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Identities are those equations that hold true for any value.
Another law involving sines can be used to calculate the area of a triangle. Given two sides and the angle between the sides, the area of the triangle is:
All of the trigonometric functions of an angle can be constructed geometrically in terms of a unit circle centered at O.
Law of cosines
The law of cosines (known as the cosine formula, or the "cos rule") is an extension of the Pythagorean theorem to arbitrary triangles:
or equivalently:
Law of tangents
The law of tangents:
Euler's formula
Euler's formula, which states that eix = cosx + isinx, produces the following analytical identities for sine, cosine, and tangent in terms of e and the imaginary unit i: