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Evidence for Jesus and Parallel Pagan "Crucified Saviors"Examined
Pagan Parallel "Saviors" Examined
Adonis|Attis|Baal|Bacchus|Balder |Beddru|Devatat|Dionysos|Hermes|Horus|Krishna|Mithras| Orpheus|Osiris|Tammuz|Thor |Zoroaster 
see also Part 2Evidence for Jesus
The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors?Dying and Rising Gods?The "Parallel Pagan" Gods(17 listedabove)Conclusion: Christianity versus Pagan"Mystery" ReligionsSources and Links
This is a detailed response to the claim thatthere are many parallel pagan gods and"crucified saviors" that rival Christianity'sfounder Jesus Christ. All the pagan nameslinked above appear in a scrolling background graphic of the DVD"The GodWho Wasn't There"produced by amateur filmmaker and former fundamentalist BrianFlemming.The DVD makes two major anti-Christianassertions: (1)
 Jesus of Nazareth didn't exist as a person in history
(also called"mythicism"); and (2)
the events of Christ'slife in the Gospels were copied from"previous saviors" of non-Christian paganreligions
. This article (
Part 1
) will answer the second claim;
Part 2
will answer the first on historicity and the reliability of the New Testament.As a Catholic, those are the claims that interest me and matter to historical Christianity. Flemming'scommentary dealing with his past Protestant fundamentalism, dispensationalism (the "Rapture"), MelGibson's bloody
 Passion of the Christ 
, statements from evangelical pentecostal preachers and theso-called "Religious/Christian right" while sometimes interesting, are irrelevant to historicalChristianty, so I will ignore those.Overlaying the background graphic is a scrolling list of "
Some Attributes of Previous Saviors
":Born of virgin on December 25;Stars appeared at their births;visited by Magi from the east;turned water into wine;healed the sick;cast out demons; performed miracles;transfigured before followers;rode donkeys into the city; betrayed for 30 pieces of silver;
Evidence for Jesus and Parallel Pagan "Crucified Saviors" Examinedhttp://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/JesusEvidenceCrucifiedSaviors.ht1 of 3409-May-09 12:02 PM
 
celebrated communal meal with bread and wine;which represented the savior's flesh and blood;killed on a cross or tree;descended into hell;resurrected on third day;ascended into heaven;to forever sit beside Father God and become Divine Judge.The argument is that since these same things are reported about deities of rival religions that pre-datethe Christian religion (we'll see below that few if any even make such claims), therefore the NewTestament and historical Christianity simply "copied" these elements from the non-Christian paganreligions. Other sources that make this argument are the infamous 19th century "freethought" tome
The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors
by Kersey Graves (discussed below) and
The Christ Conspiracy
(1999) by Acharya S both published by Adventures Unlimited Press (who also has bookson UFOs and the "Lost City" of Atlantis).In this article we'll examine
nine general criteria
for Christian parallels and put a
green check 
(for 
Yes
) or 
red x
( fo
No
) or 
question mark 
(fo
unknown
) where appropriate. I'vecombined a few of Flemming's "attributes" into one ("performed miracles"), and ignored others("rode donkeys into the city") since they are not as crucial, or there is no evidence for them in"previous saviors." The December 25th date is not in the Gospels and was adopted later by theChurch (see a brief history of Christmas and Santa Claus) so I'll ignore that one as well.I'll try to be as fair and objective as possible using standard scholarly sources (see mysources andlinks below
 
). There is not an attempt in
Part 1
to prove the validity of miracles or the historicity of these gods (although see
Part 2 Evidence for Jesus
). This is merely reporting what the historicalsources and religious documentation actually state about these pagan gods, religions, and myths. Sofor Jesus Christ from the New Testament we have the following :
Virgin Born?Yes.A "Son of God" ?Yes.A Savior?Yes.Performed miracles?Yes.Communal Meal of Bread/Wine?Yes.Crucified?Yes.Resurrected?Yes.Ascended / Descended ?Yes.Divine Judge?Yes.
The prominent three "parallel pagan" gods appear to be
Dionysos
(spelled Dionysis or Dionysus inthe DVD),
Mithras
, and
Osiris
so I want to pay special attention to these three. They are mentionedin short interview clips with unsuspecting Christians leaving a Billy Graham crusade. "
 Have youheard of Osiris, or Mithras, or Dionysos?
" (
hear MP3 clip
) with the common answer being "
 No
"since most Christians, indeed your average person off the street, and even most well-read skepticsand atheists are unfamiliar with Greek, Roman, Persian or Egyptian religions and deities. So theargument goes: All of these gods and religions are based on myths, fables, or legends;
 Jesus is on par with Dionysos, Mithras, and Osiris.
If one has taken a mythology or comparative religions or humanities class these gods would be talkedabout. However, the information on them is readily available in any scholarly encyclopedia. My mainsource is going to be the multi-volume
The Encyclopedia of Religion
(1987) edited by Mircea Eliade(see also the 2005, second edition edited by Lindsay Jones). Please visit your local public or university library for the relevant scholarship; it's probably best to avoid web sites at this point whenyou need historically accurate material produced by reputable scholars. In this "information age"
Evidence for Jesus and Parallel Pagan "Crucified Saviors" Examinedhttp://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/JesusEvidenceCrucifiedSaviors.ht2 of 3409-May-09 12:02 PM
 
