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T H E
M E S S E N G E
N o. 36 -
J u n e1 9 8 4
T h e S p a c e T e le s c o p e E u ro p e a n C o o rd in a tin g
F a c ility
B e g in s its A c tiv ity
P .B e n v e n u ti, S T - E C F
A s
a n n o u n c e d
in
th e
M essengerN o.3 1 ,o n
th e
2 3 rd
o f
F e b ru a ry 1 9 8 3 , th e D ire c to rs G e n e ra l o f th e E u ro p e a n S o u th \ue000
e rnO b s e rv a to ry a n d o f th e E u ro p e a n S p a c e A g e n c y s ig n e d
th e
A g re e m e n t c o n c e rn in g
th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t o f th e
S p a c e
T e le s c o p e E u ro p e a n C o o r d in a tin g F a c ility(S T -E C F ).O ne y e a r
la te r,o nth e 1 s to f M a rc h 1 9 8 4 , th eS T -E C F b e ga n its a c tiv ity
o nth eE S O
p r e m is e sin G a rc h in g .

It s h o u ld b e re c a lle d th a t th e p r im e p u r p o s e o f th eS T-E C Fis to e n h a n c e th e c a p a b ilitie s w ith in E u ro p e fo r th e s c ie n tific u s e o f th e S p a c e T e le s c o p e a n do fits d a ta a rc h iv e . In d e e d th e S T \ue000

E C F
s h a ll b e c o m e
th e
E u ro p e a n
fo c a l p o in t o fS T
re la te d
a c tiv itie s : it w ill c o o r d in a te th e d e v e lo p m e n t o fS T-re la te d d a ta
a n a ly s is
s o ftw a re
in
E u ro p e a n d
w ith
th e
S p a c e T e le s c o p e
S c ie n c e
In s titu te
in
th e
U .S .,
d e v e lo p

o r ig in a l a p p lic a tio n s o ftw a re fo r th e r e d u c tio n a n d a n a ly s is o fS Td a ta , c re a tea n e ffic ie n t m e a n s o f a r c h iv in g , c a ta lo g u in g , re trie v in g a n d d is \ue000 s e m in a tin g

n o n -p ro p rie ta ry
S T
d a ta ,
p r o v id e
a
c o n v e n ie n t
S O u rc e
o f d e ta ile d
k n o w le d g e
in
E u ro p e
o fth e
m odes
o f
o p e ra tio n
a n d
p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e
S p a c e T e le s c o p e a n d
o f

its c o m p le m e n t o f s c ie n tific in s tr u m e n ts . D e p e n d in go n a v a il\ue000 a b ility o f r e s o u r c e s , it w ill a ls o p r o v id e E u ro p e a nS Tu s e rs w ith lim ite d a c c e s s t o th e S T -E C F c o m p u te r tim e a n d s o ftw a re ,in p a rtic u la r fo r th o s e w h o d o n o t h a v e th e ir o w n d a ta re d u c tio n fa c ilitie s .

P le a s eb ein fo rm e dth a tE S O -C h ile h a s an e w p o s ta l
a d d re s s :
E U R O P E A N
S O U T H E R N
O B S E R V A T O R Y(E S O )
C a s illa 1 9 0 0 1
S a n tia g o 1 9
C h ile
Ino r d e r to p r o v id ea n e ffic ie n t s e rv ic e , th eS T -E C F s h o u ld

b e a b le to c o m m u n ic a te w ith th e U s e r C o m m u n ityina tim e ly m a n n e r.W ea reth e re fo re p la n n in g to is s u e a q u a rte rlyS T -E C F N e w s le tte r w h ic h w ill b e d is tr ib u te d fre e toa llth e in te re s te d p a rtie s . F o r th e tim e b e in g , w e a s k e d th eE S O

M essengert o
h o s t th is a r tic lea sa p re c u rs o ro f th e N e w s le tte r.
A
m o re
d ir e c t a n d
te c h n ic a l c o m m u n ic a tio n
c h a n n e l,v ia
c o m p u t e r lin k ,is
u n d e r c o n s id e r a tio n
w ith
th o s e
E u ro p e a n
C e n tre s
a n d
N e tw o rk s
w h ic h
a re
m o re
in v o lv e d
in
th e
d e v e lo p m e n t o f d a ta a n a ly s is s o ftw a r e .

A t p re s e n t, th e S T -E C F s ta ffo nb o a rdis lim ite d to th e H e a d (th e a u th o r), fo rm e rlyIU EO b s e rv a to ry C o n tro lle r a t V IL S P A , M a d rid , th e

D e p u ty
H ead,D r.R u d o lf A lb re c h t, fo rm e rly
o f

S p a c e T e le s c o p e S c ie n c e In s titu te , a n d th e S e c re ta ry , M is s B ritt S j\u00f6 b e rg .D r.1 . C o u rv o is ie r, n o w a t th eE X O S A T O b s e r\ue000 v a to ry

in
D a rm s ta d t,
h a s
b e e n
a p p o in te d
a s
o n e
o f th e

In s tru m e n t In fo rm a tio n S c ie n tis ts a n d w ill ta k e u p d u tyinJ u n e . A llth e re m a in in g v a c a n t p o s itio n s h a v e b e e n a d v e r tis e d a n d th e

re c ru itin g
a c tiv itie s
a re
under way;
w e
a re
a im in g
t o
c o m p le te th e s ta ffin g o f th eS T-E C F b y m id 1 9 8 5 . O u r o r g a n i\ue000
g ra m
is s h o w n
in
F ig .1 ;it c o n s is ts
of two
g ro u p s : o n e
is

re s p o n s ib le fo r m o n ito rin g th e s ta tu s a n d p e rfo rm a n c e o fS T a n d its in s tr u m e n ts , a n d fo r d e s ig n in g s p e c ific a lg o r ith m s a n d a p p lic a tio n

ta s k s fo r th e
re d u c tio n
o fS Td a ta . T h e
s e c o n d
g ro u pisr e s p o n s ib le fo r th e c o o r d in a tio n a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f
d a ta a n a ly s is s o ftw a r e a n d fo r th e a rc h iv e s y s te m .
T h e p rim e in te rfa c e fo r th e a c tiv ityo fth e S T -E C Fis th eS T
S c ie n c e
In s titu te
in
B a ltim o re .
F irs t
c o n ta c ts
h a v e
b e e n
a lre a d y
e s ta b lis h e d
a n d
w e
a re
n o w
a im in g
t o
set up
a n
e ffe c tiv e c o lla b o r a tio n
inth e a re a s o f d e v e lo p m e n t o f a p p li\ue000
c a tio n
s o ftw a re , p e rfo rm a n c e
o f s c ie n tific
in s tru m e n ts
a n d
d a ta
a r c h iv in g .
It
is
e x p e c te d
th a t
th e
S T-E C F
s ta ff w ill
re g u la rly s p e n d
p a rt o f th e ir tim e
a t th eS TS c l,in
o rd e r to
m a in ta ina nu p - to - d a te k n o w le d g e o f th eS T p ro je c t.
F ig .1 :S T -E C F o rg a n ig ra m .
S TIn fo rm a tio n
S c ie n tls t
(A )
(A )= E 5 A
(O )= E 5 0
(A )
(0 )
S c ie n tific
(0 )
P ro g ra m m e rs l A n a ly s ts
(0 )
(0 )
l
(0 )
D a ta
A r c h iv is ts
S T
D a ta&
S /W
G ro u p
L e a d e r
R .A lb re c h t,
D ep.H e a d (A )
S T-E C F
S e c re ta ry
1- - - - - - 18 .S j\u00f6 b e rg
(0 )
S T
In s tru m e n t
In fo rm a tio n
S c ie n tis ts
T.[ 0u rv O ls ie r ( A )
(A )
(A )
(0 )

T h e a c tiv ity o f th eS T -E C F h a s s o fa r b e e n d e v o te d to th e p re p a ra tio n o fa nim p le m e n ta tio n - d e v e lo p m e n t p la n , t o th e re c ru tin g o f p e rs o n n e l a n d to th e d e fin itio n o f th e H o s t S y s te m (H ig h L e v e l C o m m a n d L a n g u a g e ) w ith in w h ic h th eS T a p p lic a \ue000 tio n s o ftw a r e w ill ru n . T h e la tte r p o in tiso f g re a t im p o rta n c e to E u ro p e a n u s e rs a n d w ea reth e re fo re a im in g a t a th o ro u g h , a lb e it q u ic k s o lu tio n . T h e p r o b le m w ill b e d is c u s s e d w ith th o s e re s p o n s ib le fo r th e m a jo r E u ro p e a n C e n tre s a n d N e tw o rk sin fo rth c o m in g

m e e tin g s a n d w o r k s h o p s a n d
d e ta ilso n th e
m a tte r w ill b e p u b lis h e d
inth e fir s t is s u e o f th e S T -E C F
N e w s le tte r.

