Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Cavities
Pg 614
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Serous membrane = Serosa
• Simple squamous epithelium + areolar connective tissue
• 2 Layers
– Outer layer = PARIETAL serosa
– Inner layer = VISCERAL serosa
• Between them = Serous Cavity containing Serous Fluid
– Serous fluid is blood filtrate + secretions by 2 layers of membrane
– Allows movement of organs with reduced friction
• Types of Serous Membranes
– Pleural = surrounds lungs
– Pericardial = surrounds heart, slightly modified
– Peritoneal = surrounds some abdominal organs
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Pleural Cavities
• Pleural Cavities
– Surround the lungs
– pleural fluid secreted by pleura
– holds layers together
– reduces friction of organs
• 2 Layers
– Parietal pleura (outer)
• inner surface of thoracic wall
• superior surface of diaphragm
• lateral surface of mediastinum
– Visceral pleura (inner)
• root of lungs marks transition
• external surface of lungs www.smso.net Pg 617
Mediastinum
•DIVISIONS
•Superior
•Inferior
•Anterior (ventral)
•Posterior (dorsal)
•Middle
•BOUNDARIES
•Lateral = parietal pleura of lungs
•Anterior = ventral parietal pleura
•Posterior = dorsal parietal pleura
•Superior = dome of the neck
•Inferior = diaphragmatic pleura
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Pg 614
Respiratory Tract
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Trachea
Pg 589
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Bronchial Tree
• Primary (main) Bronchi
– Bifurcation of trachea
– Basically the same structure
– Cartilage plates replace rings
– Posterior to pulmonary vessels
– Right is wider, vertical, shorter
• Secondary (lobar) Bronchi
– Each primary bronchi divides
– Same structure as primary bronchi
– Right lung has 3, Left has 2 Pg 591
• Tertiary (segmental) Bronchi
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Bronchial Tree (continued)
• Bronchioles
– further divisions, < 1 mm diameter
• Terminal Bronchioles
– further divisions, 0.5 mm diameter
• Respiratory Zone
– Respiratory Bronchioles
– Alveolar Ducts
– Alveolar Sacs
• Terminal bunches of Alveoli
• Respiratory exchange chamber
Pg 592
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Throughout Bronchial Tree
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Lung Lobes
Pg 599
• Lobes are anatomically + functionally separate
• Lung lobes divided into Lobules
– Functionally separate
– Separated by dense CT
– Vary in size
• Stroma = lung tissue
– CT w/ numerous elastic fibers
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Other Contents of Mediastinum
• Esophagus
– Pharynx to Stomach
– Passes thru diaphragm at esophageal hiatus
– Anterior to vertebrae, Posterior to trachea
• Layers of Esophagus (deep to superficial)
– Mucosa
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Lamina propria (loose CT)
• Muscularis mucosae
– Submucosa
• Loose connective tissue
• Secretes mucus
– Muscularis Externa
• Circular/Longitudinal layers
• Skeletal m, Mix, then Smooth m
– Adventitia
• Fibrous CT
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The Diaphragm
• Skeletal Muscle
• Dome-shaped (relaxed)
• Flattens (contracts)
• Divides thoracic &
abdominopelvic cavities
• Attachments
– O: Inferior Internal rib cage
– I: Central tendon
Superior View
• Innervated by right + left
Pg 276 PHRENIC Nerves
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Action of the Diaphragm
• Primary muscle of respiration
(involuntary)
– Contraction during inspiration
• Increases volume of thoracic cavity
• Decreases pressure of thoracic cavity
• Air moves into lungs (highlow pressure)
• Forced contraction (voluntary)
– Used for defecation, urination, labor
• Decreases volume of abdominal cavity
• Increases pressure in abdominal cavity
• Pushes on abdominal organs to move
contents out
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Openings of Diaphragm
• PosteriorAnterior
• 1 = Foramen for Aorta & Azygos Vein
• 2 = Esophageal Hiatus for Esophagus and Vagus nerve
• 3 = Foramen in Central Tendon for Inferior Vena Cava
3 1
2
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Vena Cava
• Oblique Position
• Apex = Left of Midline (between ribs 5+6), Anterior to rest
• Base (posterior surface) sits on vertebral column
• Superior Right = 3rd Costal Cartilage joins Sternum
• Superior Left = 2nd Costal Cartilage joins Sternum
• Inferior Right = 6th Costal Cartilage
• Inferior Left = 5th Intercostal Space at Midclavicular line
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Location of Heart in Thorax
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Pg 501
The Heart
• External Innervation Pg 502
– Vagus (parasympathetic); C + T sympathetic chain ganglion
• Pericardium (3 layers)
– 1) Outer-fibrous pericardium = dense CT
– Serous pericardium
• 2) parietal
• 3) visceral (epicardium)
• Pericardial Cavity
– between layers of serous pericardium
– serous fluid
– lubricate heart while beating = reduces friction
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