messenger-no74

No. 74 -

D ecem ber1 9 9 3

T E L E S C O P E S

A N D

IN S T R U M E N T A T IO N

N e w s tro m C o u n c il

T h e fo llo w in gis S e c tio n 1 (th e s e c tio n re le v a n t fo r th eV L TP ro je c t) o f th e re s o \ue000 lu tio n is s u e d b y C o u n c il d u r in g its m e e t\ue000 in g o f D e c e m b e r2 ,1 9 9 3 :

In

its O c t o b e r 4 a n d

5 ,1 9 9 3 m e e tin g

C o u n c il

e x p re s s e d

it s

a p p ro v a l

o f th e

r e v is e d

V L T N L T I

p r o je c ta s

re fe rre d

in

J u n e 1 9 9 3 C o u -4 8 3 fo r c o n te n t, s c h e d u le

a n d s ta ff. F in a n c ia l d iffic u ltie s d is c u s s e d

in

th e

F in a n c e

C o m m itte e

m e e tin g

o f

N ovem ber

8

a n d

9 ,

1 9 9 3

a n d

re c e n t

e x p r e s s io n

o f c o n c e rn

in

a

d ip lo m a tic

n o te fro m

th e F re n c h G o v e rn m e n t h a v e

le d to r e c o n s id e r a tio n o f th is p la n .

F o llo w in g

th e

p re s e n ta tio n

a n d

d is \ue000

c u s s io n o f d iffe r e n t a lte rn a tiv e s fo r c o s t re d u c tio n , C o u n c il a d o p ts fu rth e r m o d \ue000 ific a tio n s

t o

th e

V L T

p ro g ra m m e

p la n .

T h is

in c lu d e s th e

p o s tp o n e m e n to fth e

im p le m e n ta tio n

o f

V L T I,

V IS A ,

C oude

T ra in a n d a s s o c ia te d a d a p tiv e o p tic s fo r

a ll te le s c o p e s .

In

c o n s u lta tio n

w ith

th e

S c ie n tific

T e c h n ic a l C o m m itte e

a

s o lu \ue000

tio n w ill b e s o u g h t to in tr o d u c e a d a p tiv e o p tic s a t th e N a s m y th fo c i a t th e e a rlie s t p o s s ib le tim e .

F u rth e rm o re ,

th e

E x e c u tiv e

w ill

e n \ue000

d e a v o u rt o

re in tro d u c e

fu ll C o u d e

a n d

in te rfe ro m e tric

c a p a b ilitie s

a t

th e

e a r\ue000 lie s t p o s s ib le d a te . T h is w ill in c lu d e p r o \ue000 v is io n s f o r c o n tin u in g

te c h n o lo g ic a l re \ue000

s e a rc h

a n d

d e v e lo p m e n t

p ro g ra m m e s

d e v o te dt oth is e n d .

V L TN e w s tro m th e V L TD iv is io n

M .T A R E N G H I, E S O

T h e s ta tu so fV LT a c tiv itie sis s h iftin g

m o re a n d

m o re

fro m

th e

d e s ig n

to the c o n s tru c tio n p h a s e . M a jo r p ro g re s s w a s a c h ie v e dinth e fo llo w in g a re a s :

M e c h a n ic a l S tru c tu re

T h e d e ta ile d d e s ig n o f th e s tru c tu reis re a c h in g c o m p le tio n . T h e c a lc u la te d lo w \ue000 e s t lo c k e d ro to r e ig e n fre q u e n c yis8 .1

H z

a ro u n d

th e

e le v a tio n

a x is

a n d

a b o u t

1 0H za r o u n d th e a z im u th a x is .T o o b ta in

th is a n dt oo p tim iz e th e

m a n u fa c tu rin g ,

th e m a s s h a s in c re a s e d w ith re s p e c tt o

th e o r ig in a l d e s ig n . T h e

m a x im u m

to ta l

m o v in g m a s sis4 5 0 t o n s w h ic h in c lu d e

3 2 0 to n s o f s tru c tu ra l s te e l.

A

d e m o n s tra tio n

te s t o f th e

e n c o d e r

w as

c a rrie d

o u t s u c c e s s fu lly . T h is

e n \ue000

c o d e r

u s e s

tw o

la s e r

in te rfe ro m e te rs

a n d

a

n u m b e r o f fla t

m irro rs

fix e d

o n

th e

s tru c tu re . E a c h

m irror can

cover a

ra n g e

o f a b o u t 4 d e g re e s

a n d

th e

tw o

h e a d s

p e rm it

th e

tra n s itio n

fro m

o n e

m irro r

t o

a n o th e r

w ith o u t

th e

lo s s

o f

in fo rm a tio n .

E n c lo s u re s

T h e

d e s ig n

a n d

c o n s tru c tio n

o f th e

e n c lo s u r e s

w e re

c o n tra c te d

t o

th e

S E B IS C o n s o r tiu m

inIta ly .T h e fin a l d e \ue000

s ig n

is

n e a r

t o

c o m p le tio n

(J a n u a ry

1 9 9 4 ).

W in d

tu n n e l

te s ts

h a v e

b e e n

p e r\ue000

fo rm e d

fo r

th e

assessm ent

o f

w in d

lo a d s

o n

a s in g le

e n c lo s u r e . A d d itio n a l

te s ts

w ill

b e

p e rfo rm e d

in

N ovem ber

1 9 9 3 to s tu d y th e

in te rfe re n c e b e tw e e n

th e e n c lo s u re s .

M irro rsa n dM 1U n it

T h e

firs t

p rim a ry

m irro r

b la n k

h a s

b e e n d e liv e r e dt oR E O S C

a n d th e p a d s

fo r th e

a x ia l s u p p o r t s

have been

g lu e d

o n th e b a c k . T h e m a n u fa c tu rin go fo th e r b la n k s b y S c h o t t p r o c e e d s a s p la n n e d . Tw o

p a ra lle l c o n tra c ts

w e re

is s u e d

fo r

th e d e s ig no fth e m ir r o rG e ll. T h e P re lim i\ue000

n a ry

D e s ig n

R e v ie w

w ill

ta k e

p la c e

a t

th e b e g in n in go fn e x t y e a r.

M 2U n it

T h e

c a ll fo r te n d e rs

has been

is s u e d

a n d

th e

te n d e rs

a re

e x p e c te d

in

m id \ue000

D e c e m b e r. T h e

re q u ire m e n ts

in c lu d e

a

fa s t

g u id in g

m ode

(fie ld

s ta b iliz a tio n )

a n d

a

c h o p p in g

m ode

fo r fre q u e n c ie s u pt o5 H z a n d a m p litu d eo f u p to 1 a rc \ue000 m in u te .

C o a tin gP la n t

T h e

te c h n ic a l

s p e c ific a tio n s

a n d

s ta te m e n to fw o rk

fo r th e

C a ll f o r T e n \ue000 d e rs h a v e b e e n c o m p le te d . T h e s p e c ifi\ue000 c a tio n s

a re

b a s e d

o n

a s p u tte rin g

p ro \ue000

c e s s .

T h e

s ta rto fth e

c o n tra c t

is

e x \ue000

p e c te dt obe M ay 1994.

W a s h in gU n ita n dC le a n r o o m

T h e

s p e c ific a tio n s

a n d

s ta te m e n to f

w o rk

fo r

th e

c a ll

fo r te n d e rs

is

b e in g

p re p a re d . T h e c o n tra c t fo r th e

w a s h in g

u n it w ill

in c lu d e

th e

p ilo t w a s h in g

u n it

(fo r th e

3 .6 -m e tre

m irrors) forL a

S illa .

