 Currently 32 tenure-track faculty and more than 111 students Backlog in research growing University providing initial financial support Cognitive Networks targeted as strategic technical growth effort
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What is Wireless @ Virginia Tech?

A comprehensive organization focused on wireless research to support our educational mission.

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Research Areas
Algorithm Development Antennas RF Circuit Design MEMS UWB Position Location RF Systems Cognitive Radio/Networks Collaborative Radio Software Radio Smart Antennas and Diversity Schemes Radio Resource Management Network protocol design Cross layer optimization Game Theory Analysis Hybrid wireless/fiber optic/powerline systems Land Mobile Radio MIMO Interference Cancellation Channel Measurements Channel Modeling Simulation Tools VLSI Implementation Reconfigurable Computing RF material-characterization Security Networking Sensor networking Satellite Systems Wearable computing and communications

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Current and Recent Research Sponsors


Applied EM Army Research Office AeroAstro Astron Wireless Technologies Ausgar Technologies, Inc Bradley Fellowship Program Catalyst Communications Technologies Cisco Systems, Inc. Comteh DRS Technologies ETRI L-3 Laboratory for Telecommunication Science Luna Motorola Nanosonics National Institute of Justice National Polar-Orbiting Earth Sensing Satellite Program National Science Foundation RFMD M/A-COM Office of Naval Research Rosettex Technology & Ventures Group SAIC SPAWAR Systems Center Tektronix Texas Instruments U.S. Army U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

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2006&2007 Classes from Our Wireless Summer School


Software Design for SDR Cognitive Radio Turbo and LDPC Codes Embedded Systems and SDR High Frequency RFID UWB-based Positioning Issues and Applications of UWB Networking Technologies for SDR Issues and Applications of Wearable Computing Game Theory for Wireless Antennas for Wireless Comms RF MEMS for Wireless An Overview of 802.15.4a Interference Rejection/Mitigation Techniques Software Radio Specification Resource Management in Ad Hoc Networks Satellite Communications Active Antennas Hands-on Intro to SCA-Based SDR Oscillator Design and Noise Performance Simulation of Communication Systems Public Safety Comm Systems Requirements and Designs Networking Cognitive Radios Coupled, Co-evolving Social and Telecommunication Networks FPGA-Based Signal Processing

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Cognitive Radio Technologies


Small business incorporated in Feb 2007 to commercialize VT cognitive radio research Provide traditional wireless engineering services and develop critical cognitive radio technologies Email: james.neel@crtwireless.com reedjh@crtwireless.com bin.le@crtwireless.com Website: crtwireless.com Tel: 540-230-6012 Mailing Address:
Cognitive Radio Technologies 147 Mill Ridge Rd, Suite 119 Lynchburg, VA 24502
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C RT
Cognitive Radio Technologies

CRT Engineering
General Engineering Services
Analysis
Systems Analysis MAC/Network behavior SDR (SCA, STRS)

Training and Tutorials


Cognitive Radio:
Technologies, Implementations, Genetic Algorithms, case-based reasoning, regulatory issues, implementation, networking, signal detection/classification, applications

Algorithm development
Traditional waveform processing Location services Signal classification/detection Cognitive networking Coexistence techniques

Game Theory and Cognitive Radio Networks


cooperative and non-cooperative games, equilibria concepts, convergence and stability of self-interested behavior, techniques to evaluate and improve performance

Prototype designs from architecture to implementation


USRP/GNU, DSP, FPGA

Software Radio
RF design and selection, data conversion principles, baseband processing techniques, software architectures, multi-rate techniques, signal generation and pre-distortion.

GNU Radio and USRP related design and service

Emerging Commercial Wireless Standards


OFDM/MIMO, WiMAX/WiBro, 802.22, 802.11a/b/g/h/n, TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, Zigbee, WiMedia, Satellite, UMB, P25, TIA series, ATSC

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CRT Technologies
Low complexity, zero-overhead algorithms for distributed radio resource management
Ad-hoc, mesh star topologies PHY, MAC, NET control
Reduce interference by 30 dB
Support 16 x more links

Processor Cycle Estimation Tool


Rapid estimation of cycles, energy, and memory required to implement waveforms across variety of DSP platforms

Waveform xxxxx Cycles Mem Power

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Tutorial Objectives
Understand state of the wireless world Understand how some key standards work and the tradeoffs available to implementations of those standards Understand the basic principles and deployment options of WiMAX

