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9rorrlt
uilding
BelterPerf orrneinaeCOMMENTARY
81
AUGUST
2OO4
THE
CHANGING
ROLE
OFTHE BUYSIDETRADER
The
role
of
the
buyside
trader
has changed dramaticallyover
the
lastdecade.Buyside
traders
now haveanarsenal of execution
tools
at
their
fingertips
and
are
taking
greatercontrol
oftheir orders.
Delegating
the
responsibilities fororder execution to a broker
is now
supplanted
by
electronic
trading.
-r,'.'
'
',s
MaNe
a
Good-lrader?
was tne subject of
the
January2003
P
exus
Commentaryl
which
focused
o^ the
useof
Orde'
Varage-ent
Systems and
StraightThrougl^ Processir^g
(STP)
trrougr
FIX
connectivity.
We
questroned
whether
the fast
connections
of
electronic
trading
were
getting
traders where they
needed
to
go.
Just afew
quarterslater,
a
proliferation
of
providers
is
exploitingnetworkconnectivity
to
providebetter, faster
and
less expensive service
in
areas such
as
liquidityaggregation
and algorithmic
trading.
In
this
Commentary
we review recent
market
structural
changes and discusshow
these changesmotivateand empower
the
buysidetraders
to
better
control their
orders.
How Much Have
Things
Changed?
In'Consolidation,
Fragmentation,Segmentation
and
Rerr-;laf;^n2
"
|
"rry
Haliis
discusseri
th=
re:scns
wh;,markets
fragment,
the
forces
leading
to
re-consolidation,and,
a
srrhqenrent
sit;ationthat
Harris
def
nes
as
a
senmnntcd
merkct
Clrrite
nrescientlvWhat
haS
happened
is
very
close to
what
Harris describes.
Marketsfragmentbecause tradershavedifferent
needs
and tradingproblems.Pre-1990market structures
were
floor-centric,
with
broker/dealers intermediating
most
trades.
A
"fourth
market"
emergedin
the
1970's
as
a
private
phone-based
crossing
network
among
buyside.
traders to
fulfillthe
budding demand
fordirect
buyside
to
buyside
crossing.
In
the
1980's
the fourth marketwent
electronic
via
Instinet, followed
by
both
the
Crossing
Network
and
ITG's
POSIT.
Even
so,the
demand
continued
for
more
alternatives
to
invitino
brokerintermediation
into
the
orocess.
Hs irades shift away from
a
venues,
soliciting
liquidity
intermediation,
both
buyercentralmarket
io
scattered
became
difficult.
Without
and seller
must
show
up
independently.
While
traders
do
not
want
sellside
intermediation on every trade,
thev
needaccess
to
deep
liquidity
pools.
Thus
isolated
"buyside
only"
pools
needed
to
reconsolidate
in
order
to
raise
the
rate
ofsuccessful
matching.
The changes mandated
by
the
'1997
SEC
EquityOrder-
Handling
Rules
combined
with
technologicalimprovements suchasOMS systems and FIX
protocols
to
accelerate
the
development
of
electronic
communication networks(ECNs).Very
quickly,
the
ECNs
saw
thai
connectivity couldimprove
liquidity,
and
began
inier-connecting
with each other and
wrth
NASDAO.
Growing
popularity
andvolume begat more
popularity
ano
vorume.
The
1997
Order-Handling
Rules
also
mandated
decimalization, which impacted markets
inthreeways:
.
As
the
increase in
the
number
of
price points
thinned
out
liquidity
at
anygiven
price,
it
became difficultforbuyside traders
to
find
size.
Traders
were forced
to
break
orders
into
small
pieces
to
access thinned-out
liquidity.
.
"Pennying,"
jumpingin front
of
bids/offers
by
penny
increments
toforce
betterprices
or faster
execution,
became
a
significant deterrent
to
buyside traders for
I
Available
onwww.plexusgroup.com
'!Consolidation,
Fragmentation,
Segmentation
andRegulation
Harrs, Lawrence,
Financial l\y'arkets,Institutions
&
Instfuments v.
2,
no.
5,
December
1993, 1-28.
 
postinglimitorders
to
attract hidden
liquidity. The
bookbecameeven thinner.
.
The reduction
of
spreads make
itdifficult
for
brokers
to
profitfrom
their
traditional market-making
business.
This
forced them
away
from
the
market-maker
wholesalingbusiness model towardan
agency-based
tradingservice
model.
This
shift
positionsbrokers/dealers
as
facilitators
for
both
their clients
and
the
facilities offeredbv
ECNs.
Meanwhile,
low
returns
expectations
and
increasing
surveillance
caused
buyside
firmsand
fiduciaries
to
focuson the
costs
of
portfolioturnover.
