messenger-no15

T H E

M E S S E N G E R

N o .1 5 -D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 8

T e n

N ig h ts a t th e " V e r y L a r g e T e le s c o p e " (V LT )!

E v e r s in c e th e E S O

C o n fe re n c e o n

F u tu re T e le s c a p e s in D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 7 , a s tro n o m e rs h a v e b e e n ta lk in g a bo u tfu tu reVery Large Telescopes.B ut w h a t w o u ld th e y a c tu a llyd a w ith th e m ? W e th e re fo re a s k e d s a m e o fth e a s tro n o m e rs in th e E S O c o u n trie s to a n s w e r th es im p le (? ) q u e s tio n :W h a tw o u ldy o u o b s e rv ei fy o u

h a d te n n ig h ts o na 25 m e treV L T ?W e b r in g th e ir re p lie s in th is a n d th efo llo w in g is s u eo f th e M e s s e n g e r.

o

[

J

~

\u2022

0

. .

\u2022 \u2022

0

o

U n c o v e r in gth e s e c re tso f th e U n i v e rs e w itha2 5 m

V L T .D r a w nb y J e a n - C la u d e P e c k e r w h o te ilsa b o u t h isp re fe rre do b s e r v in gp ro \ue000

gram m e

w ith

afu tu reg ia n t te le s c o p e . O th e rc o n trib u to rs in

th is

M essengeris s u e a r e Im m oA p p e n z e lle r ,P o u l-E rik N is s e n ,A n to in e

L a b e y rie ,L u b o sK o h o u te ka n d J e a n -P ie rre S w in g s . M o rew illfo llo w

in

th en e x tis s u e .

C lo u d sin th e H a lo

J .-C . P e c k e r

W e il, w h a t e a n b ed o n e w ith te n n ig h ts o na fu tu re

2 5 m e tre te le s e o p e (th e

V LT )?

T h efir s t to s e n d in h is a rtie le w a s P ro fe s s o r J e a n -C la u d e P e e k e r fro m C o lle g e d e F ra n e ea n dIn s titu t d 'A s tr o p h y s iq u e in P a ris .H efe e ls th a tm osto f th e tim es h o u ld b e u s e d t o

s tu d yth e s ta rsa n d

th e

g a s in

th e

h a lo

o fth e

M i/k y

W ay.J o in

h im

o n

th e

m a g ie e a rp e t .. .b u t

r e m e m b e r to

fa s te n

th e s e a tb e lts !

" E x p e rie n c e , till n o w , g iv e su s h o p eth a t h u m a n re s o u rc e \ue000

fu /n e s sa n dim a g in a tio n ,c o m b in e d

w ith

e n o u g h p h o to n s ,

w illfin ds o /u tio n s. . . "

J .-L . G re e n s te in.

. . .Y e s !. . .B utw h a t is

m o re

d iffic u ltis

t o

fin dp ro b le m s !

E v o k in gth e fa iry -ta le so f th e O rie n t, a s d id J e s s e G r e e n s te in

(E S O

C o n fe re n c e

o n

O p tic a l

T e le s c o p e s

o f

th e

F u tu re , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 7 ),Ife e Ith a tm y T e n N ig h tsa t th e V L T h a v e , lik e th e T h o u s a n d a n d O n e N ig h tso fS c h e h e ra z a d e , acom \ue000 p le te ly im a g in a r y c h a ra c te r! W h e n th eV L T g o e sin to o p e ra \ue000 tio n ,Ia m

s u r eth a t m yd o c to r w illn o ta llo w m et o w a lkw ith \ue000

o u t

c ru tc h e s. . .

T h e

m a g ic

c a rp e tth a t

b rin g s

m e

th e re

tra v e lsm oreintim e th a n a c ro s s th e o c e a n s ,w h ic hisn o t b a d

a t a ll b e c a u s e th e a d a p ta tio n

w ill b e ra th e r d iffic u lt.

Ih a v e th e re fo re b e e nfo rc e dt oth in k alo t b e fo re e s ta b lis h \ue000 ing my"d re a m "p ro g ra m m e . A te le s c o p e w ith ad ia m e te ro f 2 5 mim p lie s a g re a tlyim p ro v e dlig h t-g a th e rin g c a p a c ity a n d am uchb e tte r re s o lu tio n .la d m itth a t th ete m p ta tio n to try to o b s e rv e"th elim itso f th e U n iv e r s e "is v e ry la rg e , a n d a ls ot o c o u n tth e fa in te s t o b je c tss o m e w h e re in th e s k y :b u t th e a t\ue000 m o s p h e reiss till th e re ; a n dI p re fe r to a w a it a s a te llite"o u to f th ee c lip tic " ,w h ic his e q u ip p e dw ith a te le s c o p eo f re a s o n \ue000 a b le s iz e , in

o rd e rt o

re a llyg e t rid

o fth eb a c k g ro u n d

lig h t

fro m

th ed u s t a n d th e in te rp la n e ta ry g a s( z o d ia c a llig h t) ,o r

a t le a s t m o s to f it.

Ith in ki tw o u ldb e in te r e s tin g to u s e th e V L Tt oim p ro v e th e

k n o w le d g eo fth e e n e r g yd is tr ib u tio n o n s te lla r s u rfa c e s .B ut

Ia m

a fra idth a t th e V LT in th e e n d w illn o t b e b e tte r th a n a n

a rra yo fc le v e r ly a r r a n g e d s m a lle r te le s c o p e s .

O nth e c o n tra ry , th efo llo w in ga rg u m e n t a p p e a rs re a s o n \ue000

a b le :a tth e

sam e

s p e c tra / re s o lu tio n ,

th e

s p a c e

v o /u m e w h ic h c a n b e e x p /o r e db yth eV LTis e le v e n tim e s /a rg e r th a n w hatc a n

b es tu d ie d

w ith

th e

P a /o m a r 2 0 0 " te /e s c o p e

(re \ue000

m em berth a tth e

re la tio n

b e tw e e nlim itin g

m a g n itu d ea n d

in s tru m e n td ia m e te risg iv e n b ym o=

-2 .5log 0

+c o n s ta n t

b e c a u s e th elim itis g iv e n b y th es ig n a l- to - n o is e ra tio , c f. th e

a rtic leb yW .A .B a u m

i nA s tr o n o m ic a / T e c h n iq u e s , S ta rsa n d

S te lla r S y s te m s ,

11,1 9 6 2 ,p .5 , ff.). Itis th e s tu d yo f th e s p e c tr a

o fs ta rs a n d g a la x ie sw h ic h h a s , in g e n e ra l,le tt m e h u n g r y .

Som em a jo rp ro b le m sin p re s e n t-d a ya s tro n o m y a re s tillu n \ue000

s o lv e d

b e c a u s e

o fth e

la c ko f s ta tis tic a l s ig n ific a n c e . T h e

e x a m p le s a re o b v io u s : o n e

c a n

c o u n to n

o n e

h a n d

(o r a t

le a s t o n afe w h a n d s ) th e s ta rsfo rw h ic h th e c h e m ic a lcom \ue000

p o s itio n

has been

d e te rm in e dfro m

s p e c tra l lin e m e a s u re \ue000 m e n ts ; e v e nm orera re a re th e n o rm a l s ta rsfo rw h ic h th e lin e p r o file s h a v e b e e n

w e il m e a s u r e d ; a n d Ik n o w

o n lyo f o n e

s ta r, th e

S u n ,fo rw h ic h

th e

lin e

p ro file s

h a v e

w e ll-d e te r\ue000

m in e d

a s y m m e trie s

(w ith

th e

e x c e p tio n

o f

som e

m on\ue000

s tro s itie s , h o w e v e r in te r e s tin gth e y m a y b e , lik efo r in s ta n c e

P

C y g n i) .

F o rh o w

m any

g a la x ie s

d o

w e

r e a lly

k n o w

th e

2

c h e m ic a lc o m p o s itio n

in

1 9 7 8 ?

A t th e

m ost a dozen. W e

s h a ll g e t a t le a s t ah u n d re d

w ith

th e V LT .

F o rh o w

m any

q u a s a rsd ow ek n o w th e s p e c tr u m in g re a t d e ta il?Im p ro v in g

th e

num berby afa c to ro f 10

w illa llo w

u st o

a v o id

r is k y

s p e c u la tio n s .

T h isfa c to ro f1 0 c a n ,a t th e s a m e d is p e r s io n , b e a g a in in

th etim e - r e s o lv in gp o w e r. T h e v a ria b le s ta rso f ty p e\u00d6 S c u o r

\u00dfC M a ; th e e ru p tiv e s ta rso f ty p e T T a uo r U V C e t a re re a lly

n o tv e ry w e ilknow n. . . W h a t a h a rv e s t w ew o u ldg e tfro m

a tim ere s o l u tio no f th eo rd e ro f o n e s e c o n d in th e s tu d y o f,fo r in s ta n c e , th e c h a n g e so f th e C a

11(K )o rth eH a lin e p r o file !

S ta tio n a ryo rp r o g r e s s iv e w a v e s , v a r io u s o s c illa tio n s , m a s s

o u tflo w. . .th e s e imp o rta n t e v o l u tio n a ry p ro c e s s e sw i11 u n \ue000

d o u b te d lycom ew ith in

re a c h .

H o w e v e r,a t th isp o in t in m yth o u g h t c h a in th ec h o ic e b e \ue000

c o m e s p a in fu l! S u r e ly th e V L T is s itu a te d a t a p e r fe c t s ite. . .I

th e re fo re

r e a lly h a v e te n

fu ll n ig h ts a t m yd is p o s a l- a n d

I

h a v e

o f

c o u rs e

c h o s e n

th e

d a rk ,

n e w -m o o n

p e rio d !

M o re o v e r,fro m

th e V L T

m o u n ta inIc a n e a s ily o b s e r v e th e

g a la c ticc e n t red u rin g

m y n ig h ts .

Itisc o n s e q u e n tlyo u r G a la x y ,th e

M ilk y W ay,th a tis th e

s u b je c to fm y p ro g ra m m e ."O u r" E a rth :th e

fir s t c e le s tia l

b o d yt os tu d y -th e

g e o p h y s ic is ts h a v e ta k e n

c a r eo f th a t.

"O u r"

S un

(o r ra th e r"o u r"

s o la r s y s te m ):

L o n g

liv e

th e

s p a c e p ro b e s ! (B u t th e reisa ls o a le s s o n tow h ic hI re tu rn a f\ue000 te rm y te n th n ig h t). S o n o w ,"O u rG a /a x y "-a n d w e re s e rv e , fo r

th e

fu tu re ,

"o u r"

lo c a l

g ro u p ,

"o u r"

s u p e r-g a la x y ,

"o u r". . .Is to p h e rew ith o u tp r e ju d ic e to th e e x tra p o la tio n

o f

th is

h ie r a r c h ic a l

p la y in g

w ith

R u s s ia n

d o lls !

(C f.

th e

fro n t-p a g efig u re , fre e ly a fte rG .d e V a u c o u le u rs , 1 9 7 0 ).

T h e C e n tre o f th e G a la x y

T h e G a la x y , lik e th e S u n a n d

lik e a c lu s t e ro f g a la x ie s , is a

c o n d e n s a tio no f m a tte r im m e r s e d ina d ilu te m e d iu m .A sfo r

th e S u n ,i tis th e tra n s itio n a l re g io n b e tw e e n c o n d e n s a tio n

a n d

d ilu tio n

(th e

a tm o s p h e re --in

a

v e ry

g e n e ra l

s e n s e )

w h ic ht oa la rg e e x te n t d e te r m in e s th e p h y s ic s . A n d itis th e

p h y s ic so fth e G a la x y tow h ic hI h a v e d e c id e dt o d e v o te m y

n ig h ts -to

its p h y s ic s a n d

its e v o lu tio n .

O b je c tiv e - p r is m

s p e c trao fs ta rsin a fa ir ly la r g e fie ld

to \ue000

w a rd sth ec e n tr eo f th e G a la x yc o u ld b e o b ta in e d

in

o rd e r

t o

d e te r m in e th e ra d ia l v e lo c itie so f s ta rs v e ry c lo s e to th e

n u c le u s

( a

d iffic u lt

o p e ra tio n

in

1 9 7 8 ? ).

T h e

m a g n itu d e

w h ic h

isp re s e n tly re a c h e d

w ith th e F e h re n b a c h o b je c tiv e \ue000

p ris m

m e th o d

isa b o u t1 3m-1 4m

w ith

a 60 cm

o b je c tiv e : a

g a ino f6

m

m a y th e re fo re b e p o s s ib le ;b u t th e o v e rla p p i n go f th e s p e c tr a w ill b e a p r o b le m .Isi t p o s s ib le to c o m p e n s a te th e n e c e s s a ry in c re a s einth e p la te s c a le in th e fo c a l p la n e

b y as u ffic ie n te x p o s u retim et o re a c h a re a s o n a b lenum ber

o fs ta rs c io s e to

th eg a la c tic c e n tre ?

W ill itn o t b e

n e c e s \ue000

s a ryt o re s tric t th e s tu d y to th e n e a r in fra re d re g io n

(1

~

l

m

)

?

A nd

w ill the

te c h n iq u e sfo r m e a s u r in g

ra d ia l v e lo c itie s b e

s u ffic ie n tly

a c c u ra te ?

M aybe. . .

T o o

m any

u n c e rta in tie s

a b o u t

th e

p o s s ib ilitie s

o f

e le c tr o n ic

p h o to n

c o u n tin g

in

th is re g io n

o fth e s p e c tru m

d o

n o ta llo w

m e,n o w

in 1 9 7 8 ,

t ok n o wi fI s h a ll b e a b le to u s e th e V L Tin s u c h am ode in th e

year 2000.

A c c re tio no fm a s sb y a ne v o lv e d g a la x ya n d m a s s lo s sb yay o u n g

g a la x yw ith

a n a c tiv e n u c le u s .

J .-C . P e c k e r, 1 9 7 2 ,A s tro n .a n dA s tro p h .,18, 253.

J .-C . P e c k e r, 1 9 7 4 ,A s tro n .a n dA s tro p h .,3 5 ,7 .

J .-C .

P e c k e r,

1 9 7 8 ,

A s tro n o m ic a l

P a p e rs

d e d ic a te d

t o

B e n g t

S tr\u00f6 m g re n , E d s,A .R e iz a n d

T .A n d e rs e n ,C o p e n h a g e n

U n iv .

O b s . P u b i.,p .2 8 5 .

J .-C . P e c k e r, J .-P . V ig ie r, 1 9 7 6 ,A s tro fiz ik a , 1 2 ,3 1 5 .

G .d eV a u c o u le u rs , 1 9 7 0 ,S c /e n c e , 1 6 7 ,1 2 0 3 .

R e fe re n c e s

T h e V L T P ro g ra m m e

D id

I use

m y ten

n ig h ts ?

Ath o u s a n d

a n d

o n e

m orelik e ly !

S o

th e re fo re

a

lim ite d

p ro g ra m m e :o n e

n ig h tw ith

v e ry

h ig h lyr e s o lv e d

H ap ro file so f th eb rig h te s t s ta rs inth e s k y ; o n en ig h to n T T a u ri(w h ic h h a s m a n y s is te rs );th re en ig h ts t oe x p lo r e , a s afu n c tio no fg a la c tic la titu d e ,b rig h t g a la x ie s ino rd e rtod e te c t in te r s te lla r lin e sfro m

th e g a s inth eh a loo f

o u rG a la x y ; th re en ig h ts o ns im ila r re s e a rc h inth ed ir e c tio n

o fth e

O o rtc lo u d s ,th e

p o s itio n so fw h ic h

a re

w e ilknow n

fro m

2 1

c m

o b s e r v a tio n s ; a n d fin a llytw on ig h tsw iths p e c tra o fv a rio u ss ta rs a th ig h g a la c tic la titu d e s a td is ta n c e so f 2 0t o 6 0 ,0 0 0

p cfro m

th eS u n .

A nd

th a tisth e

e n d

o fth e

o b s e r v in g

ru n. . .B utw ill w e h a v e th e n e c e s s a ryc o m p u te rst os u p p o rtth ise x p lo r a tio n ? A n d s h a ll w eh a v e -w ithth e p r e s e n ts itu a tio n

in

E u ro p e a n

a s tro n o m y -as u ffic ie n tfo rc eo fy o u n ga s tro n o m e rsfo rth e

re d u c tio n s ?Itisn o te n o u g ht o g e tth e s p e c tra a n dt o a s kth e

q u e s tio n s :

tim e

a n d

e q u ip m e n t

a re

n e c e s s a ry

t o

g e t

th ro u g h .T h ec a s eo fth eS un is ,u n fo rtu n a te ly , t y p ic a l inth is

a n d

m a n yo th e r re s p e c ts : th e re

a rea n c ie n t o b s e rv a tio n s ,

even verya n c ie n to n e s ,w h ic h

h a v e n e v e r r e c e iv e d

a s a tis \ue000

fa c to ry

in te rp re ta tio n !

T h e

e le v e n - y e a r

c y c le ,

fo r

in \ue000

s ta n c e. . .

A n d ,

b e s id e s ,

w hat

a

flo o d

o f

h ig h - p r e c is io n ,

m o d e rno b s e rv a tio n sw h ic hc o u ldu n d o u b te d lyr e s u lt in a n

im p r o v e d

k n o w le d g e

o f th e

p h y s ic so f th e S u n ,b u tw h ic h

o v e rw h e lm sth ec o m p u te rsand even th ep h y s ic is ts(m a g n e \ue000

t i cs tru c tu re s

in

s o la re ru p tio n s ,o s c illa tio n sin

th e

s u p e r\ue000

g ra n u la rity ).

Ino th e rw o rd s , I a m

a fr a idth a t it w ills o m e tim e s b e n e c e s \ue000 s a ryt op o s tp o n eth ein te rp re ta tio no fc e rta inn e w d a tafro m th eV LT andt olim itth eim m e d ia tee ffo rt t o th ee x p la n a tio n

o fo u ts ta n d in g

d is c o v e r ie s .

As in

n u m e ro u so th e rc h a p te rsina s tro n o m y ,th e

u s eo f th eV LT w illth e re fo reg iv e ris e tom uch b itte r n e s s !T h a to f th eo b s e rv e r,w hoa fte rh a v in gm ade a s te pfo rw a rd , s o o n e n c o u n te rsn e w

b o rd e rs .T h a to fth eth e o re tic ia n

(b u th a s

th e

d is tin c tio n

r e a lly

a

m e a n in g ?

W e

a re

a llm oreo r le s s

b o th )w ho

w illfin d

h im s e lfu n a b let oc a rryth ro u g h

unam \ue000

b ig u o u s lyth ea n a ly s iso f a v e r yh ig hd is p e r s io ns p e c tru m

o r

w h o , ino rd e r tos tu d yw hat h e b e lie v e s isth em ostim p o r\ue000 ta n t, h a st op o s tp o n es o m e th in g e ls e ,w h ic h am ore d e ta ile d s tu d ys u b s e q u e n tlyreveals asb e in g even

m oreim p o rta n t.

L ik e w is e ,th e u s eo fth eV L T w ill a ls o g iv e r is e to m a n yin \ue000

te re s tin gs u rp ris e s . As p e c tru m

o fag a la x yo b ta in e dfo rth e

s tu d yo fg a la c ticin te r s te lla rlin e s m a y re v e a ln e wp ro p e rtie s

o fth isg a la x y. . .L o o k in gfo rm u s h ro o m sinth e fo re s t, o n e

d is c o v e rs a tre a s u re !

I fth em a g icc a rp e to fm ya s tro n o m e r's d re a m

h a sc a rrie d

m e tas u c had is ta n te x tra p o la tio n ,th etim e h a sn o wc o m e to

a s kfo r a b s o lu tio n ! It isth e r u leo fth e g a m e .B utth es tu d yo f th ee v o lu tio no fo u rG a la x y isc e r ta in lyw o rth am om ento f jo y o u sd is tr a c tio n. . .

m als ta rs -th o s e

w h ic h

s e rv e

t o

c a lib r a te

s te lla r c la s s ifi\ue000

c a tio n

schem es. The

b e s tp o s s ib letim e

r e s o lu tio n

s h o u ld

o b v io u s lyb eo b ta in e d

a tth e g iv e n s p e c tra l re s o lu tio n a n d

som elo n gtim e -s e q u e n c e sw ill b e o b s e r v e d .

--

P E R T E

D E

" 'I\S S E \

P f\R

U N E '

C S f\L .f'lI,c IE "

J f!U I'J E

/

T h e G a la c tic H a lo

B uti fIc a n n o t b es u ret od e te rm in ea c c u ra te ly th ek in e m a \ue000

tic sa tth ec e n treo f th eG a la x y I c a n a t le a s ts tu d yth a to f th e

h a lo .

Ith e re fo red e v o tem yp ro g ra m m et o th e v e ryfu n d a m e n ta l

s tu d yo fth em a s s g a in sa n d lo s s e so f th e

G a la x y(s e eth e

fig u reo nth is p a g e )a fte r id e a s b y P e c k e r(1 9 7 2 ,1 9 7 4 ,1 9 7 8 )

a n d

P e c k e ra n dV ig ie r (1 9 7 6 )).

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-----

3

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