Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Energy is central to human well-being World needs affordable and clean energy for all Clean energy overcomes sustainability limits
Atmospheric CO2 level must be stabilized Fossil carbon is not running out
Fractional Change
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000
Plus Population Growth 1% energy intensity reduction Constant growth 1.5% energy intensity reduction 2.0% energy intensity reduction
2020
2040
Year
2060
2080
2100
Curve fitting of past production does not make the known resources go away
anthracite
bituminous
bituminous
subbituminous
6
lignite
33% 10% 0%
1950
2000
9
2050
year
2100
2150
2200
Environment
Total carbon is conserved Maintain or shrink the size of the carbon pool
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Without Carbon Capture and Storage all fossil fuels will have to be phased out
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900 Gt C total
Past centuries
Past
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Example I
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Biomass gasification
Distributed resource difficult to transport
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Modular Plant
Total
cost
= C0 N
Empirically:
1 + log2
Automa5on
can
eliminate
personnel
cost
Small
scale
allows
for
a
modular
approach
Focus
is
on
tying
informa5on
networks
to
machinery
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1+ log2
http://wot.motortrend.com/google-autonomous-car-testing-fleet-adds-lexus-rx-450h-logs-300000-miles-245621.html
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Small, modular, mass produced units Allow rapid entry into a new market Promote learning and fast improvements Adapt to changing markets and needs
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Example II
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Ocean Disposal
Dilution as a solution?
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Underground Injection
Enhanced Oil Recovery Deep Coal Bed Methane Storage Time Saline Aquifers Safety Cost
Concentrated disposal
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statoil
Safe and permanent storage option High storage capacity Permanence on a geological time scale Closure of the natural carbon cycle
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n n nn
n n n nn n nn nn n
n nn n n n nn n n nn n n n n nnn n n n n nn n nn n
nn n n n
nn n nn nn n n n n n n nn n n
n n
n n
n n n n n nn n
n n nn n n n n n
nn n n n n n n n nnn n
n nn nn n
n n
n n nn n n n nn nn
n n
n
nn
n nn
nn n
n n n n n n nn n n n
n nn n n
n nn
n n n
n
nn n
n nn n
n nn n n n nn n nn n n n n n
n
n n nn n n n n n n
n n n n n
n n
n n
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Wikipedia Commons
Steam, gases and water from deep and hot (>240 C) geothermal wells
400 kJ/mole
Carbon Dioxide
60...180 kJ/mole
Carbonate
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Mining scale
Remote locations are preferable Need nearby sources of CO2 (air)
Belvidere Mountain, Vermont Serpentine Tailings Asbestos and Serpentine Spontaneous carbonation (Dipple et al.)
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Example III
BEYOND RETROFITS: ADVANCED PLANT DESIGNS NATURAL GAS SCRUBBING AIR CAPTURE
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Natural gas power cannot be ignored Conventional scrubbing even more difficult
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Ultra-high efficiency
Fuel cell technology Hydrogen and/or electricity Synthetic fuels CO2 as by-product where possible
Gasification, oxyfuel
Entry point for advanced designs NGCC plants are strong competitors
Boudouard Reaction
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Can handle emissions from any and all sources Sets upper limit on cost of carbon management Assures feasibility of zero carbon scenarios Provides a solution to the risk of leaking storage
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After initial work at both Los Alamos and Columbia GRT* demonstrated air capture in Tucson in 2007** Klaus Lackner Allen Wright Gary Comer
Proof of principle
*Now **KSL
Demonstration unit
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U from seawater
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Regeneration
After harvesting the strings
wikipedia
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Air capture
House et al.