I w o u ld lik e to c o n c lu d e th is firs t, s h o r t in fo r m a tio n n o teo n th eS T -E C F b y s a y in g th a t w e w ill b e h a p p y to a n s w e r a n y q u e s tio n s y o u m a y h a v eo no u r a c tiv ity a n d w e lo o k fo rw a rd to y o u r s u g g e s tio n s a n d c o m m e n ts . P le a s e d o n o t h e s ita te to c o n t a c tu s : o u r e x te n s io n s a tE S Oa re 2 9 0 /2 9 1(P . B e n v e n u ti) and 287(R .A lb re c h t).

P ro g re s sin H ig h R e s o lu tio n S p e c tro s c o p y
U s in g a F ib r e o p tic C o u d e L in k
G .L u n d , E S O ,a n dR . F e rle t, In s titu t d 'A s tr o p h y s iq u e , P a ris

E x p e rim e n ts w ith a p r o to ty p e4 0 m o p tic a l fib re lin k b e \ue000 tw e e n th e 3 .6 m te le s c o p e a n d th eC E Shavea l ready been d e s c rib e dinth eM essenger N o . 3 1 , a n d b y L u n d a n d E n a rd (1 9 8 3 ). F u rth e r te s ts o f th is s y s te m , c a rrie d o u tinF e b ru a ry 1 9 8 4 u s in g s lig h tly d iffe r e n t o p tic a l fib r e s a n d a h ig h ly e ffic ie n t im a g e - s lic e r , h a v e c o n fir m e d th e u s e fu ln e s s o f a fib re lin ka s

a na lte rn a tiv e t o a 4 - m ir r o r c o u d e tra in . G a in sin s e n s itiv ity

ty p ic a lly o f th e o r d e r o f 1 .5 m a g n itu d e sinc o m p a r is o n w ith th e c 1 a s s ic a lC A T -s lit-C E S c o m b in a tio n w e re o b ta in e d , th u s p e r\ue000 m ittin g fo r th e firs t tim e g o o d s p e c tra o f1 1thm a g n itu d e o b je c ts to b e a c h ie v e d w ith a r e s o lu tio n o f 8 0 ,0 0 0 .

T h e im a g e - s lic e r te s te dinth e re c e n t te s tsis o f th e " M o d ifie d B o w e n -W a lra v e n " ty p e , to w h ic h o u r a tte n tio n w a s firs t d ra w n b y T o m G re g o ry a tL aS illain 1 9 8 2 . T h e s lic e r ,a s d e p ic t e din F ig .1 ,

c o n s is ts
of 3
o p tic a lly
p o lis h e d
a n d
m o le c u la r ly
a d h e r e d s ilic a e le m e n tsinw h ic h th e in c id e n t lig h tis e ith e r
d ire c tly
tra n s m itte d , o r to ta lly
in te r n a lly
re fle c te d
u n til it

re a c h e s th e e x it c o n d itio n a t th e o th e r s id e o f th e s lic e r.If th e s lic e risc a r e fu lly m a d e , tr a n s m is s io n lo s s e s (e x c e p tin g F re s \ue000 n e lr e fle c tio n s a t th e in p u t a n d o u tp u t fa c e s )c a n b ea s lo wa s

5 L 1 C E DIM AG E
F /3 2
1 ,4 0 m m 0
IH A G EO FF IB R E
E N T R A N C E
P R IS H
S L /C E R
P L AT E
3 5 0J lm
D
5,6m :--Do~
F ig .1 :M o d ifie d B o w e n - W a lr a v e n Im a g e - S lic e ra t th e in p u tto th eE S O
h ig h r e s o lu tio n
C E S .
T h e
s lic e r m a tc h e s
th e
1 0 .5 tim e s m a g n ifie d
im a g e
o fth e
o u tp u t
e n d
o fa n
o p tic a l fib re
to
th e
re c ta n g u la r
c o n fig u r a tio no f th e R e tic o n d e te c to r p ix e ls .
N ew
F ib r e a n d Im a g e S lic e r
The new
fib re
lin k d iffe rs fro m
th e
p ro to ty p e te s te d
in

N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 2 o n lyin th e ty p e s o f fib r e a n d im a g e - s lic e r u s e d ; t w o s im ila r fib re s , ty p e sQ S F1 3 3 /2 0 0A S a n dQ S F 1 3 3 / 2 0 0 A S W , w e re te s te d a t s e v e ra l w a v e le n g th s b e tw e e n 3 9 0 0\u00c4 a n d 1 0 0 2 5\u00c4 . T h e s e fib re s w e re s e le c te d fo r th e ir h ig h p u rity s ilic a c o m p o s itio n , fo r th e ir e x p e c te d o p tim a l tr a n s m is s io n a t r e s p e c tiv e ly

"red" and
" b lu e " w a v e le n g th s , fo r th e ir h ig h
d e g re e o f b e a m
a p e rtu re c o n s e rv a tio n a n d fo r th e ir c o re
d ia m e te r o f 1 3 3~
m
w h ic h c o rre s p o n d s to 2 .6 a rc s e co n th e
s k y a t th e 3 .6 m te le s c o p e p rim e fo c u s .

W h e n p r o je c te d o n to th e im a g e -s lic e r, th e 1 0 .5 tim e s m a g \ue000 n ifie d im a g eo fth e fib r e o u tp u t e n dis d iv id e d in to fo u r s lic e sa s s h o w ninF ig .1 . T h e to ta l h e ig h t o f th e r e a s s e m b le d s lic e s ju s t m a tc h e s th a t o f th e

R e tic o n

p ix e ls . T h is a r r a n g e m e n tis a c h ie v e d b y d e s ig n in g th e im a g e - s lic e r s o a s to p r o v id e a s lic e w id th o f a ro u n d 3 5 0~

m
,

c o rre s p o n d in g to a s p e c tro s c o p ic r e s o lu tio no f8 3 ,0 0 0 a t 5 0 0 0\u00c4 . T h e u s e o f a fib re la rg e r th a n 1 3 3~

m

w o u ld n e c e s s a r ily im p ly a lo s s e ith e rin r e s o lu tio n , o rin g e o m e tric a l e ffic ie n c y a t th e d e te c to r.In p re p a ra tio n fo r th e fu tu r e c o m m is s io n in g o f a n e w s h o rt (F /2 .5 ) c a m e ra+C C O d e te c to r a t th eC E S , a la rg e r 2 0 0~

m

c o re fib r e w a s in s ta lle d s im u lta n e o u s ly w ith th e o th e r tw o . A lth o u g h th is n e w m o d e o f o p e r a tio n w ill lim it th e s p e c tr a l re s o lu tio n to 3 5 ,0 0 0 , th e u s e o f a la r g e r fib r e w ill n o t o n ly e n a b le a la r g e r(4a rc s e c ) e ffe c tiv e sky diaphragm

to b e e m p lo y e d , b u t w ill a ls o im p r o v e th e
o v e ra ll s y s te m tra n s m is s io n b y a ro u n d 1 5 % .
2
A llm e e tin g s w ill ta k e p la c e a tE S O
inG a rc h in g u n le s s s ta te d
o th e rw is e .
T e n ta tiv e T im e -ta b le o f C o u n c il S e s s io n s
a n d C o m m itte e M e e tin g sin 1 9 8 4
T h e In flu e n e e o f S e e in g
A lth o u g h
th e
a b o v e fig u re
w as
u s e d t o c a lib r a te th e
e ffi\ue000
c ie n c y o r d in a te
in
F ig .2 ,it s h o u ld
b ere m e m b e re d th a t th is

p lo tte dinF ig .2 ,to g e th e r w ith a c u rv e (s o lidlin e ) re p re s e n tin g th e th e o re tic a l g a in if th e fib re a lo n e w e re to c o n tr ib u te to th e s y s te m

lo s s e s . T h e
e ffe c tiv e
e ffic ie n c y (rig h th a n d

o rd in a te ) c o rre s p o n d in g to th e s e c u rv e sisd e te r m in e d s im p ly b y d iv id \ue000 in g th e g a in (g iv e n b y th e le fth a n d o rd in a te ) b y th e ra tio o f th e c o lle c tin g a re a s o f th e t w o te le s c o p e s (ta k in g in to a c c o u n t th e r e fle c tio n e ffic ie n c ie s o f 0 .9 0 a n d 0 .9 8 fo r th e tw o a d d itio n a l m ir r o r s p re s e n tin th e C A T c o u d e tra in , a n d a llo w in g fo r th e c e n tra l o b s tr u c tio n s o f re s p e c tiv e ly 1 .5 8 m a n d 0 .4 7 m fo r th e 3 .6 m a n d 1 .4 m(C A T ) te le s c o p e s ). T h is fa c to r is e q u a l to 6 .8 2

(2 .1
m a g n itu d e s ).
S c ie n tific T e c h n ic a l C o m m itte e , C h ile
F in a n c e C o m m itte e
O b s e rv in g P ro g ra m m e s C o m m itte e
C o m m itte e o f C o u n c il
C o u n c il
O c to b e r 8

