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T h eV L TG oest oP a r a n a l!
T h eC o u n
'1o f th eE u ro p e a n S o u th e rn
O b s e rv a to J in
s e s s io no n D ecem ber4 .
u n a n im o u s lyd e c id e dth a tth e
w o r ld 's
la rg e 3o p tic a tte le s c o p e ,th e
1& m etre
e q u iv a le n tv e ryL a rg eT e le s c o p e ,s h a ll
b e p la c e do n C e rroP a ra n a l,a nis o la te d
m o u n ta into pa t2 6 6 4 m
a ttitu d ei nth e
c e n tra lo a r to f C h ile 's A ta c a m ad e s e rt.
som e1 3 0 k ita m re sso u tho ft h e to w n
o fA n to fa g a s taa n d1 2k ilo m e tre sfro rn
th eP a c ificc o a s t.
Ina n tic ip a tio no f th ec h o ic ed
C e rro
P a ra n da sth efu tu resiteo fth eV L T
O b s e rv a to ry ,th e
C h ile a n
G o v e rn m e n t
h a s d o n a te da7 2 5km z a re aa ro u n dP a-
m nal
t o
E S O
in
o rd e rt o
e n s u reth e
c o n tin u e dp ro te c tio nofth es h ea g g J n s t
a lladm ein flu e n c e s ,i np a rtic u la rlig h t
p o llu tio na n dm in in ga c tiv itie s .
F o r m o reth a ns ixy e a r s , c o n tin u o u s ,
a c c u ra te
m e a s u re m e n ts
h a v e
show n
th a tP a ra n a li sth eb e s t c o n tin e n ta ls h e
know nin th e w o rldfa r o p tlc a lastronom -
ic a l
o b s e rv a tio n s ,
b o th
in
te rm s
o f
T h isa & ? /
p ic tu r eo fG em
P a ra n a l w asta k e nInla te
1 9 0fro rnth es o u th .T h e PacM c m asti st oth ele ft,
a tad ls ta n c eo f1 2km .T h e
c o n s tru c tio n sa t rh e le fta mth eliv in gq u a fie mfo r th e s ite
s u rv e y te a m ,Inp lm
d
m
1 0 8 3 .O n th eto po f th er n o u n t8 inv a rio u sim h m e t? tSa m
instM % dw h le hpm w nH ym o n ito rth ea tm m p h & c
q u a litya n dp e rfmm t& ~ ie a l
m e a s u re m e n ts .
num bero fc le a rn lg h ts ands ts b ilbo f
th ea t m o s p h e r eabw e.
T h e m eteom lo@ cala n d c lim a to lo g ic a l
In v e s tig a tio n
In c o rp o ra te d
a
d e ta ile d
c o m p a ris o nb e tw e e nP a r a n a la n dth e
p re s e n ts ite
of
\u20ac S O '$te le s c o p e s ,L a
S illa ,b ym eanso fid e n tic a lm e a s u rin g
e q u ip m e n t.
D e s p ite
La
S itla 's
w o rld -
w id ere p u ta tio nfo r e x c e lle n to b s e w ln g
conditions,P a r a n a l
w asfo u n dt o
b e
w enb e tte r,m a in lyb e c a u s e ro fi t slo c a -
tio ni n a m ore s ta b 1 8a n d d rle r clm a tei n
th em osta ridp a rto f th eA ta m m ad e-
s e rt.
(e m tin u &
onp a g e6 a
S u p e r s e e in g
a tP a ra n a l
T h e
e n g in e e rsw ho
b u ildth e
E S O
16-me q u iv a le n tV e ry L a rg eT e le s c o p e
a n di t sts c is te c la te din s tru m e n ta tima re
fa c ln gg r e a t c h a lle n g e s ahead because
th es ite sinth e C h ile a nA ta c a m ad e s e rt
m ay
be
e v e n
b e tte r
th a n
o r ig in a lly
th o u gM.
