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ayonf/
vlonf obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk &ifqkdifvm&aomtcgwGif obm0tiftm;pk
rsm;\taMumif;udk odem;vnfjcif;r&Sb
d ?J cku
d ;dk &mrJh jzpfvm\/ obm0tiftm;pkrsm;tm;
0dnmOfrsm;\udk,fxifjyrI[k vlrsm;u ,lqcJh\/ onfESifhwNydKifeuf vlonf obm0
r[kwfaom t&mrsm;udkif;? bmoma&;awG;ac:rIrsm;udkif;? ,kHMunfouf0ifvmawmh
onf/
Oyrm/
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,lqcJMh uonf/ aumufyo
J ;D ESrH sm; zGNYH zdK;jcif;onf orma'0ewf\rIid ;f rrIaMumif[
h k ,lqcJh
onf/ v,fxGufoD;ESHaumif;jcif;onfvnf; vrkdif;ewf\apmifrrIaMumifh[k ,lqcJhMu
onf/
vlay:pacwfOD;rSp vlonf obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk enf;jzifhom t"dyg,f
aumuf,lcJhonf/ vlwef;pm;tzGJYtpnf; ay:aygufvmaomtcgwGif vlrIqufqHa&;w
&m;rsm;onf vlukd BuD;pk;d vmonf/ vlwo
Ydk nf vlrq
I ufqaH &;w&m;rsm;\ ckid ;f apcsuft&
vkyaf qmifvm&onf/ od&Yk mwGif vlonf olt
Y m; vlrq
I ufqaH &;w&m;rsm;u pd;k rk;d cs,fv,
S f
aejcif;udk roday/ odkYjzifh vlonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;\tpkd;&paom obm0r[kwfonfhudk,f
pm;jyKtzGJYrsm;udk wDxGifvmMuonf/ omrefvlrsm;xuf &Sifbk&ifrsm;? rSL;rwfrsm;u jrifh
jrwfonf/ &Sifbk&ifrsm; rSL;rwfrsm;xuf bk&m;ocifu jrifhjrwfonf[k wDxGifzefwD;vm
Muonf/ odjYk zifh urmavmuBuD;udk pdwef mrfqidk &f m urmavmuESi&hf yk q
f idk &f murmavmu
[l ESpfckjzpfatmif zefqif;vmMuonf/
bmomw&m;tm;vk;H ? pdw0f g'tm;vk;H onf ,if;odjYk zifh pdwef mrfurmavmu? &kyf
urmavmu[k urmavmuESpcf pk vk;H udk vufcMH uonf/ wu,f&h yk u
f rmudk pdwef mrfurm
u vTrf;rkd;aeonfqkdaom t,ltqudk zefwD;vmMuonf/ odkYjzifh urmavmuBuD;onf
ESpfckESpfyu jzpfvmayonf/
pdwf0g'\t"duvuPmrsm;wGif ,if;odkYaom ESpfyutoGifrsm;om jzpfvmMu
onf/ 0dnmOfESifhcEmudk,f? xm0&bk&m;ESifhvl? edAmefbkHESifhvlYbkH? todPfjzifhom zrf;,l
&Ekdifaom awG;ac:pdwful;rIrsm;ESifh tm&kHjzifhzrf;,lEkdifaom &kyftrSefw&m;ponfwkdYjzpf
onf/
pdw0f g't&qkv
d Qif yd
k txufusaom yd
k ppfreS af om &kyrf [kwo
f nfh urmavm
uBuD;wck&o
dS nf/ &kyrf [kwaf om urmavmuBuD;onf &kyu
f rmavmuBuD;xuf y"me
usonf[kif;? &kyfr[kwfaom urmavmuBuD;onf tqkH;pGefaom rlvESifhtaMumif;w
&m;jzpfonf[kif;? &kyfurmavmuBuD;onf &kyfr[kwfaom urmavmuBuD;\vuf
25
jroef;wifh
acwfopftbd"rm\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;
ae&m acwfopf"e&Sit
f bd"rm\xl;jcm;aom Mo0g'tcsKdu
Y kd tusOf;wifjy
vko
d nf/
vGecf o
hJ nfEh pS af ygif;ok;H &meD;yg;avmufu (Subjective Idealism) qEppJG w
d 0f g'
[laom tbd"rmw&yfay:aygufco
hJ nf/ ,if;\tqkt
d &qkv
d Qif &kyu
f rmonf b,ftcg
rQ r&Sd[l jzpfayonf/ wu,fwnf&Sdonfht&mrSm uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfxJ &SdonfhawG;ac:rI
rsm;? tm&krH sm;om jzpfonf/ ,if;wkrYd v
S
JG jyify&kyu
f saomtrSew
f &m;[lonfr&S?d tjcm;
bmrQvnf;r&Sd[k ,if;u ,lqonf/
qEpGJpdwf0g'onf aemuf todw&m;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom Mo0g'wckudk zGifhqkdcJh
onf/ ,if;tqkdt& uREkfyfwkdY\tjyifywGif uREkfwdkYodEkdifaom 'd|jzpfaomtrSefw&m;[l
r&SdEkdif/ uREkfyfwkdYonf A[d'ykHyef; todw&m;udkom &EkdifMuonf/ t&m0wKrsm;\
olYtvkdtavsmuf wnf&Sdaejcif;(teww&m;)udk rod&SdEkdif[k ,lqonf/
,if;odaYk om pdw0f g'onf ,cktcsdef rsm;pGmacwfpm;vsuf&o
dS nf/ uREkyf w
f o
Ydk nf
wu,f&Sd t[kwf&Sdaom urmavmuBuD;\taMumif;udk ydk odvmEkdifonf/ ,if;odkYjzifh
obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk xde;f csKyfEidk u
f m vlt
Y EG,Bf uD; wk;d wufaumif;rGeaf &;twGuf vkyf
aqmifEidk rf nf[k "e&Sit
f awG;tac: ynm&Sirf sm;u qkcd MhJ uonf/ olwaYdk jymonft
h csderf mS
t&if;&Sifpepfonf wkd;wufaomtif;tm;pkw&yftjzpf? wnf&Sdaecsdefu jzpfonf/ odkY&m
wGif t&if;&Sifpepfonf csKyfNidrf;aeaom ,aeYumvwGifrl olwkdYonf wrsKd;ajymvmMu
jyefonf/ olwu
Ydk wu,f&dS t[kw&f adS om urmavmuBuD;onf rodEidk af omt&mjzpfonf
[k qkdvmMujyefonf/ ,if;odkYaom Mo0g'rsm;\Aavmif;AvJjzpfaeMuykHonf t&if;&Sif
pepfcsKyfNidrf;jcif;\vuPmyif jzpfayonf/
pdwf0g'onf urmavmuBuD;ESpfck&Sdjcif;udk ,kHMunfaMumif; jyqkdcJhNyD/ pdwfurm
avmuESifh&kyfurmavmuESpfck&Sd pdwfurmavmuonf &kyfurmavmuxuf y"meus
onf[k ,lqaMumif;udv
k nf; az:jycJNh yD/ tjcm;wbuf &ky0f g'onf &kyu
f rmavmuBuD;
wckwnf;om&Sd 'kwd,jzpfaom pdwful;jzpfaom tqifhjrifhaom pdwful;arQmfrSef;csuf
tEky#davmr&ky0f g'
26
urmavmuBuD;&Sdonfqkdjcif;udk jiif;y,fcJhonf/
&ky0f g'ESiphf w
d 0f g'wko
Yd nf aphpyf r&atmif qefu
Y sifjcm;em;Muayonf/ odw
Yk idk f
atmif tcsKdaY omtbd"rmynm&Sirf sm;url &ky0f g'ESiphf w
d 0f g'udk aphpyfaygif;pnf;&ef BudK;
pm;vsuf&SdaeMuao;onf/ tbd"rmwGif ,if;odkY &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g' aphpyf&ef enf;trsKd;
rsKd;jzifh BudK;yrf;cJhMuzl;onf/
,if;odYk aphpyfaygif;pnf;rdatmif BudK;yrf;rIrsm;teuf wckrmS Dualism &kyef mrf
'Gew
f 0JG g'jzpfonf/ if;wku
Yd pdwef mrfurmavmuBuD;wckonf &kyu
f rmavmuBuD;ESiu
hf if;
vsuf oD;jcm;&Sad eonf/ od&Yk mwGif ,if;pdwef mrfurmavmuESi&hf yk u
f rmavmuonf b,f
olYb,folurQromvGefbJ b,folu b,folYxufrS edrfhusjcif;r&SdbJ wef;wltajccHay:
wajy;nDpGm wnf&SdaeMuonf[k qkdMuonf/ obm0tiftm;pkrsm;\vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrI
paom &kyu
f rmavmuonf pdwef mrfurmavmuBuD;\pGuzf uf0ifa&mufrrI ygbJ ya,m*
rygbJ olYtvkdtavsmuf wnf&SdvIyf&Sm;onf[k ,lqonf/ tcsufwGif &kyfemrf'GefwGJ
0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrif&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif vlESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;udk Munhfjrifonfhtcgrl pdwf
emrfvyI &f mS ;ajymif;vJro
I nf t"dujzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/ tcsuf &kyef mrf'eG w
f 0JG g'
onf pdwf0g'tjrif &Sdayonf/
,if;odkYjzifh &kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g'onf pdwfemrftjrifESifh&kyf0g'tjrifudk aygif;pyfay;
vku
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Y zGt
YJ pnf;? orkid ;f ponft
h a&;BuD;aomjyemrsm;wGirf l &kyf
emrfESpfyu0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrifudk qefYusifum pdwf0g'tjrifudk vufcHayonf/