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Day 1 Schedule
8:00-10:00 10:00-10:15 10:15-11:15 11:15-12:00 12:00-1:00 1:00-2:30 2:30-2:45 2:45-3:50 3:50-4:00 4:00-5:00 Overview of the Wireless Market Break TD-SCDMA Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part I Lunch Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part II Break WLAN Part 1 (Overview, 802.11n) Break Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed
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Day 2 Schedule
8:00-8:15 8:15-9:30 9:30-9:45 9:45-12:00 12:00-1:00 1:00-2:30 2:30-2:45 2:45-3:30 3:30-3:50 3:50-4:00 4:00-5:00 Review of Key Material in Day 1 WLAN Part 2 (802.11p,r,s,y) Break WiMAX Part 1 (Overview, Mobile WiMAX) Lunch WiMAX Part 2 (MMR (802.16j), 802.16h) Break Interoperability Standards (GAN, 802.21, 802.11u, industry standards) Review Break Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed
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Wireless
Minutes
Shamelessly modified from cover art to Michael Todds soundtrack to Around the World in 80 Days, see 16/82 http://www.phys.uu.nl/~gdevries/objects/80days_todd.html for original context

Comparisons
This might be controversial Depends on extensions of these standards.

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Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN
<40 km 802.22

WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j

WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN
<10m WiBree

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, Birth of Broadband, September 2003

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Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)


802.15 Standards
802.15.1 802.15.2 802.15.3 802.15.3a 802.15.3b 802.15.3c 802.15.4 802.15.4a 802.15.4b 802.15.4c 802.15.4d 802.15.5 April 2002 Oct 2003 Jun 2003 Bluetooth Coexistence High data rate UWB (high rate) Doc Maintenance mm-wave PHY zigbee UWB (low rate) Updates 802.15.4 document Chinese WPAN 950 MHz in Japan WPAN Mesh

Frequency Allocations 802.15.1,3,4


2.4-2.4835 World 2.4465-2.4835 France
868/915 MHz 862-868 Europe 3.1-10.6 GHz

May 2008 May 2003 2007 (ballot) Sep 2006 No PAR (SG) PAR (SG) 2008?

802.15.4

802.15.3a

802.15.3a disbanded Jan 2006 MBOA technologies became WiMedia High speed DS-UWB basically dead after Freescale pulled out
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WiMedia
Industry alliance from MBOA 802.15.3a Standardized for US in Dec 2005 in ECMA-368 and 369
http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-368.htm ECMA used specifically to avoid 802 standardization problems

PHY
Multiband OFDM QPSK 53.3, 80, 106.7, 160, 200, 320, 400, 480 Mbps nominal data rates Range of 10 m indoor Data can be interleaved across 3 bands, 7 defined patterns (channels) Mandatory support for band group 1

MAC
Peer to Peer, Ad-hoc AES 128 From Fig 28: Support for Dynamic Channel Selection Ranging via propagation delay measurements Bluetooth-like information discovery
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WiMedia Implementations
Primarily marketed as cable replacement Wireless USB out in Dec 2006
Hub-spoke model Mandatory support for band group 1 Mandatory rates of 53.3, 106.7, 200 Mbps Initial Belkin device didnt live up to the hype
Data rate of 6.35 Mbits/s Reportedly not to WiMedia spec http://www.eetimes.com/ne ws/latest/showArticle.jhtml? articleID=196602148
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From: http://www.wimedia.org/en/events/documents/02WiMedia_Overview_CES200 6.ppt

Bluetooth 3.0 devices in 2008


http://gizmodo.com/gadge ts/wireless/nextgenbluetooth-30-on-the-way179684.php

Wireless Firewire and IP also supported over WiMedia standard

Status
Nokia sponsored initiative announced Oct 2006 Specification work is currently being evaluated, targeted for availability second quarter 2007 Trial chips probably available late 2007

Public data: (from wibree.com and http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/06/wibree_analysis/)


2.4 GHz ISM band Range 10 meters 1 Mbps data rate Likely to be integrated into Bluetooth products Targets low power/low cost market

Many reports mentioned WiBree as a competitor to Bluetooth


Being brought into Bluetooth fold
http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3682961

More likely a competitor to Zigbee and Z-wave


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zigbee
Application API Security
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption

Customer
the software Network, Security & Application layers Brand management

Network
Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree

ZigBee Alliance

IEEE 802.15.4
the hardware Physical & Media Access Control layers

MAC
PHY
868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz Silicon Stack App

IEEE 802.15.4

PHY
868MHz/915MHz, 2.4 GHz Band specific modulations 20-250 kbps

MAC
CSMA-CA channel access Support for ad-hoc networks

Source: http://www.zigbee.org/en/resources/ 23/82

Applications

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802.15.4a,b
802.15.4b
Published September 2006 as IEEE 802.15.4-2006
http://standards.ieee.org/getie ee802/download/802.15.42006.pdf

802.15.4a
Approved March 2007 Adds Impulse UWB and chirp modes to zigbee (802.15.4) for signaling and ranging Impulse UWB operates in UWB bands Chirp (range only) operates in 2.4 GHz band

Beacon to reduce CSMA collisions Improved security (likely leverage 802.11i) Support for new frequency allocations

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802.15.5 PicoNet Mesh Networks


Draft still being edited Defines Mesh mode (MAC) for 802.15
Mesh messages

Routing approaches
MPNC can act as a topology server Location routing (using UWB ranging) Centralized routing Distributed routing (route discovery frame broadcasts) Attempts to treat network as set of connected trees
MPNC

Route outside PicoNet via MPNC (Mesh Capable PicoNet Coordinator) Beaconing used to distribute information and synchronize

MPNC MPNC

PN 3
MPNC MPCN

Mesh

PN 2
IEEE P802.15.5/D0.01, July 2006

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PN 1

Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN
<40 km 802.22

WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j

WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN
<10m WiBree

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, Birth of Broadband, September 2003

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802.11 Alphabet Soup


Jun 1997 Sep 1999 Sep 1999 Oct 2001 Jun 2003 Jun 2003 Oct 2003 Jun 2004 Oct 2004 Sep 2005 Dec 2007 Mar 2008 Mar 2008 Sep 2008 Jan 2009 Feb 2009 Mar 2009 Aug 2009 Aug 2009 Sep 2009 802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11d 802.11f 802.11g 802.11h 802.11i 802.11j 802.11e 802.11k 802.11r 802.11y 802.11n 802.11u 802.11w 802.11p 802.11s 802.11.2 802.11v 2 Mbps ISM 54 Mbps UNII 11 Mbps ISM global roaming interoperability 54 Mbps ISM spectrum management security Japanese spectrum real time QoS RRM measurements fast roaming US 3.65 GHz 100 Mbps external networks packet security vehicular (5.9) mesh networks test recommendations 28/82 network management
Past dates are standards approval dates. Future dates from 802.11 working group timelines Letters are working group (WG) designations. Letters assigned alphabetically as groups created. No WG/ WG document 802.11c MAC Bridging work incorporated into 802.1d 802.11l typologically unsound 802.11m doc maintenance 802.11o typologically unsound 802.11q too close to 802.1q 802.11x generic 802.11 standard 802.11t (test) will produce 802.11.2

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm

802.11n (more later)


MIMO evolution of 802.11 OFDM PHY
Fully interoperable with legacy 802.11a/b/g Up to 4 antennas per device 20 and 40MHz channels 288 Mbps in 20MHz and 600 Mbps in 40MHz (64 QAM, 4 spatial streams, 1/2 guard interval) Claim of 100 Mbps in real throughput Transmit beamforming with negligible overhead at the client Advanced channel coding techniques (RS) Space Time Block Coding (Alamouti and others) 1/2 guard interval (i.e., 400ns instead of 800 ns) 7/8 rate coding HDTV, DVD interactive gaming, enterprise 29/82
Image from: http://www.tgnsync.org/products

Status
Nov 06 group approved draft 1.06, still 350+ comments to resolve. In Draft 2.0 Lots of pre-n devices floating around IP issues Expect ratified standard in Spring 2008
Certify to Draft 2.0 started this spring Certify to Ratified Standard when done.

Data Rates

Wi-Fi Alliance

Optional enhancements

Applications focused on streaming data


802.11y (more later)

Ports 802.11a to 3.65 GHz 3.7 GHz (US Only)


FCC opened up band in July 2005 Ready 2008

Intended to provide rural broadband access Incumbents


Band previously reserved for fixed satellite service (FSS) and radar installations including offshore Must protect 3650 MHz (radar) Not permitted within 80km of inband government radar Specialized requirements near Mexico/Canada and other incumbent users

Leverages other amendments


Adds 5,10 MHz channelization (802.11j) DFS for signaling for radar avoidance (802.11h)

Working to improve channel announcement signaling Database of existing devices


Access nodes register at http://wireless.fcc.gov/uls Must check for existing devices at same site

Higher power could extend range to 30/82 5km


Source: IEEE 802.11-06/0YYYr0

802.11p (more later)


Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)
Started in IEEE 1609, spun into 802.11p AKA (WAVE) Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment

Collision Avoidance Scenario


COLLISION IMMINENT FRONT
In-Vehicle Displays and Annunciations

COLLISION IMMINENT LEFT

Ready by 2009 5.850 to 5.925GHz band Goal


Telematics (collision avoidance)
Roadside-to-vehicle Vehicle-to-vehicle environments

Note 1: The OBU in the vehicle recognizing the threat transmits a WARNING and COLLISION PREPARATION MESSAGE with the location address of the threat vehicle.

Note 2: Only the OBU in the threatening vehicle processes the message because only it matches the threat address.

54 Mbps, <50 ms latency


Possible competitor to cellular Range up to 1 km

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

Note 3: COLLISION PREPARATION includes seat belt tightening, side air bag deployment, side bumper expansion, etc. Radar Threat Identification

up to

100 m

(328 ft)

Atheros released an early chipset for DSRC (version I, current work is on version II)

Car NOT Stopping Traffic Signal Traffic Signal OBUs on Control Ch

From: IEEE 802.11- 04/ 0121r0 Available: http://www.npstc.org/meetings/Cash%20WAVE%20Information%20for%20 5.9%20GHz%20061404.pdf

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802.11r (more later)


Modify MAC and security protocols to support faster handoffs
Important as voice over WiFi becomes more popular

Status
Standard out in 2008 Will be certified by WiFi Alliance

Features
QoS reservation Encryption key distribution 5 step handoff process to 3 steps

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http://www.networkcomputing.com/gallery/2007/0416/0416ttb.jhtml;jsessionid=0CK4ZKR20HC5QQSNDLPCKHSCJUNN2JVN

802.11s (more later)


Modify 802.11 MAC to create dynamic self-configuring network of access points (AP) called and Extended Service Set (ESS) Mesh Status
Standard out in 2009 Numerous mesh products available now Involvement from Mitre, NRL

Features
Automatic topology learning, dynamic path selection Single administrator for 802.11i (authentication) Support higher layer connections Allow alternate path selection metrics Extend network merely by introducing access point and configuring SSID

IP or Ethernet

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Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN
<40 km 802.22

WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j

WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN
<10m WiBree

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, Birth of Broadband, September 2003

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802.16 Family (WiMAX)


802.16 Apr 2002 802.16a Apr 2003 802.16c Jan 2003 802.16d Oct 2004 802.16e Dec 2005 802.16f Dec 2005 LOS 10-66 GHz 2-11 GHz 2-11 GHz Combined 802.16,a,c Mobile WiMAX Net Management Database (MIB) 802.16g Spring 2007 Network management plane 802.16h Fall 2007 License-exempt Coexistence 802.16i 2008? Mobile Management Information Base 802.16j 2008 Mobile Multihop Relay CFP Dec 2006 802.16k Fall 2007 Network Management (to WG ballot) 802.16m 2009-10 4G
Projections based on data at http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/milestones/dev/mile 35/82 stones_dev.html

Commercialization Roadmap

WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org

802.16e (Mobile WiMAX, 802.162005)


Ideally, 802.16 + mobility
Really intended for nomadic or low mobility Not backwards compatible with 802.16-2004 http://www.unstrung.com/docu ment.asp?doc_id=76862

PHY Spec Overview

Direct competitor to 3G, 4G, 802.20 though WiMAX Forum once said otherwise Advance equipment and planned deployments, particularly for WiBro PHY
Scalable OFDM + Optional MIMO Convolutional turbo codes Optional block turbo codes, LDPC

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WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org

Other Mobile WiMAX Features


Frame-by-frame resource allocation Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) UL and DL Scheduling Variable QoS Three handoff methods
A traditional Hard Handoff (HHO) Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS) A list of reachable base stations is maintained by mobile and base stations, but base stations discard packets if not the active BS Macro Diversity (MDHO) Same list is maintained, but all base stations in the list can participate in the reception and transmission of packets.
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Security
AES for traffic and control data EAP Privacy and Key Management Protocol Version 2 (PKMv2) 3-way handshake on handoffs

IP Core Network (supports Voice Over IP) Multicast Broadcast Services


Like cellular multicast services

WiBRO
Defines a set of options for Mobile WiMAX for Korean deployment

802.16h

Draft to ballot Oct 06, 67% approve, resolving comments)


Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for LicenseExempt Operation Explicitly, a cognitive radio standard Incorporates many of the hot topics in cognitive radio
Token based negotiation Interference avoidance Network collaboration RRM databases

Coexistence with non 802.16h systems


Regular quiet times for other systems to transmit
From: M. Goldhamer, Main concepts of IEEE P802.16h / D1, Document Number: IEEE C802.16h-06/121r1, November 13-16, 2006.

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802.16j Mobile Multi-hop Relay


Expand coverage, capacity by adding relay stations Intended for licensed operation Not intended as a mesh network
Actually a tree

Relays controlled from base stations Fixed Relay


Permanent installation Useful for coverage holes

Support mobile units

Nomadic Relay
Temporary fixed installation Extra capacity for special events (military SDR conferences)

Mobile Relay
Placed on mobile platform to support users on the platform Useful for public transport (buses, trains)

Modified from Fig 1 in IEEE 802.16mmr-05/032

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802.16m
Intended to be 4G (satisfy requirements of IMTAdvanced) http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/ Requirements still being defined
http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/docs/80216m07_002r1.pdf
Projected Improvements over 802.16e

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Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN
<40 km 802.22

WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j

WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN
<10m WiBree

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, Birth of Broadband, September 2003

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Cellular Technologies
Standard IS-54 IS-136 iDEN WiDEN GSM HSCSD GPRS EDGE EDGE Ev WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA TD-SCDMA TS-SOFDMA LTE IS-95 IS-95b Cdma2000 1xRTT 3x EVDO EVDV EVDO Rv A EVDO Rv B UMB Release Date 1990 1994 1993 2002 1990 1997 1998 2000 2006 1999 2003 2004 1999 2007 2007 1993 1999 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2006 2008 Purpose 2G 2G 2G 2.5G 2G 2.25 G 2.5 G 2.5 G 2.75 G 3G 3.5 G 3.5 G 3.5 G 3.5 G 4 G? 2G 2.25 G 3G Peak Data Rate 8 kbps 8 kbps 24 kbps 132 kbps 9.6 kbps 38.4 kbps 171.2 kbps 384 kbps 1 Mbps Comments Phasing out (IS-54B) Phasing out Motorola proprietary Motorola proprietary GMSK Up to 4 traffic channels/device

Higher order modulation Multiple carriers, higher order modulation 2 Mbps FDD popular, TDD also available 20/2 Mbps 10 Mbps w/o MIMO 20/5.5 Mbps 2 Mbps China, Smaller bandwidths supported 100/50 Mbps China OFDM/MIMO 100/50 Mbps AML OFDM/MIMO 14;4 kbps DSSS 64 kbps 144 kbps CDMA 3G1x Not deployed nor completed Cdma450 is a downbanded version Dead on Arrival

3 1.25MHz chan. 3x 3.25 G 384 kbps 3.5 G 4.8 Mbps 3.5 G 3.1/1.8 Mbps 3.5 G 74/27 Mbps 4 G? 500 Mbps 42/82

OFDMA/MIMO

Cellular Overview
Two primary competing approaches to 3G
3GPP Family
GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA (WCDMATDD), HSCSD, HSPDA, LTE

Promotional www.gsmworld.com Standards www.3gpp.org 3GPP2 Family CDMAOne (IS-95a,b), 1xRTT, 1xEVDO, 1xEVDV, UMB Promotional http://www.cdg.org Standards www.3gpp2.org Voice + high speed data + mobility

One vision

One dominant IP holder (Qualcomm)


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GSM Coverage

http://www.coveragemaps.com/gsmposter_world.htm

WCDMA Coverage areas: Europe, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Israel, South Africa, Bahrain, US (Spotty)
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CDMA Subscriber Stats (June 07)


All CDMA

Better upgrade path, Lots of cannibalization of IS-95


Just cdma2000

Stats as of June 2007

http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/report/072Q_cdma_subscriber_report.pdf

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Global Cellular Market Data


Currently over 2.3 billion cellular subscribers worldwide (INSTAT) By 2010 projected to be over 3.6 billion (over half the world INSTAT) 3GPP (GSM/WCDMA) has most of the market (77% in 2005, 83% in 2006)
Most of that lead is in GSM
http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4

3GPP2 (cdma2000) got a massive jump on 3GPP However, WiMAX may soon outpace As of July 07
http://www.3 gtoday.com/ wps/portal/su bscribers/

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North American Cellular Market


3G almost exclusively 3GPP2 Significant number of legacy deployments

http://www.cellular-news.com/story/26145.php

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Cellular Evolution Paths


General trend to higher data rates via transition to OFDM, MIMO, wider bandwidths, VoIP, and greater flexibility

UMB

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GPRS
General Packet Radio Service Packet-based protocol layered over GSM or IS-136 networks
Transfer rates up to 171.2 kbps Supports X.25 and IP (Internet Protocol) Packet-switched link
Makes possible data transfer without circuit connection Uses up to 8 channels simultaneously

Widespread deployment
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EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Data rate expected up to 384 kbps
Higher-order modulation over GSM provides enhanced data rates Typically 100 kbps

Technology compatible with both GSM and IS-136 standards

http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4

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3G Standards
cdma2000 1.25MHz bandwidth
1x - Voice and basic data service (up to 307.2Kbps) 1xEV-DO enhanced data service only (up to 2.5Mbps) 1xEV-DV voice and enhanced data service (up to 5Mbps) CDMA450

3GSM (WCDMA) 3.84MHz bandwidth

WCDMA (UMTS) Voice and basic data (up to 384 Kbps) HSDPA Voice and enhanced data service (up to 10Mbps) TD-SCDMA Chinese variant on WCDMA
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General 3GPP Technologies


Generic Access Network
Supports handoffs between GSM networks and 802.11 or Bluetooth networks

Packet Switched Handoffs


Enables easier handoffs between different 3GPP networks

Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services


Simultaneous broadcast of data streams to multiple recipients 52/82

WCDMA
Wideband CDMA UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
Also known as 3GSM

