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vn
Phng trnh nghim nguyn cch gii .
I, Phng trnh v nh dng a.x+by=c+dxy v bi ton
v chia ht.
Cch gii: S dng tnh cht chia ht
V d1: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
xy-2x-3y+1=0
HD: cch1: Vit y=2+
} { 5 ; 1 3
3
5
t t

x Z
x
Cch 2: Vit (x-2)(y-3)=5 =1.5=-1.(-5)
V d2: Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn (x;y) tho mn
y(x-1)=x
2
+2
HD : Vit y=x+1+
{ } 3 ; 1 1
1
3
t t

x Z
x
V d3: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
2x-3y+5xy=39
HD : Vit y=
6 12 5 3 39 2
5 3
39 2

x x x Z
x
x
V d4: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
5x-3y=2xy-11
HD : Vit y=2+
+ +
+
+
3 2 5
3 2
5
x x Z
x
x
min gii hn ca x.
V d5: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
y=
1
1
2
2
+ +
+
x x
x x
HD: Vit thnh (y-1)x
2
+(y+1)x+y-1=0
1, Vi y=1 th x=0
2, Vi y
{ } 3 ; 2 ; 1 ; 0 3
3
1
0 1 y y
x
V d6: Tm cc cp s nguyn dng (x;y) tho mn
A=
1
1
2

+ +
xy
x x
l s nguyn
HD: yA=x+1+
( )( ) 3 1 1 1 1
1
1
+ +

+ +
y x xy y x Z
xy
y x
V d 7: Tm cc s nguyn dng x,y,z tho mn
2(y+z)=x(yz-1)
HD: Lm tng t v d6
V d8: Tm cc cp s nguyn dng sao cho Z
ab
a

2
2
2
Mt s bi luyn tp
1
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Bi1: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
x
2
-y
2
=2003
Bi2: C tn ti hay khng hai s nguyn x v y tho mn
3x
2
+7y
2
=2002
Bi3: Gi s x,y,z tho mn x+y+z=(x-y)(y-z)(z-x) . CMR xyz
27
Bi4: Cho x,y,z l ba s tho mn x
2
+y
2
=z
2
1, Chng minh c t nht mt trong hai s x,y chia ht cho 3
2, Chng minh tch xy 12
Bi 5: C tn ti cc s nguyn x,y,z tho mn
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
=x+y+z+2006 khng?
Bi6: Tm cc cp s t nhin (x;y) tho mn
x
2
+3
y
=3026
Bi7: Chng minh phng trnh sau khng c nghim
nguyn
x
2
-2
y
=2005
Bi8: Tm tt c cc tam gic vung c cc cnh l s
nguyn v s o din tch = chu vi.
II, Hn ch tp hp cha nghm
da vo iu kin ca n
V d 1: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
50 + y x
HD : y=50+x-10
( ) { } 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 25 4 2 50 0 2
2 2
k k k x x x
V d2: Tm nghim t nhin ca phng trnh
1989 + y x
III, Hn ch tp hp cha nghim
bng cch sp th t n
(p dng cho vai tr ca cc n nh nhau)
V d 1: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+xyz=20
HD: Gi s 1
2 4
2
x x VT z y x
V d2: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
1
1 1 1
+ +
z y x
HD : Gi s 1
{ } 3 , 2 3
3
1 x x
x
z y x

