2

,
.

,
.

, ,
.

2.1

2.2 .

2.3

,


.


.

2. 1.

!
!
.
, 289
m2. x
;

: = x2.
x2 = 289. ,
x, 289.
x = 10;
x2 = 102 = 100 ( ).
x = 20;
x2 = 202 = 400 ( ).
x = 15;
x2 = 152 = 225 ( ).
x = 17;
x2 = 172 = 289 ( !).
, 17 (m).

17, 289,
289

289.
289 = 17.
:

,
, , ,
.
.

, 02 = 0,
0 = 0.

49 = 23

( 23 ) = 49

0,64 = 0,8

0,82 = 0,64

17,64 = 4,2

4,22 = 17,64

:
,
.
25 , ,
, 25.

42

- 2.1.

, :

= x, 0, x 0 x2 = .
0, (

)2 = .

)
25 = 5, (5)2 = 25, 5 < 0.
) (
5)2 = 5, 5 < 0. (
5)2 =
25 = 5.

:
25,

49,

64,

121.

: x =
25 x2 = 25.
25. 5 2 = 25, x = 5.

25 = 5.
, :

49 = 7 72 = 49,

64 = 8 82 = 64,

121 = 11 112 = 121.

N : )
16,

: )
)
)

42 = 16.
(0,4)2 = 0,16.
(0,04)2 = 0,0016.

)
0,16, )
0,0016.

16 = 4.

0,16 = 0,4.

0,0016 = 0,04.

3,5

2,8

: :
2 + 2,82 = 3,52

2 + 7,84 = 12,25
2
= 12,25 7,84
2 = 4,41
: =
4,41 = 2,1 2,12 = 4,41.

: A :
2 + 2 = 2

2 + 152 = 172

2
+ 225 = 289
2 = 289 225
2 = 64
=
64
= 8
, 8 km .

15 km

km
17

43

- 2.1.

1.

x, y : y =
x .
:

x :

y :

x2 = y

) :

y2 = x

x2 = y2

2.

x2 = 16 :
: 4
B: 4

3.

4.

)
)
)
)
)

5.

: 4 4.

16 = 8
)
4 = 16

9 =3
)
0,4 = 0,2

9 = 3
)
0

4 = 2
)
16+9 = 5

25 9 = 5 3 = 2
)
100 = 50

16
3
2
8
5
18
6
4

16
4
25
36

x ,
.

1.
x = 5,

x = 10

x = 25 x = 25 x = 2,5

2.
x = 9,

x=3

x = 81

3.
x = 16,

x=4

x = 4 x = 256 x = 8

4.
100 = x

x = 10

x = 50 x = 100 x = 10

x = 4,5 x = 81

.
)
81,
)
4,
)
121,
9
) ,
4

0,81,
8100 .

0,04,
400,

40000

1,21,
12100,
0,0121
144 ,
400 ,
36 .

25
49
121

:
36 =
)

)
18+18 =

18 18 =
)

) (
18) =

, .

44

- 2.1.

4 = 23

) (
) =5

+3=6

)
+2 = 11

2
=0

4
+
9 =2
2

7+
2+
1+
9

20

17

11

N
4
3
, , 2,

:
) > 1 .. = 4, = 9, = 16...
1
1
1
) 0<<1 .. = , = , = ,...
4
9
16
;

12

85

36

9
36

12

x
:
) x2 = 9
) x2 = 25
100
) x2 =
.
) x2 = 64
81

13

3,7

3,7

2,4

4
25

16
36

N
65 m 72 m.

4
49

37

13

12

x.

=2

21

10

=3

13

2+
2+
4

To ,
8, .
;

) (
) +
=6

:
)

14

9
64

16
36

+

+

20
. :

.
, ;

,
;

2. 2.

O .

.
,
, (450 .. )
2.
. (407 - 354 ..) .

, , .
1cm
x .
: x2 = 12 + 12 = 2.
,

, , x =
. x

:
K , .
1

1,4
2 1,5

2 1,42
1,41
1,414
2 1,415

x, :
1 = 12 < 2 <
22 = 4
2
1,96 = 1,4 < 2 <
1,52 = 2,25
1,9881 = (1,41)2 < 2 <
(1,42)2 = 2,0164
2
1,9994 = (1,414) < 2 <
(1,415)2 = 2,0022
1,99996 = (1,4142)2 < 2 <
(1,4143)2 = 2,00024
2
1,9999899 =(1,41421)
< 2 <
(1,41422)2 = 2,000018
....................

1 <
2 <2
1,4 <
2 < 1,5
1,41 <
2 < 1,42
1,414 <
2 < 1,415
1,4142 <
2 < 1,4143
1,41421 <
2 < 1,41422
....................

,
, .

46

- 2.2.

, x x2 = 2,

2, , . ,
.
2
:
:
:

2 = 1,414
:
2 = 1,4142
:
2 = 1,41421 .o..

