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FrancelAP ENVIRONMENTALChapter 20 SummaryWater Supply, Use and Management Constructing Dams Benefits:Mechanical Power for SawmillsEmploying workersElectric Power Removing Dam Benefits:Boat FishingSport FishingRecreationMore fishBiodiversity Back Ecosystem growthWater:High capacity to absorb heatUniversal solventHigh Surface tensionSolid form is denser than liquid formMajor storage compartments: Ocean, Ice caps/glaciers, groundwater, atmosphere, rivers/streams,lakes (freshwater)Water Problem: Right time and Place of its availabilityLess than 1% of the water on Earth can be use by plants, animals and peopleToday’s world water us is 6k km^3/yr Quantity and Quality of water available at a particular time are highly variable – shortages of water have occurred- serious economic problemsMiddle East and N. Africa- scarce water

FrancelVisualize this:It precipitates and hits the recharge zones. Goes to Vandose Zone then to the aquifer Groundwater - water below the water table where saturated conditions existWater Table- The upper surface of groundwater Recharge Zones –when it precipitates the water goes to this area first and then infiltrates theground.Discharge Zones- where the water goes out or where the groundwater flows like springsVandose Zone- a.k.a unsaturated zone; pore spaces are not all filled with water Aquifer- underground zone or body of earth material from which groundwater can be obtainedGroundwater here moves slow; loose gravel and sand are examples of good aquifer since it has alot of open fractures that allows water to freely move.Cone of Depression- Water level decreases since the water from the aquifer is being pumped upto the surfaceStreamsEffluent- streams and water table’s movement are directly proportional; when the groundwater rises the stream rises too. Perennial stream- all year stream flowingInfluent- Precipitation and Stream flows are directly proportional. Ephemeral Stream- Doesn’tflow all year.Intermittent- both influent and effluent streamWhat will happen if you change it?Reduce Effluent: change it to intermittentDiversion of surface waters that recharge groundwater may result in an increase inconcentrations of dissolved chemicals in the groundwater. This happens because dissolvedchemicals in the groundwater are not diluted by mixing with infiltrated surface water.Water Budget- model that balances the inputs, outputs and storage of water in a systemAntarctica- 5% of Earth’s runoff. S. America-25% of Earth’s run off 66% of precipitation evaporates quickly or is transpired by vegetation and 34% enters the surfacewater or groundwater.Areas with high precipitation and run offs can have droughts since dry years sometimes happen50% of US population uses groundwater (US has a lot of those) for drinking which is 20% of thetotal water used

FrancelOverdraft- groundwater withdrawal exceeds natural inflow. Water table drops. Loss of trees;increase flooding resulted; erosion happened; Fluid pressure is lowered; surface subsidenceoccurs;Collapse Sink hole- forms at the surface when the water table dropsWater is a non-renewable sourceDesalination-removing salt from seawater- 3.5% salt until it becomes .05% salt.

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It produces 20k-30k cubic meters of water per day.

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It is 10 times more

expensive

than traditional water supplies.

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It has a

place value

- price quickly increases with the distance and the cost of transportation.

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It also requires a

great

amount of

energy

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Must discharge very salty water to another body of water- disrupt ecosystemYuma, Arizona- largest desalination plantOff-stream use-water removed from its source for use and much of the water is returned to thesource.*Consumptive Use- plant and animal consumption that is not returned to the sourceIn-stream use- use of rivers for navigation, hydroelectric power generation, fish and wildlifehabitats, and recreation; very controversial;Water Conservation- careful usage and protection of water resources depending on their qualityand quantityAgriculture-biggest water use*Improved Irrigation- reduce agricultural withdrawals between 20-30%How to conserve:

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Price water properly

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Cover Canals (reducewater evaporation)

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Use Technology tomonitor and schedulerelease of water

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Use both surface andgroundwater

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Irrigate whenevaporation is minimal(at night whentemperatures down)

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Use sprinklers or dripirrigation

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Improve soil- (usemulch) infiltrationincreases and runoff decreases

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Plant water friendlycropsDomestic Use- 10% of total national water withdrawals*It can cause problems in areas where water is in short supply.How to conserve or reduce: