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Psychology
Introduction
济宁医学院精神卫生学院
应用心理学教研室 吉 峰
Contents in Brief
1 What is Psychology?
3 Fields of Psychology
4 History of Psychology
What is Psychology?
Come from
Psychology Greece
Psychology:
The science of mental
phenomena.
心理学 : 研究人的心理现象的科学 , 具
体来说是研究人的行为和心理活动规
律的科学。
Mental
Phenomenon
cognitive process
will process
individual inclination
Personality
individual characteristics
Why the medical student
must learn psychology?
Person
--- Hermann
Ebbinghaus
Into the Lab
The “father of psychology”
Wilhelm Wundt created the first
psychological
laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.
Unconscious
Personality Structure
Personality Development
Defense Mechanisms
Dream’s Analysis
Humanism
Key manes: Rogers and Maslow
Objective: to study human experience,
potentials and ideas.
Stress free will.
Electroencephalograph
Researching the Brain (cont.)
Computed Tomographic Scanning (CT):
Computer-enhanced X-ray of the brain or body
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Uses a
strong magnetic field, not an X-ray, to produce
an image of the body’s interior
Functional MRI: MRI that makes brain activity
visible
Positron Emission Tomography (PET):
Computer-generated color image of brain
activity, based on glucose consumption in the
brain
Fig. An MRI scan of the brain.
Fig. PET scans.
Fig. The bright spots you see here were created by a PET scan. They are similar
to the spots in last Figure . However, here they have been placed over an MRI
scan so that the brain’s anatomy is visible. The three bright spots are areas in the
left brain related to language. The spot on the right is active during reading. The
top-middle area is connected with speech. The area to the left, in the frontal lobe
is linked with thinking about a word’s meaning (Montgomery, 1989).
Fig. In the images you see here, red, orange, and yellow indicate high
consumption of glucose; green, blue, and pink show areas of low glucose use.
The PET scan of the brain on the left shows that a man who solved 33 out of 36
reasoning problems burned more glucose than the man on the right, who
solved 11.
Exit
Behaviourist ‘Black Box’
approach
Stimulus Response
1 2 3 4
Mental processes
Abraham Maslow and
Needs
Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s ordering
of needs based on presumed strength or
potency; some needs are more powerful than
others and thus will influence your behavior to
a greater degree
Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in
Maslow’s hierarchy
Lower needs tend to be more potent (“prepotent”)
than higher needs
Growth Needs: Higher-level needs associated
with self-actualization
Meta-Needs: Needs associated with impulses
for self-actualization
Fig. Maslow believed that lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant. Basic
needs must be satisfied before growth motives are fully expressed. Desires for
self-actualization are reflected in various meta-needs.
Overt Behavior
Eating, sleeping, talking,
singing, dancing,
walking, running,
laughing, crying,
Sitting in the classroom, watching
the blackboard, reading the
textbook, listening to the class.
Covert Behavior
Thinking, imagining, dreaming,
memory, need, motivation,
Cognitive Process
感觉—— Sensation
知觉—— Perception
记忆—— Memory
思维—— Thinking
想像—— Imagination
注意—— Attention
Fig. A reversible figure-ground design. Do you see two faces in
profile, or a wineglass?
Fig. In some ways, a computer acts like a mechanical memory system.
Both systems process information, and both allow encoding, storage, and
retrieval of data.
Fig. The curve of forgetting. This graph shows the amount remembered
(measured by relearning) after varying lengths of time. The material learned was
nonsense syllables. Forgetting curves for meaningful information also show early
losses followed by a long, gradual decline, but overall, forgetting occurs much
more slowly. (After Ebbinghaus, 1885.)
Fig. (a) Nine dots are arranged in a square. Can you connect them by drawing
four continuous straight lines without lifting your pencil from the paper? (b) Six
matches must be arranged to make four triangles. The triangles must be the
same size, with each side equal to the length of one match.
Fig. Problem solutions. (a) The dot problem can be solved by extending the lines
beyond the square formed by the dots. Most people assume incorrectly that they
may not do this. (b) The match problem can be solved by building a three-
dimensional pyramid. Most people assume that the matches must be arranged on
a flat surface. If you remembered the four-tree problem from earlier in the
chapter, the match problem may have been easy to solve.
Do Animals Think?
Delayed Response Problems: Tasks in
which an animal must remember the
solution to a problem before responding
Multiple-Stick Problem: Several sticks of
increasing length are arranged between
the cage and the desired goal or object
Conclusion: Animals are capable of
delayed responding, planning future
actions, tool use, and simple problem
solving that imply a basic level of
thinking capacity
Fig. Psychologist Wolfgang Köhler believed that the solution of a multi-stick problem revealed a
capacity for insight in Chimpanzees.
Attention-Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD)
Behavioral problem characterized by short
attention span, rapid speech, impulsivity,
and rarely finishing work. Much more
common among boys than girls
Treatment Methods:
Drugs: Ritalin (methylphenidate): Stimulant;
seems to lengthen attention span and reduce
impulsiveness
Behavior Modification: Application of learning
principles to change or eliminate maladaptive
or abnormal behavior
Reward child for being calm and paying
attention