C le a n ro o m

s p e c ific a tio n s

h a v e

b e e n

p re p a re d . T h e

c le a n r o o m

w ill c o m p r is e

b o th

th e

c o a tin g

a n d

w a s h in g

u n it fo r

th e 8 -m

m irro rs.

C a s s e g r a ina n dN a s m y th

A d a p te rs

T h e

c o n c e p tu a l

d e s ig n

h a s

b e e n

c o m p le te d

a n d

th e

c a ll fo r te n d e rs

w ill

b e se n t o u t e a rlyin

1 9 9 4

a fte r a n a ly s is

o fth e re s u lts o fa p r e lim in a r y e n q u iry . A

c a ll fo r te n d e rs

is

ru n n in g

fo r th e

p ro \ue000 c u re m e n to fC C D c a m e ra s fo r a u to g u id \ue000 in g a n d w a v e fr o n t s e n s in g a p p lic a tio n s .

C oudeS ta tio n

T h e c o n c e p tis b a s e d o n a la rg e tu rn \ue000

ta b le

o n

w h ic h

a ll

th e

c o u d e

s ta tio n

e q u ip m e n tis

fix e d .

Itis

u s e d

t o

com \ue000

p e n s a te th e

fie ld

ro ta tio n

fo r c o u d e

in \ue000

s tru m e n ts a n dt o

p o s itio n th e

c o llim a t\ue000

in g

u n its

t o

b e

u s e d

fo r

th e

d iffe re n t

ty p e so fb e a m

c o m b in a tio n s . T h e

c o n \ue000

tr a c t fo r th e

c o n s tru c tio n

o ftu rn ta b le s

h a s b e e n is s u e d .

A d a p tiv eO p tic s

A n

o p tim iz a tio n

s tu d y

h a s

p e rm itte d

th e fin a liz a tio n

o f th e e s s e n tia l p a ra m e \ue000

te rs

n e c e s s a ry fo r th e e s ta b lis h m e n to f

s p e c ific a tio n s .

H a n d lin gA s p e c ts

A

n e w

c o n c e p t fo r th e

M 1

h a n d lin g

to o l h a s b e e n

d e v e lo p e d . T h e

p r in c ip le

isa h y d ra u lic w h iffle tre e . T h e g e o m e tr y

is

id e n tic a lt o

th a to f th e

R E O S C

to o l.

T h e

M 1

h a n d lin g

to o l

w ill

in c lu d e

th e

liftin g s y s te m

a n d w ill fo r m

a s e lf-s ta n d \ue000

in g

u n it

in

th e

M irro r

M a in te n a n c e

B u ild in g .

V L T IS y s te m

L e v e l

A

n u m b e ro f s tu d ie s

a t s y s te m

le v e l

a re

c u rre n tly

b e in g

c a rrie d

out or have

b e e n

c o m p le te d . T h e s e s tu d ie s a re im \ue000 p o rta n t fo r a s s e s s in g th e o v e ra ll p e rfo r\ue000 m ance

o fth e

V L T I

a s

w e il

a s

fo r th e

s p e c ific a tio n

o fV L T Is u b s y s te m s , s u c h

a s th e d e la y lin e s . S tu d ie s in c lu d e :

-

C o n tro l

m odel

o f

d e la y

lin e /frin g e

s e n s o r

-

S tru c tu ra l

d e fo rm a tio n

o f

u n it

te le \ue000

s c o p e s u n d e r w in d lo a d s

-

S tu d yo fa c o u s tic n o is e in s id e U T e n \ue000

c lo s u r e s

-

S tu d yo fth e rm a l e n v iro n m e n tinV L T I

fa c ilitie s

-

M e a s u re m e n ts

o f

g ro u n d

tra n s fe r

fu n c tio n s o n

P a ra n a l

A u x ilia r yT e le s c o p e s

C a lls

fo r

te n d e rs

fo r

th e

d e s ig n ,

m a n u fa c tu re , te s t

in

E u ro p e , tra n s p o rt t oa n d e r e c tio nin C h ileo f th r e e a u x ilia r y te le s c o p e s

a n d

e q u ip m e n t

fo r

1 1

s ta \ue000

tio n s w e re s e n tt oin d u s tr yin J u ly 1 9 9 3 .

B e a mC o m b in e rS y s te m

A nin -h o u s e d e s ig n s tu d yo f th e b e a m

c o m b in e r

is

n e a rin g

c o m p le tio n .

T h e

m a in o b je c tiv eo fth e s tu d yis a c o n c e p \ue000 tu a l d e s ig n w h ic h a llo w s th e a s s e s s m e n t o fth e

in te rfa c et o

th e

c iv il e n g in e e r in g

in fra s tru c tu re a n d

u n d e rs ta n d in g

o fth e

tra d e o ffs b e tw e e n

v a rio u s c o n c e p ts fo r

th e h o m o th e tic m a p p in g .

In s trum e n ta tio n

T h e

V L T

M e d iu m

R e s o lu tio n

S p e c \ue000 tro m e te r/lm a g e r (IS A A C ) re a c h e d th e F i\ue000 n a l D e s ig n

R e v ie w

(F D R ).T h e

C O N IC A

(H ig h

R e s o lu tio n

N e a r In fra re d C a m e ra )

a n d

F O R S

(F o c a l

R educer

S p e c tro \ue000

g ra p h ) a re a p p ro a c h in g th e

FD R

s ta g e .

T h e

U V - V is u a l

E c h e lle

S p e c tro g ra p h

(U V E S )

c o m p le te d

th e

P re lim in a ry

D e\ue000

s ig n

R e v ie w

inO c to b e r. T h e M u lti- F ib e r

A re a

S p e c tro g ra p h

(F U E G O S )

is

b e in g

s tu d ie d

b y

a

c o n s o rtiu m

com posed

o f

th e

O b s e rv a to ire

d e

M e u d o n , th e

O b\ue000

s e rv a to ire

d e

G e n e v e , th e O b s e rv a to ire

d e

T o u lo u s e

a n d

th e

O s s e rv a to rio

d i

B o lo g n a . T h e

P h a s e

A

s tu d y

e n d e d

in

O c to b e r a n d

isb e in g

r e v ie w e d

b yE S O

te c h n ic a l s ta ff. T h e

M id -In fra re d

Im a g e

S p e c tro m e te r

is

b e in g

s tu d ie d

b y

th e

S e r v ic e

d 'A s tr o p h y s iq u e

C E A lD A P N IA

a n d

ism a k in g p ro g re s sin P h a s eA .

F irs t L ig h t fro mth eN TT In te rfe ro m e te r

T .R .B E D D IN G ,0 . V O N D E RL \u00dc H Ea n dA A Z IJ L S T R A , E S O

A

E C K A R Ta n dL .E . T A C C O N I-G A R M A N ,M PE G a re h in g , G e rm a n y

It is n o t o b v io u s t h a t p la c in g

a m ask

o v e r a te le s c o p e

a n d

b lo c k in g

m osto f

th e lig h t w ill im p r o v e its im a g in g p e r fo r \ue000

m ance.

Y et

several groups

h a v e

d o n e

ju s t th is

in

a n

e ffo rt to

o v e rc o m e

th e

lim its

o f

a tm o s p h e ric

s e e in g

a n d

a c h ie v e th e b e s t a n g u la r r e s o lu tio n fr o m

la rg e

te le s c o p e s

s u c h

a s

th e

4 .2 -m

W HT,th e 3 .9 -m

A A T ,th e

H a ie 5 - m

a n d

th e

M a y a ll 4 - m

a t

K itt

P e a k .

A p e rtu re

2

m a s k in g h a s m a in ly b e e n u s e d fo r b r ig h t s o u r c e s h a v in g r e a s o n a b ly s im p le s tr u c \ue000 tu re .

F o rtu n a te ly ,

th e re

a re

som e

v e ry

in te re s tin g

o b je c ts

th a t

s a tis fy

th e s e

c rite ria :

c o o l

g ia n t

s ta rs ,

w hose

la rg e

a n g u la r d ia m e te r s (u pt o

-0 .0 5 ")m ake

th e m

id e a l ta rg e ts

fo r

b ig

te le s c o p e s .

A p e rtu re

m a s k in g

h a s

s o

fa r

a llo w e d d e te c tio no fc o n v e c tiv e h o t s p o ts o n th e re d s u p e rg ia n t a O ri a n d a s y m m e trie sin

th e a tm o s p h e r eo f M ir a (e .g ., W ils o n e t

a l.1 9 9 2 ; H a n iff e t a l.1 9 9 2 ).

T h is a rtic le d e s c rib e s a p e rtu re -m a s k \ue000 in g o b s e r v a tio n so fc o o l g ia n ts w ith th e 3 .5 -m

N D

inth e n e a r in fra re d(1 .5~

l

m

)

.

W e

c h o s e

th e

in fra re d

b e c a u s e ,

a l\ue000

th o u g h

th e

a n g u la r r e s o lu tio n

is

som e\ue000 w h a t p o o r e r th a n a t v is ib le w a v e le n g th s , th e s ta rs a re

m uch

b rig h te r a n d th e a t\ue000

m o s p h e r ic

s e e in g

is

m o re

fa v o u ra b le .

B e fo re d e s c rib in g

o u r o b s e rv a tio n s , w e

g iv e

a b rie f

in tro d u c tio n

t o

th e

te c h \ue000

n iq u e s in v o lv e d .

O p tic a l/IR In te rfe ro m e try

T o

p ro d u c e

im a g e s

th a t

h a v e

h ig h

a n g u la r r e s o lu tio n

o n e

m u s t o v e rc o m e

th e

s e e in g .

T h is

m eans

c o m p e n s a tin g fo r p e rtu rb a tio n sinth e w a v e fro n to f th e lig h t th a t re s u lt fro m

its p a s s a g e th ro u g h

th e

a tm o s p h e re .

T h e s e

p e rtu rb a tio n s a ris e b e c a u s e th e re fra c tiv e in d e xo fth e a tm o s p h e re

is

c o n tin u a lly

flu c tu a tin g ,

p rim a rily d u e to

tu r b u le n t m ix in g

o fre \ue000

g io n so fair w ith

d iffe rin g te m p e ra tu re s . T h e in c o m in g w a v e fro n t c a n b e th o u g h t o fa s b e in g

m a d e u po f a la rg e n u m b e r o f p a tc h e s , e a c h h a v in g a d ia m e te ro fro , w h e re

th e

w a v e fro n t

is

a p p r o x im a te ly

fla t a c ro s s

e a c h

p a tc h . T h e

q u a n tity

ro

d e te r m in e s th e s e e in g : a t a w a v e le n g th

A ,t h e s e e in g d is k h a s a F W H M

o fa b o u t

1 .2V r o (e .g .,ro=

1 5c m

at 550 nm

fo r 1 "

s e e in g ) .

A d a p tiv e o p tic s s e e k s to c o m p e n s a te

fo r w a v e fro n t p e rtu rb a tio n sin

re a l tim e

u s in g

a

s m a ll

d e fo rm a b le

m irro r.

P ro \ue000

v id e d

th e

m irro r h a s

e n o u g h

a c tu a to rs

(o n e

fo r

e v e ry

ro -s iz e d

p a tc h

o n

th e p u p il), itisp o s s ib le to p la c e m o s to f th e lig h t

in

a

d iffra c tio n -lim ite d

c o re .

O f

c o u rs e ,

o n e

a ls o

re q u ire s

s u ffic ie n t

p h o to n s

p e r

ro -p a tc h

t o

m e a s u re

th e

w a v e fro n t a n d c a lc u la te th e c o r r e c tio n .'

Itisp o s s ib le t o a c h ie v e

h ig h

a n g u la r

r e s o lu tio n

p a s s iv e ly

(i.e . w ith o u t a d a p \ue000

tiv e

o p tic s ),

p r o v id e d

o n e

h a s

a

fa s t

d e te c to r.

T h is

in v o lv e s

re c o rd in g

th e

d is to rte d im a g eina s u c c e s s io n o f s h o r t

exposures, each

o fw h ic h

"fre e z e s " th e

s e e in g ,

a n d

p r o c e s s in g

th e m

o ff-lin e . T h isisth e b a s iso f s p e c k le in te rfe ro m e \ue000 try .

E a c h

s h o rt-e x p o s u re

im a g e

c o n \ue000

ta in s

h ig h -re s o lu tio n

in fo rm a tio n

w h ic h

c a n b e e x tra c te d v ia a F o u rie r tra n s fo rm

a n d

c a lib r a te d

u s in g

s im ila r

o b s e rv a \ue000

tio n so fa n e a r b y u n r e s o lv e d s ta r.

A p e rtu re

m a s k in g

is

id e n tic a l

t o

s p e c k le

in te rfe ro m e try , e x c e p t th a t o n e p la c e s a m a s k o v e r t h e te le s c o p e p u p il. T h e

m ask

m ay

c o n s is t

o f

a

s m a ll

num bero fh o le s

a rra n g e d

in

a

n o n -re \ue000

d u n d a n t p a tte r n (i.e ., s o t h a t a ll b a s e lin e v e c to r s a re d is tin c t) . A lte rn a tiv e ly , it m a y b e

p a rtia lly

re d u n d a n t,

s u c h

a s

a n

a n n u lu s o r a s lit. T h e p r o s a n d

c o n so f

a p e rtu re

m a s k in g

h a v e b e e n d is c u s s e d

e ls e w h e r e

(H a n iff

&

B u s c h e r

1 9 9 2 ;

B u s c h e r&H a n iff 1 9 9 3 ; H a n iff 1 9 9 3 ) a n d

h e re

w e

s im p ly

t r y

t o

s u m m a r iz e

th e

m a in a rg u m e n ts .

1A d a p tiv eo p tic sis n o t lh e s a m ea s a c tiv eo p tic s .

T h e

la lte r in v o lv e s a d ju s tin g

th e p rim a ry m irro r1 0 c o r r e c lto r le le s c o p ef1 e x u re , e tc ., a n d th e c o r r e c \ue000 tio n s

a re

n e c e s s a r ily

m ade

o n

a

m uch

s lo w e r tim e s c a le . T h is ty p e o r c o r r e c tio n p r o d u c e s e x c e l\ue000 le n t lo n g - e x p o s u r e im a g e s , b u t c a n n o t b e u s e dto r r e a l- tim e s e e in g c o m p e n s a tio n .

W h y U s e a n A p e rtu re M a s k ?

E a c h

ro -s iz e d

p a tc h

o n

th e p u p il h a s a nu n k n o w n p h a s e e rro r, c o r r e s p o n d in g t o

th e

unknow n

th ic k n e s s

o f

a tm o \ue000

s p h e re

a b o v e

it .

E a c h

p a iro fp a tc h e s

fo rm sa nin te rfe ro m e te r th a t m e a s u re s a

p a r tic u la r s p a tia l fr e q u e n c y

o n

th e

s k y . W ith a n u n - m a s k e d p u p il th e re a re m a n y d iffe r e n t p a irs m e a s u rin g a g iv e n s p a tia l fre q u e n c y .

