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The Genetic Codeand Transcription
Fundamental GeneticsLecture 9
John Donnie A. Ramos, Ph.D.
Dept. of Biological SciencesCollege of ScienceUniversity of Santo Tomas
Flow of Genetic Information
 
Linear form(mRNA derived from DNA)
Triplet codons(triplets of ribonucleotidescoding for 1amino acid)
Unambiguous(1 codon= 1 amino acid only)
Degenerate( 1 amino acid can be specified by severalcodons)
Contains specific startand stop codons
Commaless(no breaks once translation starts until thestop codonis reached)
Non-overlapping(single reading frame)
Universal(same ribonucleotideused by all organisms)
The Genetic Code
Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod(1961) –messenger RNA (mRNA)
Sydney Brenner (1960s) –codonintriplets (minimal use of the 4 mRNA bases to specificy20 aa) (4
3
=64)
Francis Crick –frameshiftmutationsalters the codons
MarianeManagoand SeveroOchoa -polynucleotide phosphorylase(synthesis of RNA without template)-paved the way to the production of RNA polymeresin cell free-systems
The Discovery of the Genetic Code
 
Marshall Nirenbergand J. Heinrich Matthaei(1661) –codons
used cell-free protein synthesizing system and polynucleotidephosphorylase
RNA Homopolymers(UUUUUU…, AAAAAAA…, CCCCCC…, GGGGG…)
UUU (Phenylalanine)
 AAA (Lysine)
CCC (Proline)
RNA Mixed Copolymers
1A:5C
(1/6 A: 5/6C)
The Discovery of the Genetic Code
Developed by M. Nirenbergand P. Leder(1964)
Mimics the
in vivo 
translation of proteins where a mRNA-tRNA-ribosome complex is formed when all three macromolecules areallowed to interact.
The Triplet Binding Assay
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