2.

, ,
3,
5,
6,
7,
8,
10,
11,... .
, ,
.
:

:
2, 2 ,
1,414213
2 , .
, .

-3

-2

-1

-3

-2

-1

-2,37

0
4
9

-3 -5 -2 -1
-
13

-2,37

4
9

1
2

3
3,21

1
2
3
2

3
3,21

.
: 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
.
(0).
: ... 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ...
.

.
,

.

, .

. ,

. , .

47

- 2.2.

13 .

: :

32 = 9
42 = 16
2
(3,6) = 12,96
(3,7)2 = 13,69
(3,60)2 = 12,960
(3,61)2 = 13,032
(3,605)2 = 12,996 (3,606)2 = 13,003

13 3,605.

3 <
13 < 4.
3,6 <
13 < 3,7.
3,60<
13 < 3,61.
3,605<
13 <3,606.

: 1

3 = 3,605 1

3 = 3,606 .

: )
3, )
50, )
72, )
1764, )
427.

: :
) 3
1,7320508. , :

3 = 1,732.
)
50 = 7,071
)
72 = 8,485
)
1764 = 42
)
427 = 20,664

N :
1
4
13, 4,13, 3,6,
, 1, 2.
4, 2,38, 9 ,

:
, :
-4

-3

-2
-2,38

-
13

-1

4 1
9
5

4
3,6

4,13

1
4

13 = 3,61<3<2,38 < 2 < 0 < 9 = 0,4 <

= 0,45 < 1 < 2 < 3 ,6<4<4,13
4 <

2.

: 1
1.
.

48

- 2.2.

:
2 = 2 + 2 = 12 + 12 = 2
=
2.


, .

1
-3

-2

-1

1 2

-2 -1

-3

2,

2.

1.

A ,
.

)
)
)

2.

4 <
4,5 < 5
1,4 <
2 < 1,5
7 <
15 < 8

) 10 <
21 < 11
) 1,7 <
3 < 1,8
) 2 <
7 <3

, , , , .
.

-4

B
-3

-2

-1

E
2

)
3

)
6

)
3

)
5

;
4,
4
)
2, (
2)2 )
9
5
18
)
18, ,
182
2

To
:
)
5,
7,
3, 1,
2 )
5,
7, 2,
2
) 1+
3,
3
)
2,
1+
2

:
)
3, )
5, )
7, )
8.

:
) x2 = 0, ) x2 = 5, ) x2 = 3, ) x2 = 17.

12 cm2.

.

12 cm.
: )
, ) .

2. 3.
, .

.

20

km

13 km

5 km

,
,
= 20 km, B = 13 km = 5 km.
;

:
2 = 2 + 2

2 = 202 + 132

2
= 569

=
569

= 23,85 (km) .

, = = 23,85 5 = 18,85 (km).

M
;

2,
1

2,2 m

m
0,7

2,2 m ,
.

:
2 = 2,12 + 0,72 = 4,41 + 0,49 = 4,90.

2,2 m

=
4,90=2,21 (m) .
,
, > 2,2 (m).

H 30
x, y

7
x
y = 4 . .

50

- 2.3.

x, y 30
,
: x2 + y2 = 302.
x

7
y =
, o
4

30

x
y

7
4

( ) ( )

7
x2
= 16
y2

7
x2 = 16 y2

:
7 2
2
2
16 y + y = 30

23y2 = 14400

y2 =

y2 = 626,08

y = 25,02 ()

x =

23 2
2
16 y = 30

14400
23

7
 25,02 = 16,55 ().
4

x, y .

1,2 m

2m

2,5 m

:
2 = 2 + 2

22 = 1,22 + x2

2
2
2
x = 2 1,2 = 4 1,44 = 2,56.
x =
2,56 = 1,6 (m).
E = +
2,5 = y + 1,6
y = 2,5 1,6 = 0,9 (m).

:
2 = 2 + 2
2 = 1,22 + 0,92 = 1,44 + 0,81 = 2,25.
2,25 = 1,5 (m).
=

51

- 2.3.

N


.

x
x

12 cm.
,
.

10 cm 8 cm . N
, . (:

x
x

cm
20

x
x

To ,
10 cm 8 cm.

.

,

:
i) 2 cm2, ii) 5 cm2, iii) 13 cm2.
1 cm

10

1 cm

1 cm .
) ,

:
i)
2 cm, ii)
5 cm, iii)
13 cm.
)

8
8

).

3
2

1
0

60 cm 2
m.

.

cm
60

(0,2), (2,3), (1,0).

.

2m

52

- 2.3.

T
. 20 cm 2,3 m.
60 cm 2,1 m. 1
540 dm2;

O
8 m. 7,5 m 2,4 m.
, ;

7,
5

8m

=;

2,4 m

T
, ,

.
, .

= x, x2 = , x .
:

2
(
) =

, , 0.