Good Judgment and Moral Reasoning Right Ethics Is the ethical theory that makes human rights morally

paramount and fundamental, Views human rights as foundationalthe moral bottomline What is a HUMAN RIGHTS? Are morally valid entitlements or claims on other persons, recognizing that others make similar claims on us. Are also called NATURAL RIGHTS Are unalienable in that they cannot be abolished or taken away

Arise from contracts, promises, legislation, school membership, and relationships with professionals DUTY ETHICS IMMANUEL KANT German philosopher Most influential duty ethicist PRINCIPLES: RESPECT FOR PERSONS PRINCIPLE ACT SO THAT YOU TREAT HUMANITY, WHETHER IN YOUR OWN PERSON OR THAT OF ANOTHER, ALWAYS AS AN END AND NEVER AS A MEANS ONLY RESPECT APPRECIATING

LEGAL RIGHTS? Are simply the areas of freedom and benefits recognized in a particular legal system LIBERTY RIGHTS? Are rights not to be interfered with Also called NEGATIVE RIGHTS WELFARE RIGHTS? Also called POSITIVE RIGHTS Are rights to receive essential goods when one is unable to earn those goods on ones own and when the community has the resources to provide

DUTIES OF SELF-RESPECT 2. TO CONTINUE LIVING 3. TO DEVELOP THEIR TALENTS AND APTITUDES 4. TO NOT HAVE OTHERS MAKE INSINCERE PROMISES TO THEM 5. TELL THE TRUTH 6. KEEP YOUR PROMISES 7. we are to do our duty because it is our duty 8. we are to do what is right because it is right 9. do unto others as you would have them do unto you DAVID ROSS

SPECIAL MORAL RIGHTS?

British philosopher PRIMA FACIE DUTIES: genuine duties that sometimes have exceptions when they conflict with other duties having greater importance in a given situation Do not to lie To protect innocent life To protect a patient under ones care actual duty or duty proper to tell a lie in order to save a life PRIMA FACIE RIGHT meaning rights that have permissible exceptions when they conflict with other rights BASIC ETHICS DUITIES OF FIDELITY means deriving from our own actions, either in making commitments DUTIES OF REPARATION means in causing harm to others DUTIES OF GRATITUDE AND RECIPROCITY means deriving from other peoples acts of service towards us DUTIES OF JUSTICE DUTIES OF BENEFICENCE means sheer opportunity to help others DUTIES OF SELF-IMPROVEMENT DUTIES OF NONMALEFIANCE means not injuring others Do not inflict harm; prevent harm; remove harm; promote good ULITARIANISM

PRODUCE THE MOST GOOD FOR THE MOST PEOPLE MEANS lying is right when it promotes the most good and it is wrong when it promotes more bad than good INTRINSIC GOODs- things worth seeking for their own sake INTRINSIC BADs- things to be avoided Jeremy Bentham Only intrinsic good is pleasure and the only intrinsic bad is pain hedonism The quality of pleasures, as well as their quantity, must be taken into account, saying that some pleasures are inherently better in kind than others ACT ULITARIANISM An act is right when it maximizes good effects more than any other option available in a situation RULE ULITARIANISM Is the view that we should follow a particular set of rules that would maximize overall good VIRTUE ETHICS CHARACTER ETHICS DESCRIBES the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior. Focuses greater attention or moral motivation and moral psychology Spur greater attention to personal relationships

Highlights ideals of moral aspirations Renew attention to communities, including how communities instill values in children and in citizens RELIGIOUS ETHICS Links moral virtues, ideas and principles to their religious beliefs and ideals PRAGMATISM Refers to a cluster of approaches to ethics that are wary to abstract rules and elaborate systems principles. Emphasize the importance of context of looking closely at the facts and values pertinent to particular situations