2means a polar plot of the antenna gain versus angle measured from the direction of maximum gain), one can read the gain off the graph of the antenna radiation pattern for aparticular angle, then calculate the corresponding horizontal distance.
x
=cot
απ
180
h
-
H
where
α
is the same angle used to calculate the antenna gain. Then one inserts thisequation into the radiation density equation to calculate the radiation density at thedesired position. Thus, this equation is very useful if you know the antenna radiationpattern.Lacking the actual antenna radiation pattern, for a child sitting at a desk andoperating a computer that has a WLAN, we might as well assume that the worst case iswhen the highest gain direction is aimed straight toward some part of the child. Thiswould mean that h - H = 0 and x is the distance to the closest part of the child. The iMacAirporter (which uses the Lucent WaveLAN) is a nearly isotropic source (i.e., it radiatesalmost equally in all directions). Having a gain of 3 dBi, the effective isotropic radiatedpower (EIRP) of the Airporter in the direction of maximum gain is twice the actual powerof 30.0 milliwatts or 60.0 milliwatts in the direction of maximum gain. If some part of the child’s anatomy is x = 1.50 feet from the computer, the above equation would give aradiation density incident on that part of the child’s anatomy of 2.28 microwatts persquare centimeter. Because the presence of the desk, the floor, and other structuresallows some degree of intensification of the incident radiation by reflection fromelectrically lossy surfaces, the FCC document includes an empirical multiplication factorof 1.60 times the incident field strength. For power density calculations, this factor issquared, so we must multiply the above results by a factor 2.56, getting radiation powerdensity = 5.83 µW/cm
2
. This is the power density that would be incident on the childfrom only the direction of maximum gain. At the direction of minimum gain (the half beam width of the antenna) the power density will be a factor of two lower, so theaverage power density on the portion of the child’s anatomy that is closest to the WLANis (5.83 + 2.92)/2 = 3.75 µW/cm
2
. Since the half beamwidth of the WLAN antenna isprobably about 90 degrees. The total radiation density impinging on the child is aboutp/2 times the above figure or nearly 6 µW/cm
2
.I certainly consider this an excessive radiation amount, especially at the WLANfrequency of 2.45 Ghz. It is no coincidence that this frequency is near that of microwaveovens. The absorption of microwave radiation by human tissues is dominated by theabsorption of water, since the tissues are about 40% water. Dr. Camelia Gabriel of London University has measured the dielectric constant (also called permittivity) andelectrical conductivity through a large frequency range for 30 different types of tissuestaken from animals and from human cadavers for Brooks Air Force Base. I have a largeAir Force report (AL/OE-TR-1996-0037) that documents her results. From these data, Ihave computed the absorption coefficient for grey matter (a type of human brain tissue).The results are shown in the graph on the next page:
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