2
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V d3: Tm cc s nguyn dng a,b,c i mt khc nhau
tho mn
Y=
Z
bc ac ab c b a
+ + + + +
1 1 1 1 1 1
HD : chng minh a,b,c cng tnh cht chn l v gi s
a<b<c
Sau lm nh v d2
V d4: Tm ngim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
x+y+z+9=xyz.
IV, Gin c cho c s chung
V d1: Tm nghim nguyen dng ca phng trnh
x
4
+4y
4
=2(z
4
+4t
4
)
HD: Gi s (x
0
,y
0
,z
0
,t
0
) l nghim .t (x
0
,y
0
,z
0
,t
0
) =d ta
c
x
0
=dx
1
;y
0
=dy
1
;z
0
=dz
1
;t
0
=dt
1
vi (x
1
;y
1
;z
1
;t
1
)=1 dn ti
x
1
=2x
2
;y
1
=2y
2
;z
1
=2z
2
;t
1
=2t
2
v l!
V d 2: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=x
2
y
2
HD : Da vo tnh chn l gii. Phng trnh c nghim
duy nht x=y=z=0
V d 3: Tm nghm nguyn ca phng trnh
x
2
-2y
2
=5
HD: Da vo tnh chn l gii
V d4:Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
x
2
-5y
2
=0
HD: Gi s (x
0
;y
0
) l nghim

,
_

k k
y x
y y x x
5
;
5
... 5 ; 5
0 0
1 0 1 0
l
nghim
nguyn nn ch c th x
0
=y
0
=0 tho mn
V, a v dng tng
A
2
+B
2
=m
2
+n
2
(m;n l cc s t nhin).
V d1 : Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
x
2
+y
2
-x-y=8
HD : vit
2 2
2 2
5 3 1 2 1 2 + + y x
V d2: Tm nghim t nhin ca phng trnh
3
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m
2
+n
2
=9m+13n-20
HD : 4m
2
-36m+81+4n
2
-52n+169=170 => (2m-9)
2
+(2n-
13)
2
=11
2
+7
2
=
VI, Xt ch s tn cng
V d1: Tm cc s nguyn dng tho mn phng trnh
1!+2!++x!=y
2
HD: Xt x=1,2,3,4 ta c nghim (1;1) v(3;3)
Vi x>4 th y
2
c tn cng bng 3
Z y
V d2: Tm x,y nguyn dng tho mn x
2
+x-1=3
2y+1
HD: Cho x =0,1,,9 => VT =1,5,9 nhng VF c s tn cng l
3 hoc 7
VII, S dng tnh cht nghim
ca phng trnh bc hai
V d 1: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn
3x
2
+y
2
+4xy+4x+2y+5=0
HD: Xt
( ) 2 , 4
2 2
t x Z n n x
y
V d2: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
x
2
-(y+5)x+5y+2=0
HD: Theo Vi-t c
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 5 5
2 5
5
2 1
2 1
2 1

'

+
+ +
x x
y x x
y x x
VIII, Da vo nguyn l kp
n
2
<A<(n+1)

th A khng chnh phng (n
nguyn).
V d1: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t p tng tt c cc -
c t nhin
ca p
4
l s chnh phng
HD: Ta c 1+p+p
2
+p
3
+p
4
=m
2
bin i dn ti
(2p
2
+p)
2
<4m
2
<(2p
2
+p+2)
2
Vy 4m
2
=(2p
2
+p+1)
2
=> p=3
V d 2: Gii phng trnh nghim ngun
x
2
+x=y
4
+y
3
+y
2
+y
HD: Bin i ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 1 2 1 2 1 4 3 2 y y y y x y y y y + + + + + + + +
4
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V d3: Tm tt c cc s nguyn n
A=n
4
+2n
3
+2n
2
+n+7 l s chnh phng
IX,a v phng trnh tch
V d1: Hy tm cc s c 4 ch s .Bit s l mt s
chnh phng v nu s gim ch s hng
nghn i 3 n v cn tng ln 3
ch s hng n v th cng nhn c s chnh phng
(Thi HSG Tnh VP 05-06)
HD: Gi s xyzt =a
2
v (x-3)yz(t+3)=b
2
Suy ra (a+b)(a-b)=2997=3
4
.37 vi 60<a+b<200
Kt qu (a+b)(a-b)=111.37=81.37 ta tm c 2 s tho
mn
V d 2:Tm mt s c 4 ch s ,bit s l s chnh
phng v nu tng
Mi ch s ca s thm mt n v th cng c mt
s chnh phng
V d3: Tm tt c cc s nguyn n sao cho n
2
+n+1 l mt
s chnh phng.
X, a v trng hp ring
Vd: Gii PT nghim nguyn y x x x + + + ... (c n du cn)
HD : Vi n=1 c
( ) N t
t y
t x
y x