E a c h

o n e

c o n trib u te s

a

d if\ue000

fe re n t p h a s e

e rro r, s o

th a t m a n y frin g e p a tte rn s w ith th e s a m e s p a tia l fre q u e n \ue000 c y

a re

s u p e r im p o s e d

o n

th e

d e te c to r

w ith d iffe r e n t p o s itio n o ffs e ts . T h e re s u l\ue000

ta n t

frin g e

pow er

w ill

b e

th e

s u m

o f

th e s e

ra n d o m ly -p h a s e d

c o n trib u tio n s .

T h e p r o b le m

isth a t th e w a v e fro n t e rro rs a re d iffe re n tine v e ry s h o rt-e x p o s u re im \ue000 a g e , s o th e fin a l frin g e p o w e r, b e in g th e s u m

o fa ra n d o m

w a lk , w ill a ls o f lu c t u \ue000

a te .

T h is

in tro d u c e s

s o - c a lle d

a tm o \ue000

s p h e r ic n o is einth e p o w e r s p e c tru m . A n o n -re d u n d a n t a p e rtu re m a s k ,inw h ic h n o b a s e lin eiss a m p le d m o r e th a n o n c e , e lim in a te s

a tm o s p h e ric

n o is e .

T h is

is

p a rtic u la rly

im p o rta n t

in

th e

in fra re d ,

w h e re

th e

la rg e

n u m b e rs

o f

p h o to n s

m ean

th a t

a tm o s p h e ric

n o is e

u s u a lly

d o m in a te s o v e r p h o to n n o is e .

A n o th e r a d v a n ta g e

o fn o n -re d u n d a n t a p e rtu re m a s k in gisth a t it im p ro v e s th e a c c u ra c y w ith w h ic h o n e c a n c o rre c t fo r v a r ia tio n sina tm o s p h e ric s e e in g , s o m e \ue000 th in g w h ic hiso fte n th e lim itin g fa c to rin h ig h - r e s o lu tio n im a g in g . T h isis b e c a u s e a p u p il c o m p o s e do fs u b a p e rtu re s e a c h h a v in g

s iz e

:s

ro

is

q u ite

in s e n s itiv e

t o

c h a n g e s

in

th e

a c tu a l

v a lu e

ro .

O f

c o u rs e , a

m ask

a ls o

re d u c e s

th e

lig h t le v e l a n d re s tric ts o b s e rv a tio n st ob rig h t o b je c ts . B u t fo r th o s e

o b je c ts , th e re

is

a na d d itio n a l a d v a n ta g e if th e lig h t b e in g

d is c a r d e d

d o e s

n o t c a rry

u s e fu l

in fo r\ue000

m a tio n . T h is la s t p o in t b e c o m e s c le a r if o n e im a g in e s o b s e r v in ga no b je c t w h ic h is

o n ly

b a re ly

r e s o lv e d

b y th e

fu ll te le \ue000 s c o p e a p e rtu re .Inth is c a s e , th e " u s e fu l" lig h t c o m e s fro m

th e o u te r p a rtso fth e

p u p il a n d

th e

re m a in d e r o n ly s e rv e s to a d d n o is e to th e s ig n a l w e a re in te re s te d in .B y u s in g a m a s k , o n e c a n e ffe c tiv e ly in c re a s e th e r e s o lv in g p o w e ro fth e te le \ue000 s c o p e b y g iv in g m o r e e m p h a s is t o h ig h s p a tia l fr e q u e n c ie s .

A b ig d r a w b a c ko fu s in g a n o n - r e d u n \ue000 d a n t m a s k w ith a s m a ll n u m b e ro fh o le s isth e p o o r c o v e ra g eo f s p a tia l fre q u e n \ue000 e ie s . A g o o d c o m p r o m is einth e p h o to n \ue000 ric h in fra re d re g im eisa na n n u la r m a s k . T h is h a s fu ll s p a tia l fr e q u e n c y c o v e r a g e w h ile b e in g m in im a lly r e d u n d a n t: r o u g h \ue000

Iys p e a k in g , e a c h

b a s e lin e

ism e a s u re d

tw ic e . F u rth e rm o re , a th in a n n u lu s la rg e \ue000

Iy

re ta in s

th e

o th e r

a d v a n ta g e s

m en\ue000

tio n e d

a b o v e , n a m e ly a c c u ra te

c a lib r a \ue000 tio n a n d e n h a n c e d re s o lu tio n . H o w e v e r, a na n n u la r m a s kis n o t a g o o d c h o ic ein th e

v is ib le

re g im e , w h e re

p h o to n

n o is e

F ig u re1 :T oc h a n g e b e tw e e n m a s k s , th e N T T

w as

tilted to

1 5 \u00b0(ro m

th e h o r iz o n ta l a n d th e m irro r c o v e r(g re y )w a s p a r tia lly c lo s e d .H e re , O skar von

der L\u00fche

(Ie ft)a n d

T im

B e d d in g

(rig h t) s ta n d o n

th e

te le s c o p e

s tru c tu rea n d

s h o w

o ffth e

7 -h o le

m ask.

T h e

b la c k c ir c le

b e h in d

th e ir

h e a d s

is

th e

a n n u la r

m ask a tta c h e d to th eM 3 b a ffle . A n d re a s E c k a rtis s ta n d in g a t flo o r le v e l.

g e n e r a lly

d o m in a te s

o v e r

a tm o s p h e ric

n o is e .

H e re ,

B u s c h e r

&

H a n iff

(1 9 9 3 )

a d v o c a te th e u s eo f a lo n g s lit.

W e

d o

n o t w is h

t o

g iv e

th e

im p r e s \ue000

s io n th a t m a s k in g a te le s c o p eisa lw a y s

th e

b e s t

s tra te g y .

In

sam e

s itu a tio n s ,

h o w e v e r, th e re a re

p o w e rfu l a rg u m e n ts

fo r d o in g

s o

a n d

th e s e

is s u e s

a re

d is \ue000

c u s s e d

m o r e fu lly

inth e

re fe re n c e s .T o s u m m a riz e ,a n a p e rtu re m a s k w ith n o n \ue000 re d u n d a n t

h o le s

p r o v id e s

m o re

a c c u \ue000

ra te ly

c a lib r a te d

m e a s u re m e n ts

a t th e

fu ll d iffr a c tio n lim it, b u t a t th e e x p e n s eo f

lo w e r s e n s itiv ity a n d

p o o re r s p a tia l-fre \ue000

q u e n c y

c o v e ra g e .

A s

n o te d

a b o v e ,a n

a n n u la r m a s k

s h o u ld

b e

a

g o o d

com \ue000

p ro m is ein th e in fra re d , b u t th is m e th o d

h a s

s o

fa r o n ly

b e e n

te s te d

o n

b in a ry

s ta rs (H a n iff e ta l.1 9 8 9 ).

M a s k in g th e N T T

O u r o b s e rv a tio n s

w e re

m ade

o n

th e

N D

in

A u g u s t 1 9 9 3 , u s in g

th e

S H A R P

in fra re d

c a m e ra

(E c k a rt e t a l. 1 9 9 1 ).In

o rd e r to

s a m p ie th e

im a g e s fu lly a t th e

d iffra c tio n

lim it

a t

th e

J

b a n d ,

i t

w as

n e c e s s a ry to

m a g n ify th e

im a g e

s c a le .

W ed id th is b y p la c in g a fo c a l e x p a n d e r

ju s tin

fro n to f th e

d e w a r w in d o w . T h is

d e v ic e ,

w h ic h

w e

nam ed

C O S H A R P , c o n s is te do fa p a ir o f le n s e s m o u n te din a n

a lu m in iu m

tu b e .

C O S H A R P

p e r\ue000

fo rm e d

p e rfe c tly a n d w e w is h th e s a m e

s u c c e s s

t o

it s

m o re

e x p e n s iv e

s p a c e \ue000

b a s e d c o u s in .

3

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