The
increased
sensitivity
motivated
them
to
monitor transaction
costs
and adjust
behavior
where
appropriate.
While it
appears that
westill
have fragmented
markets
today,
the
reality
is
quitedifferent.Rather
than
being
consolidated at thedestination, institutional markets
are
nowde-fragmented
at the
source,
the
buyside
tradedesks.
New
trading
systems
allow
buysiders
to
efficiently
scan
all
market fragments
for
liquidity.
Larry
Harris'"segmented
market"
seems
close to
today's
reality.
The
Buyside
Traders Workload
In
addition
to
allowing buyside traders to take control oftheir trading, the technologicaladvancements ofthe
last
decade facilitated large increases
in
productivityon
the
trade
desks.
Back-of-the-envelopecalculations,using
lists
of
clients
for
whomPlexus evaluates
individual
traders.
show
interesting trends:
2.
,:,;;;
t
,..,;;
!.
.
The
numberof
orders
per
traderprocessed
by Plexus'smanager clients is
up
20% since
2000.
This
isprobably
the best
indicator of
the
increase in trader workload.
.
Despite
increased
workload,
half of
the desks
have the
same
numberof
traderstoday
as
they did
in 2000.
.
The
number
of
managersreducing
trader
population
on
their
desks
exceeds
the
number
of
managers.
increasing
desk
populationby
a
factor
of
2:1.Individual
desk
population
data
indicates
that
the
trader
populationhasdecreased
B%
since
the turn of
the
millennium.
'
While workload is up
in
terms
of
number of orders,
the
shares
per
order
has dropped
24o/o
and
the
total
dollars
traded
has
fallen
1B%.
.
Interestingly,
the
number
of
managerclients requesting
evaluation
of
individualtraders
is
up
67%
Individual
trader skills are increasingly
under
scrutin,.
OMS
Sysfems
And
Connectivity
Order ManagementSystems(OMS)are
the
keystones of
the
buyside'sability
to
manage workflow.These systems
collect orders fromportfoliomanagers, aggregate
them
intotrading blocks, manage executions,collectfills
and
perform
allocations.
Nearly
all
of
Plexus's
manager
clientsuse
an
OMS system, although
there
are
big
differences
in
system
capabilities.OMS systems
are
becoming the
technological
backboneof
the
buyside
firm
3,
Automating the
1!z,.rinal
oart
of
the
job
is
notenough;
firms
demandintegration
of
portfoliomanagement
functions
such as
optimization
models
and
risk and
compliance
modules.
The
key advance
for
OMS
systems
in
the
last
five
years
hasbeen
enhanced connectivity
to
brokers,
trading
venues, direct
market
access
brokers
and
algorithmictrading
systems. The Tabb Group
found
that
the
buysidenow
handles
52%
of
itsorder
flow
electronically and only49o/o
manually
by
phoning
a
broker.
The
larger
themanaqer.
the
lower
the
level
of
manual
order
handlino.
Aggregation
Tech
nology
:
Creati
ng
ASegmented
Market
Place
Reconsolidation,
the
naturalevolutionof fragmentation,
has
been
accomplished
via
aggregation
technology.Both buyside
and
sellsidenow
see
one
consolidated montage
of
the
markets.Aggregation
technology
gathers
data
f
rom
the
various
electronic
marketplaces,
thusintegrating otherwiseisolated
pools
of
liquidity.
These systems
also
provide
execution
facilities
that can trade
seamlessly across
all
trading
venues.
ECNs
were early
providers
of
aggregation
across
NASDAQ
dealers.
Clients
woulduse
Bloomberg
or
Archipelago to access multiple
liquidity
sources.
Even if
the
ECN
did
not have
the
other
side,
it
still
got
a
piece
of
the
actionas
the
point
of
market
entry.
The result
was
dramatically
improved
liquidity
and
quick
user
acceptance.
But
the
trading
was
labor
intensive;
the
electronic
markets
still
required manual
intefaces.
Users
3
See
Commentary
#74,
Januaty
2003.
Also see
the repod
by
the
Tabb
Group.
Both afeavailable onwww.plexusgroup.com.
 
spent
a
lot of time
punchingkeyboards
to
work
thesystems.
Smart
order
routingtechnology represents
the
latest
advances
in
aggregationsystems.
The
technology
analyzes order flow
for
particular
patterns
of
size
and
liquidity,
ident!ir:s
attractive venues and
automatically
routesorders
forexecution. By
re-combining liquiditypoolsand allowing
the
user
to
set custom trading
rules,
aggregationproviders
hope
to
pre-empt
the
need
to
linkto
four
or
five
competing vendors.