A sth eE S Os e e in gm o n ito rs (D IM M )
h a v en o wr e a c h e d th e ir n o m in a la c c u ra -
c y , th es l t e su n d e r s tu d yh a v eb e g u nt o
re v e a lth e irv e r yb e s to b s e tv in gq u a C
I tlle s .I tI sIrn p e ra tlv eth a tth e V L Tm ust
bea b letota k e fu lla d v a n ta g eo f h $ h ts
of
s u p rb
s e e in g
a n d
tra n s p a m n c y
w h ic h
w ill
b e
u s e d
a s
p e rfo rm a n c e
c rite riafo rth eto ta le rro rb u d g e t o f th e
te le s c o p ea fte rc o m p le tio n .
T h o u g h h w rly s e e in ga v e r a g e s b e tte r
th a n0 5m seo
aren o t uncom m ona t
C e rroP a ra n a l-th ish a p p e n s d u rin ga p -
p ro x im a te ly16%
ofth eto ta lo b s e tv e d
tim e , w itha m e d ia ns e e in go f 0 ,6 @ am -
s e tw er th ey m
-th elo n g e s tp e rio d s
o fe x c e lle n ts e e in ga re th ee a s l e s ttou s e
inas e m i-fle x ib les c h e d u lin gm odeo f o p e ra tio n .Inth a trw p e c t,a re c o rdo f e x c d le n c a w as hRth is S e p te m b e r w hen
the w in gw asb e tte rth a n0 .5am sec
d u rin g
a
fu ll
n lg h t,
in c lu d in g
th re e
c o n s e c u tiv eh o u rsb e tte rth a n0 . 3a r c -
s e c .
T h e s ite m o n ito rin gw ill c o n tin u ea fte r
W e d e c is lo no ntb eh a tiino f th eV L T
n o wta k e n .Rw ill & u s
o nth re em a jo r
ta s k s :
c o n s tru d o n of ad a tab a s efo rth e
s itep a ra m e te rs w h ic hw lllb eu s e d fo r
th e
d e v e lo p m e n t
o f
a
p re d ic tio n
m o d e l fo rR e x ib b s c h e d u lin g .
a m ly s in gth ee ffe c to f
1-
1
s o u rc e s o fth e rm a lp o llu tio nlik eth ew a k eo f b u ild in g s ,o f m e ta lllcs tru c tu re s , a n d o f e le c tro n icu n its ,a n d
p u rs u in g m a rc ha n d d e v e lo p m e n t
w o rko n th e m o n ito rin go fp a ra m e te rs
re la te d
to
in ts tfe ro m e try ,s u c h
as
s p e c k le life tim ea n do u te r= Is
o f
tu rb u le n c e .
M .W
I
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,E SO
C
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PA R A M A t
Septem ber
20,
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tim e
(H o u r-U T )
F ig u re2 :N e ws e e in gre c o rda tG emP a fa m i:M e d o tsa m
in d iv jd c a e ln te m u m tsb yth e
M M M : h o r ftg n ta l b a rs m w qm nd? oo n eh o u rlin e a rb ln n ln g .T ib w
i g
d e tin e da st i l a
FW HMa tz e n ith ,a tw a w h g fh 0 .5pm , a n dIem e m u re dSm etres
a b o v eg w n d
onh a
m m B.
A n O p tic a lC o u n te rp a rto fS g rA *a tth eG a la c ticC e n tre ?
'In s titu te fo r A s tro n o m ya n d A s tro p h y s ic s , U n iv e rs ityo f W iirrb u rg , G e rm a n y
T h eS p a c e T e le s c o p e E u ro p e a nC o o rd in a tin g F a c ility ,E S O
A ffilia te dt oth e A s tro p h y s ic sD iv is io no f th eS p a c e S c ie n c eD e p a rtm e n to f
E S A
E S O
T h e n a tu reo fth ev e ryG a la c ticC e n tre
iss till m y s te t-lo u s :
It c o u ldb eac lu s te ro f
s e e m in g lyn o rm a ly o u n g lu m in o u s s ta rs ,
o r
a
som ew hat
m a s s iv e
b la c k
h o le
s u rro u n d e db ya n
a c c re tio nd is k
(s e e
G enzela n dT o w n e s ,1 9 8 7 ,A n n .