where everything and anything is available with the click of a mouse, including extremely bad and bogus "research," one needs to check sources and credentials very carefully to separate the "wheat"from the "chaff" (Matt 3:12; Luke 3:17). To repeat what skeptic Richard Carrier says in the DVD:
"You'll have someone make up a fake quote, or misrepresent a document, misrepresent theevidence. Then they'll put it on a web site, or put it in a book that's published by what people thinkis a respectable publisher. And then hundreds, thousands of Christians will read this and believe itbecause they assume, well this guy wouldn't lie. He wouldn't have made this stuff up. And so theygo and repeat it. And so you get the lie repeated many times, mostly by people who aren't lying,who really do think it's true but just didn't check." (Richard Carrier from "The God Who Wasn'tThere" DVD)
Unfortunately for Brian Flemming and his DVD, I've checked. And I wish more people would.
The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors?
This "parallel pagan" argument or "copycat" thesis is found on a number of web sites critical of Christianity (mainly hyper-skeptical or atheist sites), and several Christian apologetics responses areavailable as well (seesources and links below). One of the early "sources" of this argument is the19th century pseudo-historical work of Kersey Graves
The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors
(35 pagan gods or religious leaders are listed in chapter 1, several of them overlapping Flemming's list) :
"These have all received divine honors, have nearly all been worshiped as Gods, or sons of God;were mostly incarnated as Christs, Saviors, Messiahs, or Mediators; not a few of them werereputedly born of virgins; some of them filling a character almost identical with that ascribed bythe Christian's bible to Jesus Christ; many of them, like him, are reported to have been crucified;and all of them, taken together, furnish a prototype and parallel for nearly every importantincident and wonder-inciting miracle, doctrine and precept recorded in the New Testament, of theChristian's Savior. Surely, with so many Saviors the world cannot, or should not, be lost." (KerseyGraves, chapter 1"Rival Claims of the Saviors"alsohere)
Apparently Kersey Graves himself accepted the historicity of Jesus Christ (unlike Flemming's DVD);he was not a strict "mythicist":
"....Graves's hypothesis [is] that these various godmen were all 'historical personages' whopatterned themselves after this archetype...." and "....[Graves] was an evermerist, i.e. one whobelieves that these various crucified saviors and godmen were 'real people' who were deified withfairytales and myths added to their biographies. He was therefore not a mythicist...." (pages 1, 7of 
The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors
, in the forward by Acharya S from the AdventuresUnlimited Press edition, 2001; see also his chapter 15 "The Saviors are Real Personages").
It should be noted that professional skeptic and historian Richard Carrier (featured in Flemming'sDVD) hasdisavowed Kersey Graves as a reliable sourceand doesn't think much of the "parallel pagan" gods in Flemming's list. The supposed "parallels" either post-date Christianity's founding, or there is no good historical evidence in support of the "copycat" idea, or the "parallel" is simplymistaken. (Carrier suggests two more promising candidates --Inanna or Ishtar of the Sumerians, andZalmoxis of the Thracians-- not mentioned by Flemming).
"
The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors: Or Christianity Before Christ 
is unreliable, but nocomprehensive critique exists. Most scholars immediately recognize many of his findings asunsupported and dismiss Graves as useless. After all, a scholar who rarely cites a source isn'tuseful to have as a reference even if he is right....In general, even when the evidence is real, itoften only appears many years after Christianity began, and thus might be evidence of diffusion inthe other direction." (Richard Carrier,Kersey Graves and the World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors)
Brian Flemming has agreed
"Kersey Graves is full of crap"
(seeBeddru) and says he will producea "second edition" of the DVD with the unreliable material and errors removed. While Flemmingrejects the idea his DVD has anything to do with Kersey Graves' book, nevertheless the pagan parallel thesis is the same: "
 Just like the other savior gods of the time, Paul's Christ Jesus died,rose, and ascended all in a mythical realm.
" (Flemming from "The God Who Wasn't There" DVD,
Evidence for Jesus and Parallel Pagan "Crucified Saviors" Examinedhttp://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/JesusEvidenceCrucifiedSaviors.ht3 of 3409-May-09 12:02 PM
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