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, the war on marriage is not a frontalassault from outside enemies, but a sideway tug-of-warinside each of us between competing values: between rightsand needs, between individualism and community, betweenfear and hope, between freedom and love. On the one hand,we cherish marriage as the repository of our deepest hopesand wishes to forge stable families and to find lasting love.On the other hand, we fear being “tied down” or “trapped”and jealously guard our right to redefine ourselves and ourlives, with or without our partners’ consent.Despite the startling rise in divorce, cohabitation, andunwed parenthood, marriage remains a core value and anaspiration of many Americans. One might imagine that, asProfessor Norval Glenn puts it, “Americans are marryingless and succeeding less often at marriage because alternativeshave become more attractive, relative to marriage, than theyonce were.” But, Glenn continues, survey data on attitudestoward marriage provides “scant evidence for it.” We aren’t as certain anymore about whether marriage isgood for other people, but when it comes to their own lifegoals, Americans put marriage at the top of the list. Ninety-threepercent of Americans rate “having a happy marriage” as »
In America over the last thirty years, we’ve done something unprece-dented. We have managed to transform marriage, the most basic anduniversal of human institutions, into something controversial.For perhaps the first time in human history, marriage as an ideal isunder a sustained and surprisingly successful attack. Sometimes theattack is direct and ideological, made by “experts” who believe a lifelongvow of fidelity is unrealistic or oppressive, especially to women.
This article is an excerpt from the book
The Case for Marriage
by Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher.
The Case for Marriage
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either one of their most important or very important objectives. Asked to select their top two goals, a majority of Americansinclude a happy marriage as one of the choices, far outpacingother life goals, such as “being in good health” (35 percent)or even having “a good family life” (36 percent). In 1992, thenumber-one aspiration of high school seniors was “having agood marriage and family life.” In addition, the proportionof seniors calling that goal “extremely important” has actuallyrisen over the last two decades. Only 8 percent of Americanwomen consider remaining single as ideal, a proportion thathas not changed over the last generation.The paradox, as Glenn writes, is that “marriage remainsvery important to adult Americans—probably as importantas it has ever been—while the proportion of Americansmarried has declined and the proportion successfully marriedhas declined even more.” Americans are still the marrying kind. But our ideas aboutwhat marriage means have changed in subtle ways thatundermine our ability—as individuals or as a society—toachieve the goals of wedlock, creating a lasting love betweena man and a woman and a firm bond of mutual supportbetween a mother and a father. When it comes to marriage, Americans have both highhopes and debilitating fears. As two scholars put it after anexhaustive study of the attitudes of today’s college students,“They are desperate to have only one marriage, and theywant it to be happy. They don’t know whether this is possibleanymore.”But the dreams and hopes of young Americans to forgemore perfect unions are hampered by five myths that, despitethe recent revival of interest in marriage, remain powerfully,if thoughtlessly, entrenched in the conventional wisdom. Although marriage as an ideal still holds a firm fascinationin Americans’ minds, we believe that it is fair to describe America as a society on the verge of becoming a post-marriageculture.
 A post-marriage culture is not one in which nobody evermakes it to the altar. Rather, it is a culture in which marriage isviewed as unnecessary, or, strictly speaking, optional—a privatetaste, rather than a matter of urgent shared concern.
“Divorce is usually the bestanswer for kids when amarriage becomes unhappy.
 Whether or not parents are married, many experts believe,that is not what really counts for kids. What matters is thequality of relationship between parents and between parentand child. Staying married “for the sake of the kids” thusdoesn’t make sense, because if you are in an unhappymarriage, your children will probably be better off if youdivorce anyway.“Many parents may indeed stay together because theybelieve divorce will harm their children,” warn therapistsMel and Pat Krantzler in the new 1998 edition of their best-seller,
Creative Divorce
. “What they fail to realize is that…moreharm will result from ‘staying together’ than divorcing.”This perspective is what most experts teach and what most Americans believe these days. It is certainly true that anabundance of evidence confirms that parents who fight a lotdamage their kids. But is divorce always the better answer? Adults may prefer to be joyously in love, but children don’tmuch care whether parents zoom to heights of romantic ecstasyor not. Your children don’t care whether your marriage feelsdead or alive, empty or full. As long as Mom and Dad don’tfight too much, they thrive under the love, attention, andresources two married parents provide.
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“Marriage is mostly about children.If you don’t have kids, it doesn’tmatter whether you cohabit,marry, or stay single.”
Staying in an unsatisfying marriage is pure “self-sacrifice”that we say unhappy adults should, or more often thesedays, should not make on their children’s behalf.Unmarried (including divorced, widowed, and single)people are far more likely to die from all causes, includingcoronary heart disease, stroke, pneumonia, many kinds of cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, automobile accidents, murder,and suicide—all leading causes of death.Researchers find that the married people have lower deathrates, even after taking initial health status into account. Infact, sick people who marry live longer than their singlecounterparts.Even without the prodding of a spouse, married peopleseem to monitor their own health more closely. A spouse’sillness, injury, or death could devastate the family, and thatknowledge makes married men and women more cautiousand careful.It is precisely this sense of responsibility for another thatdistinguishes marriage from alternatives, such as cohabitation.If marriage were just a piece of paper, the cohabiting coupleswho share a home and bed should behave just like marriedcouples. Instead, research confirms that in this country,living together is very different from being married. This ispartly because the people who choose to be legally marriedare different to begin with than those who opt to avoid theentanglements and obligations of marriage. However, researchalso shows that cohabitation itself is a different institutionthan marriage, with different expectations and effects onindividuals. For both of these reasons, cohabitation doesnot confer the same kind of health benefits to either men orwomen as does marriage.
“Marriage may be good for men,but it is bad for women, damagingtheir health and self-esteem andlimiting their opportunities.
This is one of the most powerful and widespread of thepostmarriage myths. Experts and ordinary women alike tendto agree these days that for women, wedlock is risky business.Men and women gain a great deal from marriage. True,marriage does not affect men and women in exactly thesame ways. They both live longer, healthier, and wealthierlives when married, but husbands typically get greater healthbenefits from marriage than wives. On the other hand,whereas both men and women enjoy bigger bank accountsand a higher standard of living in marriage, wives reap evengreater financial advantages than husbands. Virtually every researcher who has ever studied the topichas found that married men and women are happier thansingles. The happiness advantage of married people is verylarge and quite similar for men and women. Further, this trendis present in every country on which we have information. »
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