N ovem ber1 3 -1 4 N ovem ber2 7 -2 8 N ovem ber2 8

N ovem ber2 9 -3 0

4% . T h e s lic e r a c ts s im ila r ly to a t h ic k p a ra lle l p la te ,in w h ic h th e fir s t s lic e o f th e in p u t s p o tistra n s m itte d d ire c tly a n d th e re m a in d e r o f th e

s p o t is tra n s m itte d
in
tra n s la te d
s lic e s
o f
w h ic h th e n th u n d e r g o e s 2(n -1 )in te rn a l re fle c tio n s . E x p e ri\ue000
e n c e
h a s
show n
th a t th is
im a g e - s lic e ris
r e la tiv e ly

e a s y to in s ta lI, p a r tic u la r ly s in c e th e fib r e o u tp u t e n disim m o b ile a n d c a n

b e c o n v e n ie n tly fe d
w ith
a w h ite c a lib r a tio n
s o u rc e
fo r
d a y tim e a lig n m e n t o f th e s lic e r.
P h o to m e tr ie C o m p a r is o n o f th e C A T w ith th e 3 .6 m
T e le s e o p e+ F ib r e L in k
D e s p ite m a n y fo re s e e n d iffic u ltie s in v o lv e din th e p h o to m e t\ue000
r ie
c o m p a r is o n
o f s p e c tra
o b ta in e d
v iath e
C A T
w ith

th o s e d e riv e d b y m e a n s o f th e fib re lin k , s u c h m e a s u re m e n ts w e re n e v e rth e le s s a tte m p te d d u rin g th e firs t p a rt o f th e re c e n t te s t p e r io d . S in c ea ne ffe c tiv e s lit w id th o f 3 5 0~

m

w a s im p o s e d b y th e n a tu reo fth e im a g e - s lic e r , th e C A T w a s u s e d w ith a s lit s e ttin g

o f th e
sam e
v a lu e
in
o rd e r to
a c h ie v e
a n
id e n tic a l
r e s o lu tio n
in
b o th
s e ts
o f o b s e rv a tio n s . S p e c tra
w e re
th u s
r e c o r d e d , s e q u e n tia lly , fro m
th e C A T a n d th e n tro m
each of
th e tw o fib re s , a t te n
d iffe r e n t w a v e le n g th s u s in g th e b r ig h t
s ta rs\u00f6
2
V e l,aV ir, a n d SC a r. T h e s e s ta rs w e re s e le c te d fo r
th e ir e s s e n tia lly s m o o th c o n tin u o u s s p e c tr u m

a t th e c h o s e n w a v e le n g th s a n d ,in a d d itio n ,in th e c as e o f SC a r, fo r re a s o n s o f a s tr o n o m ic a l in te re s t.

T h e re a d -o u t n o is e c o rre c te d , ra w
s p e c tra o b ta in e d
fro m
b o th te le s c o p e s w e re re d u c e d to g e th e rinth e s a m e w a y ; th e
r e la tiv e
g a in
y
(A )
o f th e
fib re
lin k+ 3 ,6 m
o v e r th e
C A T
is
d e fin e da s th e ra tio o f th e s e re d u c e d s p e c tra . T h e s e v a lu e sa re
t \ue000
: z
w
0 ,4
0 :::
\u00ab
C L
C L
\u00ab
0 ,3
0 ,2
0 ,8
O
,
7
~
'- . . . ! . V
> -
0 ,6
~
w
L J
L L
0 ,5
tt
0 ,9
1 ,0
10 0 0 0
90 0 0
80 0 0
T H E O R E T IC A L
G A INfo r1 3 3 /2 0 0 A
(F IB R EA B S O R P T IO NL O S S E SO N LY J
o -
1 3 3 /2 0 0
A S
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te le s e o p e+ o p tie a l fib re lin k , w h e n e o m p a r e d w ith th eG A T .T h e e x p e r im e n ta l p o in ts (in e lu d in gad o tte d - lin e in te r p o la tio n fo r th eA S fib re ) a re e o m p a r e d w ith th e th e o re tie a l tra n s m is s io n e ffie ie n e yo f th eA S fib re a lo n e .T h e d iffe re n e e b e tw e e n th etw o e u rv e s is a e e o u n ta b le m a in ly fro m

th e e o m b in e d e ffie ie n e ie so f th e o p tie a l b e a m tr a n s fe r e le m e n ts (F ig .3 ), e q u a l to
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