Different from CDMA2000 Standard controlled by 3GPP Uses new spectrum Can be complemented by EDGE in less dense areas
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HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access W-CDMA downlink
8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), MIMO (Release 6) Hybrid ARQ All IP core network
(Release 4) Originally ATM

Table from: http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/images/hsdpa.png 54/82

HSUPA (EUL)
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (Enhanced UpLink) Similar technologies to HSDPA Demo by Ericsson May 2005
Handsets 2007 http://www.mobic.com/news/publisher/view.do?id=31 96

T-Mobile planning deployment in Austria in 2007


http://www.mobilecommstechnology.com/projects/hsupa/
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Long Term Evolution (LTE)


Targets:
DL 100 Mbps in 20 MHz (5 bps/Hz) UL 50 Mbps in 20 MHZ (2.5 bps/Hz) Reduced transition time between states (such as between idle and active states) Variable bandwidth allocations: 1.25 MHz, 1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink At least 200 users/cell Load sharing/policy across radio access technologies

Downlink: Adaptive multilink OFDM (AML-OFDM), which means different bandwidths based on demand
Variable prefix size
4.7 ms to 16.7 ms Intent to support up to 120 km cells

Called High Speed OFDM Packet Access or HSOPA

Uplink
Single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) with dynamic bandwidth allocation Unique time-frequency interval to the terminal for the transmission of user data (for orthogonality)

Standard targeted for 2008 Products in 2009 (http://www.ericsson.com/technology/te ch_articles/super_3g.shtml)

Support for antenna arrays


Beamforming, MIMO

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TD-SCDMA (more later)


Time Division Synchronous CDMA
Synchronized uplink channels aided by joint detection Chinas 3G technology Requires mature 2G (GSM) network for implementation

Core network is almost the same as WCDMA

TD-SCDMA Multiple Access Options

Part of the 3GPP (3rd Generation Planning Partnership Project) Multiple chip rates
LCR: 1.28 Mcps, 1.6 MHz BW HCR: 3.84 Mcps, 5 MHz BW Does not use paired frequency bands
Optimum for symmetric and asymmetric data services

TDD link

1.6 MHz bandwidth allows flexibly spectrum allocation

Partially motivated by avoiding paying Qualcomm royalties Significant deployment delays

B. Li, D. Xie, S.Cheng, J. Chen, P. Zhang, W.Zhu, B. Li; Recent advances on TDSCDMA in China, IEEE Comm. Mag, vol 43, pp 30-37, Jan 2005

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cdma2000 1xRTT
1x Radio Transmission Technology Also known as:
CDMA 1x CDMA 3G1x

Packet-switched (always on) Maximum of 144kbps


Typical 40-60 kbps

Deployments
South Korea, US, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Uganda, Ukraine, Thailand, Russia, Pakistan, Indonesia, India, China, Chile, Angola
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cdma2000 1x EV-DO
CDMA EVolution Data Only
Designed to support only data applications
VOIP CDMA 1x EV-DO CDMA EV-DO

Also known as:

Can offer data rates of 384kbps - 2.4Mbps


Does not mix voice traffic with data traffic South Korea: 01/25/02 (SK Telecom), 05/01/02 (KTF) United States: 10/29/02 (Monet) Australia (Hutchison) Bermuda (Bermuda Digital) Guatelmala (Movistar Guatelmala)
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Deployments:

cdma2000 1x EV-DV
CDMA2000 EVolution Data and Voice Intended to blend both voice and data traffic
Can use existing EV-DO or 1x infrastructure as a starting point

Data rates up to 4.8 Mbps Dead on arrival


http://telephonyonline.com/mag/telecom_evdv_dead/ index.html Qualcomm halted work on the standard in 2005
http://news.com.com/Cell+phone+makers+to+adopt+I nternet+calling/2100-7352_3-5618191.html

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EVDO Rev B
Adds Multiple carriers 2xEVDO, 3xEVDO, Up to 15 1.25 MHz carriers within 20 MHz Adds support for 64-QAM modulation DL 73.5 Mbps UL 27 Mbps Dynamic non-contiguous carrier allocation Support for single carrier and multiple carrier subscribers Standardized 2006 Trial mid-2007 Commercial deployments mid-2008
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EVDO Rev C (UMB)


Spec published Sep 24, 2007
http://www.cdg.org/news/press/2007/Sep24_07.asp 3GPP2 (UMB) beats 3GPP to market again Commercially available 1H 2009

Data rates, mobile with 20 MHz bandwidth


DL: 288 Mbps UL: 75 Mbps

Key technologies
OFDMA, MIMO, beamforming Flexible spectrum allocation Enhanced QoS Support for multiple access technologies

Reduced latency
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Other Cellular Efforts


iDEN CDMA 450 OFDM-FLO (Qualcomm) DVB-H (GSM/ETSI) IEEE 802.20

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iDEN
Motorola created Nextel popularized cellular technology TDMA 6 channels on 25 MHz PTT, voice, data May expand to 100 MHz (WiDEN) for 96 kbps Other countries implementing iDEN networks:
South Korea, Japan, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Singapore