R ev.
A s tro n .A s tro p h y s .2 5 ,3 7 7 )-o re v e n
s o m e th in g
m ore
e x o tic .
T h e
c h a ra e -
te ris tic fe a tu reo f th oin n e rm o s t re g io nIs
th ec o in c id e n c ew ith ln2 "(1 .9 . 0 .1g c )o f
th eu n re s o lv e d n o n th e rm a l ra d io s o u rc e
S g rA ' w ithth ep e a ko f th ed iffu s ein -
fra re ds te lla rlig h td is trib u tio n .T h efa c t
th a tth e re Isn od is c re tein fra re dc o u n -
te rp a rtt oS grA *a d d st oth ec u rio s itya s
toth e re la tio no fS grA " w ith th eG a la c tic
N u c le u s .Ad e ta lle do p tic a l s tu d yo f th e
re g io na n d th e c a n d id a te s o u rc e si sh in -
d e re db y th ee n o rm o u s fo re g ro u n de x -
tin c tio nre a c h in g3 0 m agi nth ev is u a l.
H o w e v e r,b yp u s h in ga sre da s C C D 's
p r a c tic a lly a llo w(i.9 .n e a r1ym),onec a n
re d u c eth ee x tin c tio nt oa b o u t1 4m ag
a n da t th esam e tlm e in c re a s eth ed a -
te c ta b iljty fo rin tr in s ic a llyb lu es o u rc e s-
u ltim a te lyw ithth eh o p eo f d e te c tin ga
"h o t"c o u n te rp a rt fo r S gr A ".
O n J u ly2 4 ,1 9 9 0w eu s e dth e3 .5 -r n
N 7T te le s c o p eo nL a S illat oIm a g eth e
G a la c ticC e n tre re g io nth ro u g haG unnz
filte r(E S Of
4 1 7 ,c u to n9 2 0 nm , lo n g
p a s s ) u s in gE F O S C2w ithaThom son
c h ip ,1 0 2 4b y1 0 2 4 p ix e ls ,im a g es c a le
0 .3a rc s e c /p ix e l,a n das e n s itiv ityo f6 %
a t9 5 0nm .T h e to ta lre s p o n s e p ro d u c e s
a
b a n d p a s s
o f
1 0 0
n m
c e n tre d
a t
9 5 0n mw ithap e a k th ro u g h p u to f3 .3 % .
H o w e v e r, s in c eth eb a n d p a s si sn o m i-
n a llyo p e nI n th er e d ,a lb e it w ithv e r y lo w
th ro u g h p u t,th e
e ffe c tiv e
w a v e le n g th
m ayb e s h ifte d to w a rd so re v e nb e y o n d
1pm . T h lsI sb e c a u s e th eh ig ha b s o lu te
v a lu e so f th ee x tin e tlo ne n c o u n te re d to -
w a rd sth eG a la c ticC e n tre (A ,u pt o3 0
m ag) im p lyv e ryh ig h d iffe re n tia l re d d e n -
in g
e ffe c ts ,
w h ic h
m ay
e a s ily
o v e r-
w h e lm
th e
d e c r e a se
In
th e
C C D
re -
s p o n s e .
T h es e e in gw asm e d io c re b u t, m ore
im p o tta n tly ,v e r ys ta b le (1 !0 5
F W H M ).
W ithth is
s e e in gw e
o v e rs a m p le dth e
P S Fb yafa c to ro f3 .W e o b ta in e dfiv e
fra m e s w itha ne x p o s u re tim eo f4 0rn in
e a c ha n dra n d o m
1 0 -2 0%fie ldc e n tre
o ffs e ts ,p lu sdom ea n ds k yfla t fie ld s .