tjcm;aphpyfa&;tbd"rmwckrSm ]]trSefwu,f0g'}} (Realism) jzpfayonf/
trSefwu,f0g'onf qEpGJpdwf0g'udk qefYusifonf/
trSew
f u,f0g'onf tbd"rmynm&Sirf sm;\tvkt
d & jyify&kyu
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onf uREkfyfwkdY\odjrifrIrsm;rSuif;vsuf wu,ftrSefwnf&Sdonf[k ,lqMuonf/ okYdjzifh
qEpGJpdwf0g'udk qeYfusif&m trSefwu,f0g'orm;rsm;ESifh&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf wlnD
Muayonf/ pifppftm;jzifv
h nf; &kyu
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I kd vufcaH om
trSefwu,f0g'Dwa,muf rjzpfbJ &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf rjzpfEkdifay/
odkY&mwGif jyify&kyfurmavmuBuD;onf uREkfyfwkYd\odjrifrIrsm;rS uif;vsuf t
[kwf&Sd? wu,f&Sdonf[k vufcHumrQjzifhvnf; &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf rjzpfao;ay/
twkdif;omjzpf&vQif acwfv,fbk&if*sDtbd"rmynm&SifwOD;jzpfaom aomrwf(pf)tuf
uGdemh(pf)onfvnf; &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdYbk&if*sDbmomt,l
0g'qkdif&mynm&Sifrsm;rSm ,aeYwkdif tbd"rmcef;wGif ]]trSefwu,f 0g'orm;}}rsm;jzpf
aeMuayao;onf/ odkY&mwGif bk&if*sDbmom0ifwkdYu &yfraeMubJ t[kwf&Sd wu,f
jroef;wifh
&Sad om&kyu
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w&yfjzpfaom xm0&bk&m;ocif\wefc;dk awmfu pd;k rk;d cs,fv,
S x
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onf/
,if;odjYk zifh &kyo
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f nf&adS eonfqo
dk nft
h
csuftxd trSefwu,f0g'onf &kyf0g'ESifhwlnD useftcsufrsm;wGifrl pdwf0g'ESifhwlnD
oGm;ayonf/
xkjYd yif ]]trSew
f u,f0g'}}qkad ompum;vk;H onfvnf; tbd"rmynm&Sirf sm; ok;H
zefrsm;ojzifh qDonfr vufokwfzwfjzpfaeayNyD/ wpkHwckudk wu,ftrSefwnf&Sdonf[k
,lqolwkdif;tm; trSefwu,f0g'orm;[k ac:aeMuonf/
pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;
&kyf0g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;onf toGiftrsKd;rsKd;aom pdwf0g'wkdYESifhqefY
usifonf/ &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'udk aphpyfay;aom&kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g'ESifhvnf; qefYusifonf/
&ky0f g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;udk ykrd ydk o
D pGm od&EdS idk &f eftwGuf pdw0f g'\t"dutcsuf
BuD;rsm;udk yXrjyvkdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm(1) &kyfurmBuD;onf pdwfemrfay:wGif trSDo[JjyKaeonf/
(2) pdwfemrf okdYr[kwf pdwf odkYr[kwf pdwful;awG;ac:rIwkdYonf &kyfESifhoD;jcm;uif;vGwf
wnf&SdaeEkdifonf/ wu,fvnf; wnf&Sdaeonf/ (,if;wkdYteuf tjyif;xefqkH;aompdwf
0g'rSm &kyq
f o
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f nf tm&kw
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(3) odyyH nm? tawGt
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uG,w
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Ekdifaom bkHwck&Sdonf[l jzpfonf/
&ky0f g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;onf az:jyyg pdw0f g'\t"dutcsufrsm;ESihf
qefYusifayonf/
