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Sex Determination andSex Chromosomes
Fundamental GeneticsLecture 5
John Donnie A. Ramos, Ph.D.
Dept. of Biological SciencesCollege of ScienceUniversity of Santo Tomas
Types of SexuallyReproducing Organisms
Monoeciousorganisms
produces two types of gametes in 1 organism (sperm cellsand egg cells)
Bisexual / hermaprhroditic
Dioeciousorganisms
Produces only 1 type of gamete in 1 organism (either sperm cells or egg cells)
Unisexual / gonochoric
Organism is either male or female
Intersex-intermediate sexual differentiation (often sterile)
“Genetics is concerned with the differences of dioeciousorganisms and how is the mechanism of inheritance of these two types.” 
 
Life Cycle of Clamydomonas
Green alga
Infrequent sexualreproduction
Isogamousorganisms
Primitive means of sexualdifferentiation
Life Cycle of
Zeamays 
Monoeciousplant
 Alternating gametophyte and sporophytestages
 
Life Cycle of
C. elegans 
Hermaphroditic nematode
Two sexual phenotypes
Male–with testes
Hermaphrodites–testes and ovaries
Genetic signal formaleness is determined byX chromosome anf autosomes
No Y chromosome
Hermaphrodites = XX
Male = X
Ratio of X chromtoautosomesdetermines sexof the individual
1.0 = hermaphrodites
0.5 = males
X and Y Chromosomes
XX-XO systemXX-XY system
Maleis heterogameticsex while femaleis homogameticsex
Birds, some reptiles, moths, butterflies, some fishes andamphibinas= ZZ/ZW system where ZZ=male while ZW=females(male is homogametic while female is heterogametic)
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