'

2

Vi n=2 c ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 + < < + + t y t y t t x y x y x x
Ch c nghim (0;0)
Vi n>2.Lu tha lin tip dn ti
x y x x
n
+

2
2
.a v trng hp trn.
XI, Dng bt ng thc
V d1: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
x
2
-xy+y
2
=5
HD: Vit li tr thnh (2x-y)
2
=20-3y
2
4 ; 1 ; 0
3
20
0
2 2
y y
5
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S dng tnh chn l trong gii ton
s hc
I, Tnh cht:
1, Tng (hoc hiu) ca mt s chn v mt s l l mt s
l
2, Tng hoc hiu ca hai s chn ,hoc hai s l ,l mt
s chn
3, Tch ca cc s l l mt s l
4, Tch ca cc s ,trong c t nht mt s chn l mt
s chn
5, Trong hai s nguyn lin tip c mt s chn v mt s l
II, Tnh chn l trong cc bi ton v chia ht
Bi1: Cho by s nguyn a
i
(i=1,2,,7).Vit cc s nguyn

theo mt th t khc c b
i
(i=1,2,7) .Chng minh
tch (a
1
-b
1
)(a
2
-b
2
)(a
7
-b
7
)chia ht cho2.
HD:t c
i
=a
i
-b
i
c
( ) 7 1 2 0
7
1

j Z k k c c
j i
Bi2: S 3
n
+2003, trong n l s nguyn dng ,c chia
ht cho184khng?
HD: Thy 3
2m
-1 chia ht cho 3
2
-1=8
.Nu n=2m th 3
2m
+2003=3
2m
-1+250.8+4 khng chia
ht cho 8
. Nu n=2m+1 th 3
2m+1
+2003=3(3
2m
-1)+250.8+6 khng
chia ht cho 8
Vy vi mi s nguyn n s 3
n
+2003 khng chia ht cho
8.23=184
Bi t gii
1, Cho n>3,n N .Chng minh nu 2
n
=10a+b vi 0<b<9 th
tch ab
chia ht cho 6
2, Cho cc s nguyn dng x,y,z tho mn x
2
+y
2
=2z
2
.Chng
minh rng
x
2
-y
2
chia ht cho 48
3, Cho cc s nguyn dng tha mn x
2
+y
2
=z
2
. Chng minh
rng x.y.z chia ht cho 60
4, Bit a l s nguyn dng
a, Nu a+1 v 2a+1 l cc s chnh phng th a c chia
ht cho 24 khng ?
6
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b, Nu 2a+1 v 3a+1 l s chnh phng th a c chia ht
cho 40 khng ?
III, Tnh chn l vi cc phng trnh nghim nguyn
V d : Tm nghim nguyn dng ca h phng trnh

'

+
+
+
2 4 2 2
1 !
1 !
2 2
y x y x
y z yz
x y xy
HD: T PT cui v phng trnh u suy ra x chn y l .T
PT th hai c y! l nn y=1.Kt qu nghim ca h (x,y,z)
bng (2,1,1)
V d2: Chng minh khng c s nguyn no tho mn
1983 1975 1980 5 19
30
4
+ + + z
y x
V d3: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
x
3
+2y
3
=4z
3
IV, Tnh chn l trong cc bi ton s hc khc
V d1: Chng minh rng mt PT bc hai vi cc h s
nguyn l th khng c nghim hu t
HD: Gi s x=p/q (p,q)=1 thay vo PT a.x
2
+bx+c=0 c
ap
2
+bpq+cq
2
=0 (*)
Nhn thy VT (*) l cn VP (*) chn dn ti (pcm)
V d2: Tm s nguyn dng n
43
37
+

n
n
l bnh phng
ca mt s hu t
HD: G/S
2
43
37

,
_

q
p
n
n
vi (p,q)=1.Ta c n-37=kq
2
v n+43=kp
2
(k
+
Z )
T k(p-q)(p+q)=80=2
4
.5.1
TH1. p,q c mt s chn mt s l .T (*) suy ra
p+q=5;
p-q=1;k=16=>p=3,q=2,n=101
TH2. C hai p,q u l .t p=2a-1;q=2b-1 (a,b thuc Z
+
)
suy ra
k(a-b)(a+b-1)=20=2
2
.5.1;do a+b-1>a-b v a+b-1 khc tnh
chn l vi a-b
Cho cp (a-b,a+b-1) ln lt bng (1,2);(1,4);(1,20); (5,20);
(2,5);(4,5)
S c c n bng 38;47;55;82;199;398.
7
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V d 3: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t a,b,c tho mn
a
b
+b
a
=c
HD: c>2 v l nn a,b phi khc tnh chn l .Do vai tr a,b
nh nhau nn gi s a l, b chn th b=2 nn c a
2
+2
a
=c
.Nu a=3 th tho mn c=17.
Nu a khc 3 th a
2
=3n+1(n nguyn dng ) ,2
a
=(3-1)
a
=3t-1
v a l .T c=a
2
+2
a
=3n+1+3t-1=3(n+t) l hp s .Bi
ton c hai nghim (3,2,17) v (2,3,17)
Mt s bi t gii
Bi 1: Bit p=a+b
c
,q=b+c
a
,r=c+a
b
u l s nguyn t ,v
a,b,c l cc s nguyn dng .CMR trong ba s c t
nht hai s bng nhau
Bi2: Cho cc s a=2
n
+3
n
v b=2
n+2
+3
n+2
vi n nguyn d-
ng .
Tm CLN(a,b)=?
Bi3: Chng minh 3
n
+4 khng th l s chnh phng vi n
nguyn dng
Bi4: Tm cc s nguyn dng m,n >1 2
m
+3
n
l s
chnh phng
Bi5: Tm cc s nguyn dng n n
2
+2002 l s chnh
phng ?
Cc bi tp luyn tp tng hp
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh nghim nguyn sau
1, 5x
2
-4xy+y
2
=169
2, 4y+1=3
x
3, x
6
+3x
3
+1=y
4
4, 5
x
+12
x
=13
x
Bi 2: Chng minh phng trnh 2
5
t=2t
5
+1997 khng c
nghim nguyn
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh nghim nguyn
1, x
3
-3y
3
-9z
3
=0
2, 2x
2
+2y
2
-2xy+x+y-10=0
3, x+y+z=xyz
4, x
2
-4xy=23
5, 3x-3y+2=0
6, 19x
2
+28y
2
=729
7, 3x
2
+8y
2
+10xy=96
Bi 4: Tm cc cp (x;y) nguyn dng tho mn mt
8
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trong cc phng trnh sau
1, 4xy-3(x+y)=59
2, 5(xy+yz+xz)=4xyz
3,
3 + +
y
xz
x
yz
z
xy
4,
1995
1 1 1 1
+ +
z y x
Bi 5: gii phng trnh nghim nguyn
(x+2004)(x+1980)=3
y
-81
Bi6: Tm tt c cc s nguyn n n
4
+6n
3
+11n+6n l
s chnh phng
Bi7: Tm tt c cc s nguyn n (n+5)(n+6) chia ht
cho 6n
Bi8: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
1, x
2
+(x+1)
2
=y
4
+(y+1)
4
2, x
2
+2003x+2004y
2
+y=xy+2004xy
2
+2005
Bi9: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
1, xy=3(y-x)
2, (n+1)(2n+1)=10m
2
3, x
y
+y
z
+z
x
=2(x+y+z)
Bi10: Tm mi cp s nguyen dng sao cho phn thc
1
2
2
4
+
+
y x
x
lun nhn
Gi tr nguyn
Bi11, Tm tt c cc s nguyn t p
i
(i=1,2,,8) sao cho
2
8
7
1
2
p p
i