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cdma450
cdma2000 in 450 MHz band Permits migration of Nordic Mobile Telephone System Deployments in Asia, Europe, South America

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Media-FLO
http://www.qualcomm.com/mediaflo/index.shtml Not 4G itself, but possibly indicative of Qualcomms direction (they also own spectrum) Mobile Video Broadcast (Digital TV, Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld) OFDM based system 11.2Mbps at 6MHz Run-time optimization of power, frequency, time Chipsets available Nov 2004 Possible use in UHF bands (high power) Standard released
http://telephonyonline.com/home/news/flo_forum_multim edia_112805/ http://telephonyonline.com/wireless/news/verizon_media flo_qualcomm_120105/
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Verizon to offer service in 2006

Digital Video BroadcastingHandheld


ETSI digital video broadcasting standard
Based on DVB-T

Forum http://www.dvb-h-online.org/ Backed by GSM networks Also OFDM based CrownCastle testing in Pennsylvania Numerous trials in Europe
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IEEE 802.20
Fill performance gap between high data-rate, low mobility 802 standards and high mobility cellular networks 802.20 Shenanigans Allegations of process abuse brought to a screeching halt when standard suspended in September Project Launched 2004 Looked to be dead in the water
Flarion leading proposal Qualcomm leading vote holder

QTDD/QFDD Proposal OFDMA data channel CDMA control channel Bandwidths

5 MHz 20 MHz
Single, multiple code word Pseudo- Eigen beamforming Separate mode from MIMO MIMO, 20 MHz

MIMO Space Division Multiple Access Data Rate 260 Mbps Turbo coding Time-frequency hopping Supposed to support inter Radio Access Technology handoffs

Turned around when Qualcomm bought Flarion (Aug 05)


http://www.dailywireless.org/modules.ph p?name=News&file=article&sid=4532 Qualcomm (Flarion) TDD, FDD ETRI BEST-WINE (Kyocera)

Went to proposal downselection process


Reapproved in Dec 06 First meeting Jan 2007


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Cellular Takeaways
Two major approaches to 3G

>10 standards in those two families


Cheaper than upgrading for voice

Legacies continue to be deployed Multi User Detection (MUD) and MIMO techniques that could dramatically increase capacity GSM and TDMA systems may extend lifetime of legacy systems.
http://www.iee.org/oncomms/pn/antennas/mimo/chenu_tournier y.pdf

Voice remains killer ap for cellular, data likely to be supported by other networks
Convergence of devices supporting cellular and WiFi

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Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN
<40 km 802.22

WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j

WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN
<10m WiBree

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, Birth of Broadband, September 2003

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802.22
Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN)
First explicit cognitive radio standard Aimed at bringing broadband access in rural and remote areas Takes advantage of better propagation characteristics at VHF and low-UHF Takes advantage of unused TV channels that exist in these sparsely populated areas

Status (IEEE 802.22-06/0251r0)


First draft finishing First vote in Mar Published 2009?
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Features of 802.22
Data Rates 5 Mbps 70 Mbps Point-to-multipoint TDD/FDD DFS, TPC Adaptive Modulation
QPSK, 16, 64-QAM, Spread QPSK 802.16 MAC plus the following
Multiple channel support Coexistence
Incumbents BS synchronization Dynamic resource sharing

OFDMA on uplink and downlink Use multiple contiguous TV channels when available Fractional channels (adapting around microphones) Space Time Block Codes Beam Forming
No feedback for TDD (assumes channel reciprocity)

Clustering support Signal detection/classification routines

Security based on 802.16e security Collaborative sensing Techniques in 802.22 will be extended to other standards and to other bands around the world

802.16-like ranging
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Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN
<40 km 802.22

WWAN
<15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN
<5 km 802.16e,h,j

WLAN
<100m 802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN
<10m WiBree

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, Birth of Broadband, September 2003

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Globalstar
Globalstar I Based on cdmaOne Jan 2006 - FCC granted license to offer ancillary terrestrial service
http://www.globalstarusa.com/en/about/newsevents/press_display.php?pressId =58 Moving to 48 LEOS for global coverage, unspecified improved performance http://www.globalstar.com/en/news/pressreleases/press_display.php?pres sId=426 Coverage still constrained by ground stations? First launch in 2009?
http://www.skyrocket.de/space/index_frame.htm?http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_ sdat/globalstar-2.htm

Globalstar II

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http://www.globalstarusa.com/en/content.php?cid=300

Green areas not available to North American subscribers

Inmarsat
Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN)
492 kbps peak 256 kbps stream Voice telephony E-mail Internet access Access to corporate networks File transfer Video conferencing Video broadcast Video store-and-forward

BGAN supported by I-4 Satellites


Based on Astriums Eurostar Geostationary 19 wide beams, 200 narrow spot beams (I-3 7 wide beams) Variable QoS, can combine channels, variable QoS 16-fold increase in traffic capacity

Applications

Yet to launch Pacific Satellite


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http://www.inmarsat.com/bgan

Summary and Future Trends


Relevant Data and a Discussion on 4G

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Convergence of Approaches
WiMAX becoming more like cellular, cellular becoming more like WiMAX Cellular like waveforms converging to mix of OFDMA + MIMO optimized for low speeds with small cell sizes
Source: http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/downloads/ WiMAX_and_ IMT_2000.pdf

Recognition of this convergence is leading to WiMAX being treated like a cellular technology
Sprints XOhm network Push for WiMAX to be classified as 3G
http://www.livemint.com/2007/09/06000634/India-backs-Wimax-techon-3Gn.html

WiMAX cell phones coming


Nokia, Motorola, Samsung http://www.reuters.com/article/technology-media-telco-SPA/idUSSP31345620070904
77/82 WiMAX may pass it by Because 3G took so long to deploy,

Breeding Successful Technologies


Mobile WiMAX will be a MIMO standard, but so will WCDMA
Transition of technologies can significantly extend useful lifetime of deployments
Enhanced EDGE WCDMA + MIMO may steal LTEs market

802.11n predates mobile WiMAX

802.22 techniques opening up legacy spectrum for other standards


White Space Coalition 802.16m

Standards can expect to continue to evolve even post-deployment


Need for SDR

May make for smoother transition to 4G


Erik Dahlman, Hannes Ekstrm, Anders Furuskr, Ylva Jading, Jonas Karlsson, Magnus Lundevall, Stefan Parkvall, The 3G Long-Term Evolution Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation, VTC 06

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4G
Wireless community already looking towards 4G Requirements being formalized
1 Gbps fixed 100 Mbps mobile (end-to-end) Support for heterogeneous nets Global roaming

Several candidates already emerging


Cellular evolution 802.16m NTT DoCoMos 5 Gbps prototype
http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/files/2 0070209_attachment02.pdf
3G Americas, Defining 4G: Understanding the ITU Process for the Next Generation of Wireless Technology, July 2007 Available online: http://3gamericas.com/PDFs/3G_Americas_Defining_4G_WP_July2007.pdf

Chinas home grown standard


http://www.forbes.com/markets/fee ds/afx/2007/09/25/afx4151478.html

Common techniques
OFDMA, MIMO, small cell sizes optimized for low speed, but support for high speed, IP backbone
79/82 http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/files/20070209_attachment01.pdf

Overview Take-Always 1/2


High data rate systems migrating to OFDM + MIMO PHY
OFDM WiMedia, 802.11a,g, 802.16, 802.20, 802.22, UMB, LTE OFDM + MIMO 802.11n, 802.16e, 802.20, UMB, LTE

More responsive/adaptive resource management (early cognitive radio)


Multiple QoS levels 802.11e; 802.16e; 802.20; UMB, LTE, EVDO, Dynamic channel selection WiMedia; 802.11h,y; 802.16h; 802.22 Distributed sensing 802.22

Coexistence given increasing interest


Vertical handoffs 802.21, 802.11u Legacy systems 802.22, 802.11h,y, 802.16h

New bands opening up for old techs


802.15.4d, 802.11j,p,y
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Overview Take-Always 2/2


Some spectral harmonization
5 GHz for WiMAX

China pushing own standards


802.15.4c, TD-SCDMA, TD-SOFDMA

Emergence of Advanced Networking


802.11s, 802.15.5, 802.16j

Increasing # of technologies
Legacy systems not quickly fading and large # of new ones

Convergence on AES for security


802.11i, WiMedia, Mobile WiMAX

All IP Backbone
Mobile WiMAX, UMB, LTE 81/82

Useful Websites (News, Promotional, Forums, Standards)


WLAN
www.wi-fi.org www.wi-fiplanet.com/ http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/ 3GPP Family
www.gsmworld.com www.umtsworld.com www.gsacom.com www.3gpp.org http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/

802.15
www.bluetooth.com https://www.bluetooth.org/ www.wimedia.org http://www.zigbee.org/en/ http://www.uwbforum.org/ www.wibree.org http://www.multibandofdm.org/ http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/

3GPP2 Family
www.cdg.org www.3gpp2.org

802.20
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/20/

802.21
http://www.ieee802.org/21/ www.umatechnology.org

802.16
www.wimaxforum.org http://wimaxxed.com http://wimax.com http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/

802.22
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/22/

E2R Requirements and scenario definition, Available online: http://e2r.motlabs.com/Deliverables/E 2R_WP4_D4.1_040725.pdf

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