Advanced
aggregation
systems
can
simulate sophisticatedorder
types
acrossmarket venueseven though
some
ECNs may not supportthem.
Sn'an o'derrout'rg
is still in its infancy:
according
to
the
leadingproviders
of
this
technology,
few trade
desks
have made useof anything beyond simple VWAP trading.
Broker-provlcied
aggregationsystems
are
the
most
rnridelv rrco.i h r hrrrici.lo firme fnllniriod hri inrlononrioni
oroviders
such as
Lava
and
FlexTrade,FlexTrade is also
offeredthroughsome
broKers,
Smaller aggregators
are
also
aggressive competitors,
and
together command
a
larger
marketshare
than
FlexTrade.Drilling downonfirmsize shows
a
differentpicture.
Large
firms
main
y
rely
on
the
Lava aggregation
system,followed by
FlexTrade.
Small
buyside
firms, on the
other
hand, rely
heavily
on
brokers
to
provide
this
technology.
According
to
the TabbGroup, breadth offunctionality
-
^hA ^^^+ ^^^^,^+^^
.ru
uurL
-
rEpdro,vr
the aggregation sysiem from
eachother.
Althoughsub-second speed
-
the
time
ittakes
to
get yourorder
to the
pornt
of
liquidrty
-
was
consideredcritrcal,
most buyside desks feltthat most systems
were
comoetitiveon
soeed.A
growing
number
of
brr,l:erssell
their expertisein
usino
ECNs
and
aggregation systems
to
provide
buysidetraders
agencyexecutions
without
invoking"shopping"
of
the
order
Brrvside
desks
use
these
firms
to
become
active
users
of
aggregation
and
access
technology
without
investing
timeand
money.
Firms
like
PulseTrading, White Cap Trading, Firefly,UNX and others
have
experiencedgood
volumegrowthin
the
Plexus Broker
Universe over thelastfewyears.Other
firms
in
this space
are
EGS, Electronic
Specialist,
EquityStation, Terra Novalnstitutional.
Vie
Financial
and Paravane
Partners.
Algorithmic
Trading
Algorithmic trading systems
model
the tradingrules
and
logic
of
different tradingstrategies and
implement
themodels
via
FIX
connectivitv.
The svstems offered to
thebuyside
trading
desks are
fairly
new, butpenetrationhasbeen
broad.
Both
the
Tabb Group and
the
Plexus survey
found
that
60%
of the
desks
use
algorithmic
tradingsystems,
with the
percentagesoaring
for
large
firms
to
80o/o.
The basic strategyofthese systemsisstill crude:
"sliceanddice"
the
orders downto
the size
being
shown
in
the
order
books.
The
widespread use of automated
trading
stratagems
such as
probe
trades
and
other
devices
to
test
the
tenor
of
the
market
still lies
in thefuture.Modelingtrading strategies, even
a
basic VWAP strategy,isnotan easy task.
The
best algorithmic
trading
systems
have developed much broader capabilities than
a
basicVWAP
model,
but the
vast
majority
of
users
still
use onlythe basic model. The main use
of
these systems
is
for
the
fairly
liquid,easy to
trade
orders
where
little value
can
be
addedby more
humanattention.As wasthe case for aggregator systems, brokerprovided
algorithmic systems dominate
the
marketplace.
CSFB,
Goldman Sachs and
ITG
are thecurrentleaders.
CSFB
has
a
big
presenceamong
the
large
and
medium
size
firms
and
ITG
mainlyamong
medium
size
firms.Proprietarymodels
and
FlexTradewere
the
non-broker
systems
with the largest
percentage
of
users.
Thegoal
of
traders using
these
systems
is
to
eitherreducecosts or
improveefficiency.A
few
have
started
to
analyze
the
results
from
their algorithmicsystem and
are
oftennot
pleased
with theresults. Plexus
hasevaluated
the
results
of
naive VWAP enginesversus
PAEG/L
and
also
found
poorer
than expected
results.
Conclusions
The
relationshipbetween buyside
trade
desks
andbrokerage
firms is
in
the
process
ofredefinition.
Indeed,
today's markets operate radically different than they
did
three
or
fouryears
ago.
The
idea
of
"relationships"being
the
gravitational
forceholding
together
buyside trader and broker
is
weakening.
Changes
in
market
structureand
order-handling
rules
allow
the
buyside desks
to
takemorecontrol
of
their
orders. The days
when
brokers controlledmarketaccess
andmarket
information
appear
goneforever.
This
will
not begood
news
for
brokers who rely
on
little
more
than
relationships
for the
securing
of
order
flow.
With
more
trading
being done electronically
or
through
direct
floor
access,
the
remainder
of
the
pie
is
getting
thinner.
We
predict
thatmany
brokerage
firms will
seek
of 00

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