Bi12: Tm s d trong php chia (1995+1)(1995+2)

(1995+3990) cho3
1995
Bi 13, Phn tch s 2003
2004
thnh tch ca hai s dng
a,b .Hi a+b
C chia ht cho 2004 khng?
Bi14: Tm tt c cc s nguyn x tho mn
2004 1000 990 10 10 3 + + + + + + + x x x x x
Bi 15, tm cc s nguyn x sao cho x
3
-2x
2
+7x-7 chia ht
cho x
2
+3
Bi16, Tm tt c cc s nguyn x,y,z tho mn
3 + + + + + + z y x
z
x
y
z
x
y
x
z
z
y
y
x
Bi17: Vit s 2003
2004
thnh tng ca cc s nguyn dng.
9
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em tng lp phng tt c cc s hng em
chia cho 3 th c s d l bao nhiu?
Bi18: Tm mi nghim nguyn ca h

'

+
+
+
x z z z
z y y y
y x x x
2 8 7 2
2 8 7 2
2 8 7 2
2 3
2 3
2 3
Bi19: Tm cc cp s (x;y) nguyn dng sao cho
+

+
Z
xy
x x
1
3
Bi20: Gii PT nghim nguyn 3
x
+4
y
=7
z
Bi21: Xt dy s a
1
=1;a
2
=3 v a
n+2
=2a
n+1
-a
n
+1 vi mi n
nguyn dng
Chng minh s A=4a
n
.a
n+2
+1 l s chnh phng
Bi 22: Biu din s 1/2di dng tng ca ba phn s d-
ng c t bng 1
Hy tm tt c cc cch
Bi23: Chng minh phng trnh sau khng c nghim
nguyn x,y
36x
2
+144y
2
-276x-120y+25=0
Bi24: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca PT
x
2
+y
2
=2011 ( ) z
k

+
10
1 1995
Bi25: Tm cc s t nhin m v n A=3
4
61 6 3
2
+
+ n m
l s
nguyn t
Bi26: Tm s c 4 ch s abcd sao cho
1, ab,cd l s nguyn t
2, db +c = b
2
+d
Bi 26: Tm nghim nguyn ca h

'

+
+
2 3 3
z y x
z y x
Bi27: Tm cc b s nguyn dng tho mn
x+2y+2z=xyz
Bi 28: Tm nghim nguyn ca PT: 3(x
2
+xy+y
2
)=x+8y
Bi 29: Gii PT nghim nguyn
x
4
-y
4
+z
4
+2x
2
z
2
+3x
2
+4z
2
+1=0
Bi30: Gii cc PT nghim nguyn sau
1, x
3
-x
2
y+3x-2y-5=0
10
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2, x
6
+8x
3
+11x
2
+28x+12+3y
2
=0
3, 4y
2
=2+ x x 2 199
2

4, x(1+x+x
2
)=4y(y+1)
Bi 31: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca PT
5
x
+2.5
y
+5
z
=4500 vi x<y<z.
Bi 32: Tm cc s a,b,c dng tho mn abbc=ab.ac.7
Bi33: Gii PT nghim nguyn 2(x
2
-y
2
)
2
=x
2
+y
2
+2z
2
Bi35: Cho p l s nguyn t ln hn 3
Chng minh PT x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=4p
2
+1 lun c nghim dng
(x
0
,y
0
,z
0
)
Bi36: Tm tt c cc cp s dng (a,b) sao cho a+b
2
chia
ht cho a
2
b-1
Bi 37: Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng N c ba ch s sao
cho cng cc ch s ca N vi N v vi s c vit bi cc
ch s
ca N theo th t ngc li ta c mt s chnh phng.
Bi 38: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca PT 3
x
+1=(y+1)
2
Bi39: Tm mi nghim nguyn dng ca PT
10(2
x
-1)=x(13x-3)
Bi 40: Tm tt c cc s hu t x v y sao cho x+y v
y x
1 1
+
u nguyn
Bi 41: Gii PT nghim nguyn x
2002
+y
2002
=2003
2001
(x
3
+y
3
)
Bi42: Tm cc s t nhin n sao cho 2
8
+2
11
+2
n
l s
chnh phng
Bi43: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t p v q tho mn
p
3
-q
5
=(p+q)
2
Bi 44: Tm s o cc cnh ca tt c cc tam gic bit
chng l cc s nguyn v s o din tch bng chu vi ca
tam gic
Bi45: Chng minh rng nu a,b,c l cc s nguyn khc
khng tho mn
3 + +
a
c
c
b
b
a
th tch abc =n
3
vi n l s nguyn
Bi47: Tm tt c cc b s nguyn (a,b,c,d) tho mn
ng thi cc iu kin

