Name: _________________________________________ CHAPTER 1 (MICROORGANISM) 1.

Effect of pH factor on the growth of microorganisms

Aim : To study the effect of pH value on the growth of bacteria. Problem statement : What is the effect of pH value on the growth of bacteria? Hypothesis : Bacteria live well at pH 7. Variable: Manipulated: Responds Constant : : pH value the growth of bacteria quantity of bacteria 1. 2. 3. 4. Bacterial culture Nutrien broth Distil water Hydrochloric acid 5. 6. 7. Sodium hydroxide Test tubes Cotton

Class: ________

Materials and Apparatus:

sterile cotton

Sterile cotton

nutrient broth + Bacteria culture A acidic Procedure:

1. 2.

nutrient broth + Bacteria culture B pH 7 (neutral)

nutrient broth + Bacteria culture C Alkaline

Three test tubes with nutrient broth are labelled A, B and C. The solutions below are added to the test tubes: A: 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid + 1 ml of bacterial culture B: 1 ml of distilled water + 1 ml of bacterial culture C: 1 ml of sodium hydroxide solution + 1 ml of bacterial culture

3. 4. 5.

The test tubes are covered with a steril cotton. All the three test tubes are kept in a cupboard. After 4 days, observation on the growth of bacteria is recorded. Observation

Tabulation of data: Test tube Condition A acidic B pH 7 (neutral) C Alkaline Conclusion: Bacteria live well at pH 7. Hypothesis is accepted.

Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang

Name: _________________________________________ 2. Effect of temperature factor on the growth of microorganisms:

Aim : To study the effect of temperature on the growth of bacteria. Problem statement : What is the effect of temperature on the growth of bacteria? Hypothesis : Bacteria live well at 370C. Variable: Manipulated: Responds Constant : : temperature the growth of bacteria quantity of bacteria 1. 2. 3. Bacterial culture Nutrient broth Distil water 5. 6. 7. oven Test tubes Cotton

Class: ________

Materials and Apparatus:

Sterile cotton

nutrient broth + Bacteria culture

nutrient broth + Bacteria culture

nutrient broth + Bacteria culture

A (50C ) Procedure:

B (370C )

C (600C )

1. Three test tubes with nutrient broth are labelled A, B and C. 2. 1 ml of bacterial culture is poured onto the nutrient broth in each test tube. 3. The test tubes are covered with a steril cotton. 4. The test tube are placed in various places as stated below: A: kept in a refrigerator at temperature 50C B: kept in an oven at temperature 370C C: kept in an oven at temperature 800C 5. After 4 days, observation on the growth of bacteria is recorded.

Tabulation of data: Test tube Condition A 50C B 370C C 600C Conclusion:

Observation

Bacteria live well at 370C. Hypothesis is accepted. Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang 2

Name: _________________________________________ 3. Effect of light on the growth of microorganisms: Aim : To study the effect of light on the growth of bacteria. Problem statement : What is the effect of light on the growth of bacteria? Hypothesis : Bacteria live well in the dark condition. Variable: Manipulated: Responds Constant : : The present of light the growth of bacteria quantity of bacteria Bacterial culture Nutrient broth Distil water 4. 5.

Class: ________

Materials and Apparatus: 1. 2. 3.

Test tubes Cotton

sterile cotton

nutrient broth + Bacteria culture A (dark)

nutrient broth + Bacteria culture B (under bright light)

Procedure: 1. Two test tubes with nutrient broth are labelled A and B. 2. 1 ml of bacterial culture is poured onto the nutrient broth in each test tube. 3. The test tubes are covered with a steril cotton. 4. The test tubes are placed in various places as stated below: A: is placed in a dark condition B: is left under bright light. 5. After 4 days, observation on the growth of bacteria is recorded. Tabulation of data: Test tube A B Conclusion: Bacteria live well in the dark condition. Hypothesis is accepted. Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang 3 Condition dark bright light Observation

Name: _________________________________________ 4. Effect of humidity on the growth of microorganisms: Aim : To study the effect of humidity on the growth of bacteria. Problem statement : What is the effect of humidity on the growth of bacteria? Hypothesis : Bacteria live well in humid conditions. Variable: Manipulated: Responds Constant : : Humidity the growth of bacteria quantity of bacteria Bacterial culture Damp nutrient broth Dry nutrient broth 4.

Class: ________

Materials and Apparatus: 1. 2. 3.

Test tubes

5. Cotton 6. Distil water

sterile cotton Damp nutrient broth + Bacteria culture A (humid) B (dry) Dry nutrient broth + Bacteria culture

Procedure: 1. Two test tubes are labelled A and B, and their contents are shown below. A: Damp nutrient broth + 1 ml of bacterial culture B: Dry nutrient broth + 1 ml of bacterial culture 2. The test tubes are covered with a steril cotton. 3. All the three test tubes are kept in a cupboard. 4. After 4 days, observation on the growth of bacteria is recorded. Tabulation of data: Test tube A B Conclusion: Bacteria live well under humid conditions. Hypothesis is accepted. Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang 4 Condition Humid Dry Observation

Name: _________________________________________ 5. Effect of nutrient on the growth of microorganisms: Aim : To study the effect of nutrient on the growth of bacteria. Problem statement : What is the effect of nutrient on the growth of bacteria? Hypothesis : Bacteria live well in the presence of nutrient. Variable: Manipulated: Responds Constant : : the presence of nutrient the growth of bacteria quantity of bacteria Bacterial culture Nutrien broth Broth without nutrient sterile cotton
Nutrient broth + Bacteria culture

Class: ________

Materials and Apparatus: 1. 2. 3.

5. 4.

Cotton Test tubes

Broth without nutrient + Bacteria culture

A (Broth with nutrient) Procedure:

B (Broth without nutrient)

1. Two test tubes are labelled A and B, and their contents are shown below. A: damp nutrient broth + 1 ml of bacterial culture B: damp broth without nutrient + 1 ml of bacterial culture 2. The test tubes are covered with a steril cotton. 3. All the three test tubes are kept in a cupboard. 4. After 4 days, observation on the growth of bacteria is recorded. Tabulation of data: Test tube A B Conclusion: Bacteria live well in the presence of nutrient. Hypothesis is accepted. Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang 5 Condition Broth with nutrient Broth without nutrient Observation

Name: _________________________________________ 6. Effect of antibiotic on the growth of microorganisms: Aim : To study the effect of antibiotic on the growth of bacteria. Problem statement : What is the effect of antibiotic on the growth of bacteria? Hypothesis : Antibiotics prevent the growth of bacteria. Variable: Manipulated: Responds Constant : : The presence of an antibiotic The presence of clear area quantity of bacteria Bacterial culture Nutrient agar antibiotic (penicillin) Petri dish 5. 6. 7.

Class: ________

Materials and Apparatus: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Distil water Cellophane tape Filter paper

distil water disc

nutrient agar + bacteria culture B

penicillin disc

A Procedure: 1. Two Petri dishes with nutrient agar are labelled A and B.

2. 1 ml of bacterial culture is poured onto the nutrient agar in each Petri dish. 3. A dish of filter paper that has been moistened with distil water is placed on the surface of nutrient agar in Petri dish A as shown above. 4. A penicillin disc is placed on the surface of nutrient agar in Petri dish B. 5. All the two petri dishes are kept in a cupboard. 6. After 4 days, observation on the growth of bacteria is recorded. Tabulation of data: Petri dish A B Conclusion: Antibiotics prevent the growth of bacteria. Hypothesis is accepted. Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang 6 Condition Distil water Antibiotic Observation

Name: _________________________________________ CAPTER 5 (MOTION) A) INERTIA

Aim: To study the relationship between mass and inertia. Problem statement: What is the relationship between mass and inertia? Hypothesis: The bigger the mass of an object, the bigger its inertia. Variable: Manipulated : mass of tin. Responding Constant : Difficulty in moving and stopping the tin. : Length of string

Class: ________

Materials and apparatus:

1. Sand 2. Tin 3. String

Procedure:
1. Tin B is filled up with sand while tin A is left empty. 2. Both tins are swung at the same height. 3. The tin are stopped from swinging after a while. 4. The tin that is harder to swing and that is harder to stop are observed.

Tabulation Of Data: Tin Mass Of Tin A Small B Big Conclusion:

Difficulty in moving and stopping the tin

The bigger the mass of an object, the bigger its inertia. Hypothesis accepted.

Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang

Name: _________________________________________ MOMENTUM Relationship Between Mass And Momentum Aim: To study the relationship between mass and momentum. Problem statement: What is the relationship between mass and momentum? Hypothesis: The bigger the mass of a moving object, the bigger its momentum. Variable: Manipulated variable : mass of trolley. Responding variable : momentum Constant variable Materials and apparatus: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. : length of the track Trolley Track metre ruler Wooden block

Class: ________

(a)

(b)

Procedure: 1. The apparatus as shown in diagram (a) is set up. 2. A trolley is pushed gently to move down the track and collides a wooden block. 3. The displacement of wooden block is measured and recorded. 4. This experiment is repeated by using a two-stacked trolley as shown in diagram (b). Tabulation Of Data: Trolley One trolley Two-stacked trolley Conclusion: The bigger the mass of a moving object, the bigger its momentum. Hypothesis is accepted. Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang 8 Mass Of Trolley Small Big Displacement of wooden block (cm) 6.5 23.5 momentum Small Big

Name: _________________________________________ 2. Relationship Between Velocity And Momentum Aim: To study the relationship between velocity and momentum. Problem statement: What is the relationship between velocity and momentum?

Class: ________

Hypothesis: The bigger the velocity of a moving object, the bigger its momentum. Variable: Manipulated : velocity of trolley (Steepness of track) . Responding Constant : Distance between the end of track and the wooden block. : length of the track Trolley Track metre ruler Wooden block

Materials and apparatus: 1. 2. 3. 4.

(a) Procedure: 1. The apparatus as shown in diagram (a) is set up.

(b)

2. A trolley is pushed gently down the track and it collides with a wooden block. 3. The displacement of wooden block is measured and recorded 4. This experiment is repeated by using two wooden blocks to make the track steeper as shown in diagram (b). Tabulation Of Data: Steepness of track Low High Conclusion:
The bigger the velocity of a moving object, the bigger its momentum. Hypothesis is accepted.

Velocity Of Trolley Small Big

Displacement of wooden block (cm) 18 61

momentum Small Big

Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang

Name: _________________________________________ C) PRESSURE 1. Relationship Between Pressure And Force Aim: To study the relationship between pressure and force. Problem statement: What is the relationship between pressure and force? Hypothesis: The bigger the force, the higher the pressure. Variable: Manipulated : Mass of load Responding Constant : Sponge compression distance. : Contact surface area

Class: ________

Materials and apparatus: 1. Five 100g weight 2. Sponge 3. Wooden block 4. cardboard

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The apparatus are prepared as shown above. A 100g weight is placed on the sponge. The distance of the compressed sponge is recorded. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated with various loads of 200g, 300g, 400g and 500g. The observation is recorded.

Tabulation Of Data: Weight mass (g) Distance of compression (cm) Conlusion: The bigger the force, the higher the pressure. Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang Hypothesis is accepted. 10 100 0.2 200 0.4 300 0.6 400 0.8 500 1.0

Name: _________________________________________ 2. Relationship Between Pressure And surface Area. Aim: To study the relationship between pressure and surface area.

Class: ________

Problem statement: What is the relationship between pressure and surface area? Hypothesis: The smaller the contact surface area, the higher the pressure. Variable: Manipulated : Sharpness of nail Responding Constant : Depth of the dent on plasticine : The Mass of the weight 500g weight Sharp nail 2. 4. Blunt nail Plasticine

Materials and apparatus: 1. 2.

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. A 500g weight on top of the plasticine as shown above. The impact on the plasticine is recorded. The experiment is repeated by putting the weight on a sharp nail and a blunt nail respectively, while their pointed edges press against the plasticine. The dent formed on the plasticine are compared. Result is recorded in a table.

Tabulation Of Data: Experiment Weight only Weight and blunt nail Weight and sharp nail Contact surface area Big Small (blunt nail) Very Small (sharp nail) Depth of the dent on plasticine Shallower Deep Deeper

Conlusion: The smaller the contact surface area, the higher the pressure. Hypothesis is accepted. Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang 11

Name: _________________________________________ Aim: To study Archimedes principle. displaced?

Class: ________

Problem statement: What is the relationship between the buoyant force and the weight of the water Hypothesis: The buoyant force acting on the stone is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the stone. Variable: Manipulated : Weight of stone Responding Constant : Weight of water displaced. : Type of water used Eureka can, Thread Spring balance 2. 4. 6. Beaker Stones of different sizes Water

Materials and apparatus: 1. 3. 5.

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram above. Record the weight of the stone as shown in diagram (a). Measure the weight of the empty beaker and record it as W1. Immerse the stone into the water in the Eureka Vessel as shown in diagram (b). Record the weight of the stone when immersed in water. Measure the weight of the beaker that contains the displaced water and record it as W2. Calculate the weight of the displaced water. (W2 - W1 ) Repeat steps 2-7 by using different sizes of stones. 12

9. Record the observations in the form of the table. Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang

Name: _________________________________________ Result: Weight of stone in air = 0.8 N (W3) Weight of stone in water = 0.4 N (W4) (appearance weight loss of the stone) Buoyant force acting on the stone = 0.4 N (W3 - W4) Weight of empty beaker = 0.6 N (W1) Weight of beaker and water displaced = 1.0 N (W5) Weight of water displaced = 0.4 N (W5 - W1) From the results, W4 < W3 W3 - W4 = W5 - W1 Weight Of Stone in the water (N) 0.4 0.2 Discussion: Weight Of Water Displaced (N) 0.4 0.2

Class: ________

From the experiment, it is observed that volume of water displaced is equal to the volume of the object that is completely immersed in water. The weight of the stone when it is completely immersed in water is less than the natural weight of the stone in air. This is due to the upthrust or buoyant force of the water acting on the stone. The amount of water in the beaker is the amount of water displaced by the stone. The weight loss of the stone is equal to the weight of the water displaced. Conlusion: The buoyant force acting on the stone is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the stone. Hypothesis is accepted.

Prepared by Pn. Sity Salang

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