Dilution is too extreme Separation technology cannot be extrapolated Second law efficiency unavoidably deteriorates
Out-of-the-box thinking
No extrapolation
mv 2 = 20 J 2
0.016 moles of CO2
CO2
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Thermodynamics works
Theoretical minimum free energy requirement for the regeneration is the free energy of mixing Gas pressure P0 CO2 partial pressure Px Denoted as (P0, Px)
CO2 (P0, P0)
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Sorbent Strength
depends logarithmically on CO2 concentration at collector exit G = RT log P
0
1000
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10000
100000
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Different sorbents
Hydroxides and carbonates Amines and physisorption
Regeneration
High temperature calcination routes Low grade heat, thermal swings Pressure swings, combined with thermal swings Electrochemistry
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Separation Process
Dry air Liquid Water
Moist air
GRT photo
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Saturation
OH Exp
OH Langmuir
0
Tao Wang et al
200
400
600
800
35 Celsius Exp
Saturation
45 Celsius Exp
24 Celsius Langmuir
35 Celsius Langmuir 45 Celsius Langmuir
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K. S. Lackner
0 (, ) = + (1 + ) + ( 0 )
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= 2 1
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First data to show dependence on resins water loading rather than water vapor partial pressure
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Flexible design
add pressure swing add thermal swing features preprocess for moisture removal
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C3 : sorbent regeneration
Free to choose v: Choose a low flow velocity v through filter For wind w2 > v2
Novel design strategy for air capture: decouple pressure drop from CO2 uptake
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The air carries 10 to 100 times as much H2O as CO2 You cant just suck the water out and pay for it Options: Hydrophobic CO2 sorbent: ??? Wet regeneration: water consumption, performance Water must not compete for adsorption site Moisture swing: Built-in water management Water and CO2 are counter-cyclical We cool during adsorption and produce heat during release
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Going to Scale
10 million units @ 1/tonne per day
capture 3.6 Gt CO2 per year (12% of emissions) Require annual production of 1 million (10yr life)
Compared to 70 million cars and light trucks
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85
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Prediction is difficult
Per ton CO2
$600
$500
$400
Price dropped hundredfold
$300
GRT (first of a kind)
$200
Current estimates
$100
CO2 enriched air Raw material and energy limit
$0
Conclusion
Moisture swing is a versatile air capture step
Boosts CO2 pressure 100-fold to 0.01 to 0.1 bar (today to 0.05 bar) Interfaces with passive contacting Eliminates water loss as a problem Initial 200-fold pressure amplification without direct energy input Can eliminate concerns over losses to the atmosphere Can completely eliminate heat losses Can interface with any flue-gas like separation process to produce pure CO2
Looking forward
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Looking forward
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Hydrogen Cycle
O2 H2
Power Consumer
Power generator
Energy Source
H2O
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H2O
H2
CH2
Power Consumer
Power generator
Carbon Cycle
H2O
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H2O
Enhancing the biological cycle
Energy Sources
Conversion
Outputs
Nuclear and renewable energy electrolysis Coal, tar, shale Synthesis Gas Natural Gas
Electricity
Stationary energy demand CO2 scrubbing CO2 and H2O inputs CCS Carbon Storage
Fischer Tropsch
Air capture
Petroleum
Liquid Fuel
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Energy Sources
Conversion
Outputs
Nuclear and renewable energy electrolysis Coal, tar, shale Synthesis Gas Natural Gas
Electricity
Stationary energy demand CO2 scrubbing CO2 and H2O inputs CCS Carbon Storage
Fischer Tropsch
Air capture
Petroleum
Liquid Fuel
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Energy Sources
Conversion
Outputs
Nuclear and renewable energy electrolysis Coal, tar, shale Synthesis Gas Natural Gas
Electricity
Stationary energy demand CO2 scrubbing CO2 and H2O inputs CCS Carbon Storage
Fischer Tropsch
Air capture
energy storage
Petroleum Liquid Fuel Mobile energy demand
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Unpredicted and unmodeled, these inventions changed the course of future societal developments in unexpected ways
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Carbon Board
certification
Private Sector
Carbon Carbon Farming, Manufacturing, Service, etc. Extraction Sequestration
certificates
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Stabilization point (ppm of CO2) Must overcome 3% economic growth plus 1% population growth
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