'

+
+
3 3
3 3
3
3
d a b
c b a
Bi48: Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn (x,y) sao cho
11
http://NgocHung.name.vn
x
2
+xy+y
2
+14x+14y+2018 chia ht cho 101
Bi49: Tm tt c cc nghim nguyn ca PT
1201
3 4 4 4 3 3
2 2

+
+
y x
y x y x
Bi50: Tm mi s nguyn n tho mn (n+5)
2
=(4(n-2))
3
Bi51: Tm tt c cc GT hu t x sao cho biu thc
Z
x x
x x

+
+ +
1
3 2
2
2
Bi52: Gii PT nghim nguyn x
3
+8=7 1 8 + x
Bi53: Tm nghim nguyn ca PT x
2
(y-5)-xy=x-y-1
Bi54: Tm cc s nguyn a,b,c ,d tho mn

'

+

3
4 3
bc ad
bd ac
Bi 55: Chng minh rng nu
( )
+
+ + + Z q p
q
p
, ;
1335
1
1334
1
...
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
th
p 2003
Bi56: Tm mi nghim nguyn ca PT (2x-y-2)
2
=7(x-2y-
y
2
-1)
Ch : S dng
0
y
Bi 57: Phng trnh sau c nghim nguyn dng khng ?
x
2005
+y
2005
=2007
2005
Bi 58: Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn khng (x,y) tho mn
x-y=x
2
+xy+y
2
Bi59: Gii h phng trnh nghim nguyn
6
xyz
xyz
x
z
z
y
y
x
1 1
2
1
3
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

Ch : t cc t s bng k
Bi60: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca PT
x
3
+y
3
+4(x
2
+y
2
)+4(x+y)=16xy
HD: Vit x(x-2)
2
+y(y-2)
2
+8(x-y)
2
=0
Bi61: Tm cc nghim khng m ca PT
y
2
(x+1)=1576+x
2
HD : Vit (x+1)(y
2
-x+1)=1577=19.83
Bi62: Cho P=(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)-abc vi a,b,c l s nguyn
Chng minh rng nu a+b+c chia ht cho 4 th P cng chia
ht cho4
Bi 63: Chng minh rng (2005
2
+2
2005
;2005)=1
Bi 64: Tm mi nghim nguyn ca PT
12
http://NgocHung.name.vn
x
2
+2003x+2004y
2
+y=xy+2004xy
2
+2005
HD: Vit (x-1)(x+2004-2004y
2
-y)=1
Bi 65: Tm cc cp s nguyn (x,y) tho mn
2x-5y+5xy=14
Bi 66: Tm s chnh phng c 4 ch s bit rng khi tng
thm mi ch s
Mt n v th s mi c to thnh cng l mt s chnh
phng.
(Thi vo lp 10 chuyn L Hng Phong TP.HCM nm 05-06)
Bi kho st s 3 phn s hc
Cu1(2.4 im): Gii cc phng trnh nghim nguyn
sau
1, 4y
2
= x x 2 899
2

2, ( ) 0 5 4 5 1
2 2
2
2 2
+ + y x y x
3, x
2
-xy+7y-38=0 4, (x+2006)
(x+1982)=3
y
-81
Cu2: Tm mt s c 4 ch s abcd tho mn cc k

'

+ +

d b c db
P cd ab
2
;

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