Khi gii cc bi tp ton lin quan n chia ht, chng ta thng s dng du hiu chia

ht cho 2 ; 3 ; 5 v 9. Tuy nhin trong thc t c nhiu bi phi vn dng mt s tnh cht
chia ht khc gii. Chng ta cng tm hiu nh.
1. Du hiu chia ht cho 2: cc s x c tn cng l 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 th chia ht cho 2.
2. Du hiu chia ht cho 3: cc s x c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 3.
3. Du hiu chia ht cho 4: cc s x c 2 ch s tn cng chia ht cho 4 th chia ht cho 4.
4. Du hiu chia ht cho 5: cc s x c tn cng bng 0, 5 th chia ht cho 5.
5. Du hiu chia ht cho 6: cc ch s va c th chia ht cho 2 va c th chia ht cho 3
th chia ht cho 6.
6. Du hiu chia ht cho 7:
Quy tc th nht: Ly ch s u tin bn tri nhn vi 3 ri cng vi ch s th hai ri
tr cho bi ca 7; c bao nhiu nhn vi 3 cng vi ch s th 3 ri tr cho bi c 7;
c bao nhiu nhn vi 3 cng vi ch s th 4 ri tr cho bi ca 7; .... Nu kt qu
cui cng l mt s chia ht cho 7 th s cho chia ht cho 7.
V d: a) cho s 714
-c (7.3 + 1) - 3.7 = 1
-c (1.3 + 4) - 7 = 0
Vy s 714 chia ht cho 7.
Km tra thy: 714 = 7.102
b) cho s 24668
-c (2.3 + 4) - 7 = 3
-tip theo (3.3 + 6) - 2.7 = 1
-tip theo (1.3 + 6) - 7 = 2
-cui cng 2.3 + 8 = 14 chia ht cho 7
Vy s 24668 chia ht cho 7
Kim tra thy: 24668 = 7.3524

+ Trng hp s c hai ch s:

+ Trng hp s c ba ch s:

Quy tc th hai: Ly ch s u tin bn phi nhn vi 5 ri cng vi ch s th hai ri

tr cho bi ca 7; c bao nhiu nhn vi 5 cng vi ch s th 3 ri tr cho bi ca 7;
c bao nhiu nhn vi 5 cng vi ch s th 4 ri tr cho bi ca 7; .... Nu kt qu
cui cng l mt s chia ht cho 7 th s cho chia ht cho 7.
V d:
a) S 2275
-c (5.5 + 7) - 7.4 = 4
-c (4.5 + 2) - 7.3 = 1
-c (1.5 + 2) - 7 = 0
Vy 2275 chia ht cho 7.
Kim tra thy: 2275 = 7.325
b) s 35742
-c (2.5 + 4) - 7.2 = 0
-c (0.5 + 7) - 7 = 0
-c (0.5 + 5) - 7.0 = 5
-c (5.5 + 3) - 7.4 = 0
Vy 35742 chia ht cho 7.
Kim tra thy: 35742 = 7.5106

CHNG MINH DU HIU CHIA HT CHO 7

Nh cc bn bit, du hiu chia ht cho 7 p dng dy 1,3,2,-1,-3,-2,1,3,... vi quy tc
nhn ln lt cc s trn dy ny vi cc s t hng n v ca s cn xt tnh chia ht.
1 ng vi hng 1
3 ng vi hng 10
2 ng vi hng 100
-1 ng vi hng 1000...
D dng nhn thy 1-1 chia ht cho 7, 10-3 chia ht cho 7, 100-2 chia ht cho 7, 1000+1
chia ht cho 7 v c th...
VD: chia ht cho 7
<=> chia ht cho 7 ( Do u chia ht cho 7)
<=> chia ht cho 7
Du hiu chia ht cho 13 chng minh tng t vi dy : ,...
7. Du hiu chia ht cho 8: cc s x c 3 ch s tn cng chia ht cho 8 th x chia ht cho
8.
8. Du hiu chia ht cho 9: Trong cc ch s 61 x chia ht cho 9 th x chia ht cho 9.
9. Du hiu chia ht cho 10: nhng s x c tn cng bng 0 th chia ht cho 10.
10. Du hiu chia ht cho 11: nu tng tt c cc ch s v tr chn nh 2 4 6 8 bng
tng cc ch s v tr l th x chia ht cho 11.
11. Du hiu chia ht cho 12: nu x va chia ht cho 3 va chia ht cho 4 th x chia ht
cho 12.
12. Du hiu chia ht cho 13:
Qui tc trn y cng c th p dng nhn bit du hiu chia ht cho 13. Bn hy thc
hnh vi s:
N = 873612 190692815265867774391091
S N gm 30 ch s, nn c th chia thnh 10 nhm s [chn], mi nhm 3 s..
N = 873. 612. 190. 692. 815. 265. 867. 774. 391. 091.
1. S1 = 8 - 6 + 1 - 6 + 8 - 2 + 8 - 7 + 3 - 0 = 7
7 + ["0"] = 70 => 70 = [5 x 13] + 5. => R1 = 5.
2. S2 = [R1]5 + 7 - 1 + 9 - 9 + 1 - 6 + 6 - 7 + 9 - 9 = 5.
5 + [ "0" ] = 50. => 50 = [ 3 x 13 ] + 11. => R2 = 11.
3. S3 = [R2]11 + 3 - 2 + 0 - 2 + 5 - 5 + 7 - 4 + 1 - 1 = 13.

* n y, ta tnh c S3 = 13 [ bi ca 13].
Vy c th kt lun:
S N = 8736. . . . . 1091. chia ht cho 13.
Lu : Ch c mt trong trong nhng s sau y l chia ht cho 13. Cng vy, ch c
mt trong nhng s ny chia ht cho 7. V cng ch c mt trong nhng s ny chia ht
cho 11.
Bn hy th tm xem nhng s l s no?
N1 = 7942603594320271151120681.
N2 = 277900859916245742465597.
N3 = 41986360335384870752178.
N4 = 157226 157686018425.
13. Du hiu chia ht cho 14: x l s chia ht cho 14 khi v ch khi x chia ht cho 2 v x
chia ht cho 7.
14. Du hiu chia ht cho 15: x chia ht cho 15 khi v ch khi x chia ht cho 3 v x chia
ht cho 5.
15. Du hiu chia ht cho 16: x l s chia ht cho 16 khi v ch khi x chia ht cho 2 v x
chia ht cho 8.
16. Du hiu chia ht cho 17:
Ly cc s ng trc s hng n v tr i 5 ln s hng n v, nu hiu chia ht
cho 17 th n chia ht cho 17
VD: ly s 153 nha bn
15 - 3x5 = 0 chia ht cho 17 => 153 chia ht cho 17
17. Du hiu chia ht cho 18: x l s chia ht cho 18 khi v ch khi x chia ht cho 2 v x
chia ht cho 9.
18. Du hiu chia ht cho 19:
L THUYT
Mi s N u c th vit di dng N = 10x + y trong x l s chc khng phi l ch
s hng chc, m l tng s cc chc trn trong s N v y l ch s n v.

Cn chng minh N l Bi ca 19 khi v ch khi

N* = x + 2y l Bi ca 19
Mun vy, phi nhn N vi 10 v tr N vo Tch s ny
=> 10N* - N = 10[x + 2y] - [10x + y] = 19y
Do nu N l Bi ca 19 th N = 10N* - 19 y l Bi ca 19.
V ngc li, nu N chia ht cho 19 th 10N* = N + 19y l Bi ca 19
Khi tt nhin N chia ht cho 19
THC HNH
Xc nh tnh chia ht cho 19 ca N = 47045881
p dng lin tc tiu chun chia ht
4704588.1 [ S n v l 1].

Suy ra 470588 + 2 = 4704590

47045.9 [S n v l 9].

Suy ra 47045+18=47063

4706.3 [S n v l 3].

Suy ra 4706+6=4712

471.2 [S n v l 2].

Suy ra 471+4=475

47.5 [S n v l 5].
5.7 [S n v l 7].

Suy ra 47+10=57
Suy ra 5+14=19

Vi 19 chia ht cho 19 nn cc s 57, 475, 4712, 47063, 470459, 4704590, 47045881 cng
chia ht cho 19
19. Du hiu chia ht cho 20: x chia ht cho 20 khi v ch khi x chia ht cho 2 v x chia
ht cho 10.
20. Du hiu chia ht cho 21: x chia ht cho 21 khi v ch khi x chia ht cho 3 v x chia
ht cho 7.
21. Du hiu chia ht cho 29: ta ly s hng n v nhn 3 ri ly kt qu cng vi s to
bi cc s lin trc, nu tng chia ht cho 19 th n chia ht cho 19.
22. Du hiu chia ht cho 37: ta ly s hng n v nhn 11 ri ly kt qu tr vi s to
bi cc s lin trc, nu hiu chia ht cho 37 th n chia ht cho 37.