C a re fu la lig n m e n tin c lu d in g
a
resam -
p lin gb y a n o th e rfa c to r4 ,a n dre je c tio n
o f d e te c to rd e fe c tsa n de o s m i c s ,g a v e
u sac o a d d e d2 0 0rn ine ffe c tiv ee x p o -
s u re .A
1 0
b y
1 2 " w in d o w
fro m
th e
sum m ed fra m eIsshow nI n F ig u re1 .T h e
tw o
b rig h te s t
s o u rc e s
a re
IR R I
a n d
IR R 2o f1 7 , 6m aga t9 8 0n m (H e n ry e t a l.,
1 9 8 4 ,A p .J .2 8 5 , L 2 7 ).T h e lim itin g m ag-
n itu d eo fth eim a g ei s2 4m aga t9 5 0n m
(s k y
le v e l2 5 0 0 0e -
p e r o r ig in a lp ix e l;
1 2 5 0 0 0e -fo r18R 1a n dtR R 2 ).T h isi s
th ed e e p e s t s u b -1 pm )C C Dim a g ee v e r
o b ta ln e do f th eG a la c ticC e n trere g io n ,
G iv e nth e
h ig hs ig n a l-to -n o is e
ra tlo ,
w e w e rea b let oa p p lyim a g ed e c o n v o lu -
tio nte c h n iq u e so n fa r-re d im a g e so fth e
G a la c ticC e n trer e g io n fo r th efirs t tim e .
W eu s e d th eL u c y a lg o rith mo fite ra tiv e
d e c o n v o lu tio n
(L u c y ,
1 9 7 4 ,
A .J .
7 9 ,
7451, im p le m e n te din to th e ID te n v lro n -
m entb y
H .-M .
A d o rf
(S T -E C F ).T h e
la rg e s t fie lds iz etre a te d w as5 12b y5 1 2
im a g ee le m e n ts ,c o rre s p o n d in g t o3 6 "
b y3 6 .T h eg a ini nre s o lu tio no b ta in e d
a fte r5 0ite ra tio n s w asafa c to r2 .5
(i.e .
0 :'4
FW HM
fo rp o in ts o u rc e s ).D u rin g
d e c o n v o lu tlo n ,th e
im a g e
o fth e
s ta r
lR R 2 (th eu p p e rle fto n eo fth e tw ob rig h t
o b je c tsi nF ig .1 ) re m a in e dv e ryc ir c u la r
a n du n re s o lv e d ,w h ile
IR R I(th eb rig h t
s ta rI nth e
c e n tre ) becam e
e lo n g a te d
fro mS Et o NW .As lig h t in d ic a tio no f th is
c a n a ls ob es e e ni nth eo r ig in a l.F ig u re2
showsth e
s h a rp e n e dfra m e ,m o d ifle d
b ys u b tra c tio no fas c a le du n re s o lv e d
s te lla rIm a g efro m
th ec e n treo f g ra v ity
p o s itio no f IR R I.
T oo u r s u rp ris e , tw ofa in t s o u rc e s (2 0 -
2 1 m ag)w e reh id d e nb e h in d th es e e in g
d is ko f IR R 1 .W ed e s ig n a te d th es lig h tly
fa in te rS E o b je c t G Z -Aa n dth eb d g h te r
N W
com ponent G Z -0 ,I ti sre m a rk a b le
th a tG Z -A
a n dG Z -Bc o in c id ew ithth e
p o s itio no fS grA " (in d ic a te db yth ew h ite
c ro s sI nF ig .2 )t ow ith ln0 ' 3
a n d
0 5 ,
re s p e c tiv e ly . T ra n s fo rm a tio no f th ea b -
s o lu tera d iop o s ltio no fS grA * o n too u r
fra m e(w itha nr.m .s .
e rro ro f K 5)w as
a c h ie v e dth ro u g hth e9 5 0n m
c o u n te r-
p a rtso fad o z e n p r e v io u s ly know n2 -p m
s o u rc e s , m osto f w h lc hh a v eb e e nd s -
te c te d
h e refo rth e
firs ttim e .A m ong
th e s ea reIR S 7(th eo b j e c td u e n o rtho f
S gr
A '
n e a r
th e
u p p e r
b o u n d a ry
o f
F ig .2 ) w ithato ta lo f2 0 0 0e -re c o rd e d ,
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