(1) urmavmuBuD;onf jyuawhobm0tm;jzifh &kyfjzpfonf/ wnf&Sdaeaomt&m0wK
wkdif;onf &kyftaMumif;w&m;rsm;ay:wGif tajccH jzpfay:vmMujcif; jzpfonf/ &kyf\
armif;ESifrIOya'orsm;t& jzpfay:wkd;wufvmMujcif;jzpfonf/
(2) &kyfonf 'd|usaom trSefw&m;jzpf pdwf\jyifywGif oD;jcm;uif;vGwfwnf&Sdonf/
pdwo
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hf if;uGm oD;jcm;&yfwnfaejcif;r[kwaf y/ pdwf odrYk [kwf pdwef mrfEiS phf yf
27
tEky#davmr&ky0f g'
28
jroef;wifh
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H kd vufawGeY nf;rsm;jzifh aemufxyfEidI ;f ,SOpf pfaq;
MunfMh u&atmif/
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Yd odyyH nmtay:wGif ]]vGerf if;pGm}} tm;xm;jcif;rjyK
&ef rMumcPajymwwfMuonf/ ta&;BuD;aom opmw&m;rsm;onf odyHynmvufvSrf;
rrSDaomae&mwGif &Sdonf[kvnf; olwkdYu qkdMuonf/ odkYqkdjcif;onf oufaoom"u&Sd
aom? tawGYtMuKHu jyaom? vufawGYjzifh prf;oyfEkdifaom t&mrsm;udk r,kHMunfESifh[k
qkjd cif;yifjzpfonf/ odq
Yk jdk cif;jzifh ]]tqifjh rif}h }aom todw&m;udk &&Sad v[ef trSeq
f ;Hk udk
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k m ,kMH unfMu[kq&dk ma&mufayonf/
enf;jzifh pdwf0g'onf azgufjyefaom 0g'jzefYcsDrIa&mif;&if; rdwfaqGaumif;
BuD;jzpfvmayonf/ t&if;&Sifowif;pmrsm;\tbd"rmBuD;w&yf jzpfvmayonf/ pdwf
0g'onf vlYusifh0wfESifhvlrIjyemrsm;udk odyHenf;uspGm csOf;uyfavhvmjcif; rjyKEkdif
atmif uREkfyfwkdYtm; wm;qD;xm;um Oyg'gefpGJvrf;rI trsKd;rsKd;udk ,kHMunfatmif tm;
ay;aeonf/
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onf[v
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Yd qkMd uao;onf/ (pdw)f twGi;f ajymif;vJ qef;opfrrI &Sb
d J
vlYjyemrsm;udk rajz&Sif;Ekdif[kvnf; qkdMuao;onf/ pum;rSm xrif;0olrsm; rMum
cPajymavh&Sdaom pum;jzpfonf/ tvkyform;onf vkyfcGiftajctaeaumif;rGefa&;
twGuf wkdufyGJr0ifbJ pdwf"mwfwkd;wufaumif;rGefatmif vkyfjcif;jzifh b0opfodkY a&muf
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onf/ &kd;om;aom tcsKdYqkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf t&if;&Sifpepfudk raumif;[k jrifMuonf/
,if;odt
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[k olwkdYu ,lqMuonf/ t&if;&Sifrsm; tygt0if vltm;vkH;rQwrIESifhw&m;rIwkdYudk usifh
ok;H jcif;jzifh t&if;&Sipf epf\tjypftemtqmrsm; aysmufu,
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pdwf0g'onf tESpfom&tm;jzifh tb,fenf;/ uREkfyfwkdY\aexkdifrIpepfESifhvlY
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udk Munfhjrif&ef arhavsmhaeMuonf/ trSeftm;jzifh t&if;&SifvlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif; ukef
rsm; jzefYcsDykHpepf? qif;&JolESifhcsrf;omol[l uGJjym;aeonfhtjzpfwkdYay:vmjcif;rSm ukef
29
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uREkfyfwkdYonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhobm0tiftm;pkrsm; taMumif;udk odem;vnfEkdifaom
aMumifjh zpfayonf/ ,if;odYk odem;vnfjcif;jzifo
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121
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