23. Du hiu chia ht cho 31: ta ly s hng n v nhn 3 ri ly kt qu tr vi s to

bi cc s lin trc, nu hiu chia ht cho 31 th n chia ht cho 31.
24. Du hiu chia ht cho 41: ta ly s hng n v nhn 4 ri ly kt qu tr vi s to
bi cc s lin trc, nu hiu chia ht cho 41 th n chia ht cho 41.
25. Du hiu chia ht cho 43: ta ly s hng n v nhn 13 ri ly kt qu cng vi s
to bi cc s lin trc, nu tng chia ht cho 43 th n chia ht cho 43.
26. Du hiu chia ht cho 59: ta ly s hng n v nhn 6 ri ly kt qu tr vi s to
bi cc s lin trc, nu hiu chia ht cho 59 th n chia ht cho 59.
27. Du hiu chia ht cho 61: ta ly s hng n v nhn 6 ri ly kt qu cng vi s to
bi cc s lin trc, nu tng chia ht cho 61th n chia ht cho 61.
BI TP
V d 1 : Cho M l mt s c ba ch s v N l s c ba ch s vit theo th t ngc li
ca M. Bit M ln hn N. Hy chng t rng hiu ca M v N chia ht cho 3.
Phn tch : Hiu hai s chia ht cho mt s no khi s b tr v s tr cng chia ht
cho s hoc s b tr v s tr c cng s d khi chia cho s . Da vo tnh cht ny
ta chng t hiu chia ht cho mt s no bng cch chng t s b tr v s tr c
cng s d khi chia cho s .
Gii : t M = abc th N = cba (a > c > 0 ; a, b, c l ch s), khi M - N = abc - cba.
Gi s cba chia cho 3 d r (0 r < 3) th a + b + c chia cho 3 cng d r. Do a + b + c = c
+ b + a nn cba chia cho 3 cng c s d r. Vy hiu M - N chia ht cho 3.
V d 2: Nu em s 31513 v 34369 chia cho s c ba ch s th c hai php chia u c
s d bng nhau. Hy tm s d ca hai php chia .
( thi Tiu hc Thi Lan)
Phn tch: Nu hai s chia cho s no c cng s d th hiu ca chng s chia ht cho
s . V s 31513 v 34369 chia cho s c ba ch s c s d bng nhau nn hiu ca
chng chia ht cho s c ba ch s . T ta tm c s chia suy ra s d
Gii: Gi s chia ca hai s cho l abc (a > 0 ; a, b, c < 10). V hai s cho chia cho
s abc u c s d bng nhau nn (34369 - 31513) chia ht cho abc hay 2856 chia ht
cho abc. Do 2856 = 4 x 714 nn abc = 714. Thc hin php tnh ta c: 31513 : 714 = 44
(d 97) ; 34369 : 714 = 48 (d 97). Vy s d ca hai php chia l 97.
V d 3 : Tm thng v s d ca php chia sau : (1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x x 15 + 200) :
182.

Phn tch : Nu trong mt tn

g c mt s hng chia cho mt s no d r cn cc s hng khc chia ht cho s th
s d ca tng chnh l r. Thng ca tng chnh l tng cc thng ca tng s hng.
Nu cc s chia cho s u c d th s d ca tng chnh l tng s d ca tng s
hng, nu tng cc s d nh hn s chia. Vy ta xt xem mi s hng ca tng
chia cho s chia c s d l bao nhiu. T ta tnh c thng v s d ca php chia
.
Gii : V 182 = 2 x 7 x 13 nn s hng th nht ca tng (1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x ..... x 15)
chia ht cho 182. V 200 : 182 = 1 (d 18) nn s hng th hai ca tng chia cho 182
c 1 v d 18. Vy s d trong php chia chnh l 18 v thng trong php chia
chnh l kt qu ca php tnh : 1 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 8 x 9 x 10 x 11 x 12 x 14 x 15 + 1.
(Bn c t tm ra p s)
V d 4 : Mt ngi hi anh chng chn cu : Anh c bao nhiu con cu ?. Anh chn
cu tr li : S cu ca ti nhiu hn 4000 con nhng khng qu 5000 con. Nu chia s
cu cho 9 th d 3, chia cho 6 cng d 3 cn chia cho 25 th d 19. Hi anh c bao
nhiu con cu ?
Phn tch : V s cu ca anh chia cho 9 d 3 cn chia cho 25 d 19 m 3 + 6 = 9 v 19 +
6 = 25 nn nu thm 6 con cu vo s cu ca anh th s cu lc ny s chia ht cho 9 v
25. Ta li c 9 x 25 = 225 nn s cu chia ht cho 225. T ta tm cc s ln hn
4000 + 6 v khng vt qu 5000 + 6 chia ht cho 225 ri th thm iu kin chia cho 6
d 3 tm c s cu ca anh chn cu.
Gii : V s cu ca anh chn cu chia cho 9 d 3 v chia cho 25 d 19 nn nu thm 6
con cu vo s cu ca anh chn cu th s cu lc ny chia ht cho 9 v 25. Do s
cu chia ht cho 225 (v 9 x 25 = 225). S cu sau khi thm 6 con phi ln hn : 4000
+ 6 = 4006 v khng vt qu 5000 + 6 = 5006. Do vy s cu sau khi thm c th l
4950 con, 4725 con, 4500 con. V s cu sau khi thm 6 con chia cho 6 vn d 3 nn ch
c 4725 l tha mn u bi. Vy s cu hin c ca anh l : 4725 - 6 = 4719 (con).
Trn y l 4 v d tiu biu m khi gii phi vn dng mt s tnh cht chia ht. Nhng
tnh cht ny khng c trong chng trnh c bn ca tiu hc. Tuy nhin ta d dng tm
thy n qua cc bi ton. Hc ton chng ta cn phi tm ti, sng to v vn dng kin
thc c hc mt cch linh hot mi thy c v p ca ton hc phi khng cc
bn ? Hi vng bi vit ny l mt kinh nghim nh gip cc bn hc tt hn.
Ngun: Su tm